This document summarizes key aspects of professional practices for computer science students. It discusses the importance of integrating professional practices into computer science curricula to better prepare students for the workplace. Professional practices include developing skills like collaboration, problem solving, communication, and lifelong learning. The document also outlines traits of professionals like seriousness, willingness to learn new skills, and maintaining composure. Integrating work placements and apprenticeships can help students gain real-world experience solving issues in both public and private sectors. Maintaining high ethical standards is also important for computer professionals.
A Review of Professional Practices for Computer Sciences Students in Academics
1. A Review of Professional Practices for Computer Sciences
Students in Academics
Zain Afzal
Bahria University
Mughalpura Lahore, Pakistan
0320-9550355, +92
zainbahria2209@gmail.com
Syed Hamza Arif
Bahria University
PGEHS PIA road Lahore, Pakistan
0333-8313260, +92
syedhamzaarif20@gmail.com
Ahmed Ali Butt
Bahria University
Marghazar Colony Lahore, Pakistan
0335-4615638, +92
ahmed.bahria07@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
As I demonstrated in my Introduction to
this particular issue, there were various reasons for
increasing interest in research and reform of professional
practice. It is the core of our limited understanding of the
nature of professional practice itself. Which can be studied
from a variety of disciplines and areas such as anthropology,
cognitive psychology, theory of management, economics,
and theory of learning. There are also various conversation
literatures to explain professional practice, although their
dominant languages differ slightly. It involves studies on the
nature of knowledge, instruction in the classroom, learning
conditions, and more. Studies into professional practice
therefore shows a difference in the different literatures. The
essay will provide a brief summary of some of these literary
works and reflections on the professional practice effect of
these judgments.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Technical Software Engineering
Understanding deals with the understanding, abilities and
methods that software engineers have to participate in
technical, accountable and ethical software engineering. The
standard of software products can have a profound impact
on our personal well-being and societal stability due to the
wide use of software products in social and personal life.
Software engineers have to work with complex engineering
issues to develop computer with proven and stable
functionality. This prerequisite includes software engineers
with a proper set of professional practice expertise,
qualifications, training and experience. The word "best
procedure" applies to the service performed to meet certain
standards or guidelines, both in service delivery and the
service's final products. Models and prototypes may include
elements that are both technical and non-technical. Job term
can be seen as a well-known expert; Code of Conduct and
Behavior and criminal penalties; obtain qualifications and
authorizing procedures; and most skilled organizations are
in power and doing everything. Typically, admission to
skilled companies is based on a combination of
qualifications and previous work experience. A software
engineer achieves conformity by carrying out all behavior in
conjunction with the Skilled Community's principles,
guidelines and directions. For example, software
engineering code for instruction was implemented by the
Association of Computing Machines (ACM) and the IEEE
Computer Corporation (IEEE CS). Specific criteria were
established by the British Computer Society (BCS) and the
International Information Processing Federation (IFIP).
IEEE are electronic specifications that are internationally
recognized (see Appendix B to this guide). IEEE CS has
established both the Global Certification Program (CSDA,
CSDP) and Software Engineering Adjustment Guidelines.
These are all basic measures set up for software
engineering's technical work. Depending on their emphasis
on design and development, computer engineers are
distinguished from other computer scientists.
Implementation of computer systems that affect the
company (including hardware and software). Engineers
must therefore understand the technical, social and ethical
sense in which they have carried out their research. The
history covers concerns such as copyright and patent
intellectual property rights,legal issues including market and
job relations, network security issues, safety and files,
hardware and software obligations, and trade-related
economic issues regarding product quality and income. It is
necessary to include work placement in the curriculum,
because computer engineering graduates must solve specific
workforce challenges, such as the needs of the public and
private sectors, higher quality public demand products,
Increasing numbers of technical accountability cases and
their need encourage lifelong learning. In most situations,
students enterschoolwithout full knowledge and awareness
of these topics, and this lack of knowledge is a source of
frustration for both instructors and those students who hire
them. Nevertheless, the more students learn about
professional practice and its fundamental issues, the more
they are interested in learning and how to communicate well
with others. That's why the curriculum's link to experience
will serve as a catalyst to inspire and increase interest in
computing it. Computer sciences and IT are one area where
continuing to work on the timeline is important, because
sometimes you need to rest with clear reasons why some
things are not.School, so do a favor and schoolall semester
long. This doesn't suggest you need to invest every minute
learning; imply you need to be up-to-date with development
2. all year round. You could do it. Designers are working to
support and encourage studentsto do theirbest for their own
culture and career development goals that are needed by the
profession. Curiosity is the belief and philosophy that
children need to grow to understand to relate to the
importance of education and appearance to explain incorrect
learning. The road to defeat will come from approaches that,
through working with children and potential employees, can
allow them peace of mind.
2. Professional Practice
Through their focus on the design and
implementation of computer systems (including hardware
and software) that affect the public, computer engineers vary
from other technical professionals. Computer engineers
must therefore take into account the professional, social and
ethical context in which they do their work. This covers
concerns such as intellectual property rights represented by
copyrights and patents, legal issues involving contracts and
job arrangements, security and privacy issues as they relate
to networks and databases, issues of responsibility as they
relate to hardware and software, and economic issues as they
relate to exchange between product quality and income. The
emphasis is on ethical issues relevant to decision making and
the value of financial reporting. They all use computers. IT
workers need to be aware of the social environment that is
affected by their regional impact. This needs people to
cooperate (soft skills), understanding of culture and values,
collaboration and good work to use different media
strategies for different markets, business skills to participate
in business meetings, also people's art as artistic, creative
and guiding. The technical development in international
communication is a great opportunity employment
opportunities for computer engineering programs with the
advancement of science fiction.
2.1 Overview of Professional Practice
Modern computer science is a well-known
force used nearly everywhere in the world. Public service
and faith can be supported by these closed IT workers.
Because of the effort and management required, there are
few computers to do this. Software development or
modification challenges other users ' capacities and
expectations. That said, at the turn of the 21st century, IT
practitioners are delivering effective and relevant resources
in public life.
Profession:
A paid job, particularly one that needs ongoing training and
structured skills.
Traits of Profession:
There are four Traits of Profession.
Varied tasks requiring special expertise.
Society-centric inspiration.
Individual performance expectations.
Returning to society.
Professional:
A practitioner is a member of staff or any person from a
specific professional practice make their livelihood. The
definition further specifies the criteria for education and
training that provide job participants with the appropriate
knowledge and skills required to perform their specific role
in this field.
Traits of Professional:
There are ten Traits of Professional.
Seriousness
Wanting to do more
Dealing with new abilities
Communication skills
Enthusiasm • Helpfulness
Take the lead
Cooling under heat • Remaining concentrated
Do not comply.
Professionalism:
Professionalism is a way of thinking and working, not an
accumulation of facts.
Attributes of Professionalism:
Practitioners are recognized first and brightest for their
expertise. We also made a deep dedication to comprehension
and improving their skills and, where necessary, they have
the degrees and certifications that form the foundation for
this training.
Not all product lines have good knowledge (as well as
intellectual capacity); not all units require good knowledge
for successful operation; and not all specialists have the
highest grade in their careers.
Nonetheless, it is crucial that these practitioners operate in
an innovative, diligent and efficient way to regain the expert
knowledge they need to excel in their area; it is also
necessary to update information in order to keep up with
guidelines.
2.1.1 Professional practice and Curriculum
The essence of data science must be
ethics and principles. Concentrating on this development
improves the climate of social research. Research must
always be about experience. Students of computer science
must know how to integrate philosophy, expertise, and
expertise in management and engineering. Computer science
for-depth knowledge must be a focus in the education.
It is essential to include learning in the
education as students in computerengineering must face real
workplace issues such as the demands of the public and
private sectors, market glut-quality products, increasing
numbers of IT accidents and the need to encourage
professional development. In most situations, students start
kindergarten without complete awareness of these topics,
and this lack of intelligence is a source of frustration for
teachers and everyone around themselves. Nevertheless, the
3. more students learn about professionalpractice and therefore
its fundamental problems, because they will be interested in
understanding and howthey can function very well together.
The incorporation of professional conduct into the course
also can act as a catalyst that encourages and strengthens the
curiosity of students in technology.
2.1.2 Professional Practice and Education
There are many approaches currently
available to integrate apprenticeships into the program.
Curricula that helping students improve collaboration,
problem solving, and technical abilities are among the most
common features of these approaches. Computer
engineering classes in computer classes may develop these
skills. Additionally, applications may offer non-computer
engineering expertise.
The extent of professional experience
depends on administrative engagement, departmental
finances and educational priorities. As a result, certification
places increasing emphasis on training, organizations are
likely to restate their commitment to learning.
Agencies work in markets that are highly competitive. It's a
struggle to pay. It is also a struggle to recognize and hire
candidates,' the right type of students.' Even if you operate
in an accessible learning environment where communication
gaps are pretty much absent, you still need to insure that
students pick the right correct program, at the correct time
because of all the resources. The problem is further
illustrated by the future, including the national agenda for
engagement, transitional employment and student advocacy,
the rise of unforeseen training and job opportunities. Who
are the arrangements for you? This is not, as first stated, a
reasonable question. Inventory of innovative services
"market research" Most suppliers run the risk of developing
unsatisfying proposals, whether by appealing to new
applicants or thought leaders. Often pilots can fly, transfer
floats, change an existing program, and modifying the title
to an existing design can get the "false" students with your
classes.The number of sites planned but neverintroduced or
enforced and submitted is immense.
All such factors will be represented in the values, habits and
educational gender identities about your school population.
Giving an easy chance for audiences to express their views
without prejudice, how to make much sense, howto acquire,
monetize, and exchanging information. A constructive
conversation about a student's interaction with experience
makes the student considerhow they might need to improve
their own formative assessments. Even though I don't
support the concepts alluded to as ' teaching methods, ' I
recognize that there have been substantial learning sexual
identities that are grammatically and historically specific and
that are acquired from childhood as a word.
Impact of education:
This large effect of learning is positive for
students. Not only was it essential to ensure that the
schooling meets the requirements and ambitions of both the
graduates, they should mirror on this institution, the
knowledge that they should be trying to work on and
preparation the graduate students for help in civil service
king of any firm wants. With regard to the mobile number.
There is a method to understand student concepts;
Orientation Influences
Dispositional Heritage; life-esteem; trust;
willpower; norms; likes and dislikes;
mindsets; opinions; social
intelligence; maturity; modes of
teaching; insights; body-awareness;
race; orientation.
Educational Entry competencies stage / kinds;
abilities; a knowledge; earlier
academic education; experience of the
world and work; strategies to learning.
Circumstantial Age; illness; paying / volunteerism;
responsibility for worrying;
geographical position; connect
directly to IT and transportation
utilities; efficiency; time accessible;
allowances; education background as
well as implies; family status.
Cultural principles; financial capital; religious
belief; home / domicile nation; gender
/ nationality; socioeconomic
background.
4. Consider a student's contribution to a retention and
productive plan.
Recognizes children ' expectations in time and
makes it possible for educators to step on.
Recognize and strengthen low-scale advanced
training to meet the needs of the government.
Participate in student engagement in knowledge,
opportunity and intent learning programs.
In the way that it was regarded as an ancestry
by almost everyone. If they name it an exam objectives, a
final exam, a curriculum, a tutorial, or a tutorial unit, or if it
is explicitly defined or identified as an academic education;
the lecturer's heart is the center of education. In order to
achieve undergraduate relationship, the process in branding
and procurement trying to attract excellent teachers and
mental health services is very significant, but the most
fundamental is the prominence and consistency of students
participating in their schemes.
Student’s profile:
There are two academic grades. The first is
the methodological structure of a person and the secondary
is a, mostly implicit, guideline on information, its political,
economic, social, and structural effects. The first was seen
as a stronger perspective, more theoretical. The latter is
simpler to understand and far more realistic. It's both
significant. The diagram at the beginning of this post,which
has been replicated here again,is a reference guide for design
agency instigators and thought techniques. The course of
prospective students must be recognized by strategic
representatives. The outer circle is a reflection of the
organization's work. The campaign team is an indicator of
that same work of Collins and lays the groundwork for
complete theoreticalframeworks to be developed. While this
research may be related to the need to help integrate chinese
students with domestic students and understand integration
and learning equity, it is a very valuable tool that allows
educators and instructors to measure their results.
Framework:
Technology architecture or stackis a mobile
application development platform. It provides the software
developers with a foundation for constructing apps for a
different platform. For example, the implementation may
include pre determined classes in school and functionalities
which could be used for processing inputs, managing
processor architectures, and interacting with system
software. This streamlines the process from start to finish as
developers do not have to keep changing the cylinder
architecture whenever new projects are developed. The
framework, although it has Limitations, is functionally
consistent with the API (Application Programming
Interface). As the article states,the application allows access
to the items provided by the API and becomes a computing
function. The architecture may also include collections of
programming, architectures, and other programs used in the
phase of software design.
2.1.3 Professional Practice and Workplace
Many university students in the state or
federal sector carry on working. Industry and government
agencies, as the main user of younger students, play a
significant role in supporting secondary schools in
promoting learning. For starters, students who learn from
teamwork in the business or public apprentices will quickly
gain big issue-solving skills and become even more positive
about their studies. Those internships can also encourage
businesses that are graduate students to decide to work
together after graduating from a client internship.
Personality psychology spectrum provides the necessary
advancement in and around the school with the aid of the
commercial / government sector.
10 ways to be a Professional at Work:
Competition. Knowledge. You are good at what
you do – and you have the skills and expertise that
you can do your task well.
Trustworthiness. Customers can depend on you to
make it on time, submit your job as soon as it is
available, etc.
You know, honesty. You admit the truth, and also
where things are always with you.
Credibility. The credibility. You are known to be
true for your beliefs.
Certain men's interest. Treating both people as if
they matter for is part of your plan.
Personality-Upgrading. You are trying to find a
way to stay up-to-date rather than causing the
experience or information to become obsolete.
Stay Optimistic. No one wants a source in
pessimism. Keeping an upbeat attitude and seeking
5. to be a problem solver makes an enormous
difference.
Helping other guys. You share the spotlight with
colleagues, take time to show others how to do
things safely, and lend an ear when necessary.
Staying; based on the job. Do not encourage your
private life to have an unfair impact on your career
and do not spend time at work dealing with personal
problems.
That's good. Listen carefully. People want to be
heard, so that people can be explained.
2.1.4 Professional Ethical Code
Code of practice is a set of regulations based
on laws but also principles to be adhered to by a company's
employees. Different types of businesses have different
operating expectations that partially regulate a financial
institution ' codes of ethics. All technology companies will
set both their own value-based measures when aspect of the
company brand. Use solid examples of ethics policy to help
you construct your policies. The Declaration of
independence is an enshrined in the constitution institution
based on laws and values to be followed by every employee.
(Different regions have different rules governing certain
business tactics. As part of the company's manufacturer,
each company will set its very own price increases. Use the
Code of behavior to help with your protections).
2.1.5 Can You Combine a Code of Conduct and
Code of Ethics?
Probably, for the most part, organizations
will combine these two papers into one as they differ
substantially. It is rare to have businesses that have two
different tactics. While they are technically independent
records, workers will have less trouble remembering
essentialbehaviourand ethical concepts if they have a single
document to respond to.
2.1.6 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
Sample Template:
Be inclusive:
From every background and style, we welcome and
respect people. It covers representatives of any
sexual preference, gender and speech, nationality,
ethnicity, history, national origin, demographics,
educational level, skin color, legal status, gender,
age, height, relationship status, political opinions,
faith, physically and psychologically capacity.
Be alert:
We also focus on each otherin order to manufacture
that greatest work we can as a community. The
behavior will influence clients and families, and
these consequences will be taken into account
before making choices.
Be polite:
Not all of us are going to agree almost all of the
moment, but compromise is no excuse for offensive
behavior. We're both going to feel frustrated from
time to time, but we can't let it become baseless
accusations. It is not an environment in which
people are feeling sad or upset.
Choose your words carefully:
Effective intervention also. Do the same for other
people. Do not offend other citizens or verbally
abuse them. It is inappropriate for abuse with
exclusive conduct. This would include:
Violent threats.
By obeying the order. Discriminatory
pronunciation and jokes.
Providing equipment that is sexually provocative or
abusive along or anything otherthan that electronic
devices.
Personal insults, particularly those using racist or
homophobic terms.
Positive attention is unwelcome.
Supporting or facilitating one of the practices listed
above.
Don't harass/hurt:
Contrary to popular belief, if you're asked to do
something by others, do it. Try to figure out why
though we disagree. Disagreements and conflicts
are unavoidable in most situations. What is
essential is to resolve disputes and ideological
differences with dignity.
Make differences solid:
We will find some comfort from variety. Different
countries have different opinions about subjects
that can help solve challenges or generate new
ideas. It doesn't mean being unable to understand
why anyone would have a points of view is false.
Don't mention we're both making mistakes, so we
can't blame one another because everywhere.
6. 3. Conclusion:
Tech experts ' moves are changing the world.
We need to understand the practical implications of their
work in the community the public good in order to act
wisely. The Code is intended to encourage and guide the
ethical behavior of all computer professional people, with
the exception of current and ambitious young healthcare
professionals, supervisors, undergraduates, thought leaders,
and anyone who makes effective use of information
technology.Was.Was.Therefore, should breaches arise, the
manual acts as the framework for a code of behavior. The
Code of Conduct integrates concepts developed as policy
guidelines, based on the premise that the main priority is
almost always the common good. Each principle is
accomplished through instructions, which provide
explanations to help computing professionals understand
and implement the rule. Resources and programs for
computer science applications can differ according to the
ideology and requirements of each. Many applications that
may exist in different system configurations on all
computers. For the single and sole reason, the items listed in
this table are being used and reflect the various options.
When this article is written; no particular company is
supported at all. In fact, it is not even known that any ofthese
software programs will be included. That software will
define its own specifications and recommend including
those of the latest version of the programs in question.
Student want to know how to monitor laboratory operations
and document all development events. Simulations and
effects, both good and bad, gauged / observed.Also it gives
documenting opportunities to develop the impact of the
Export Organization and the Model Market Organization.
The working group actually encourages students of the
Computer science Program for Secondary education at a
Graduate studies in the constantly changing area of
computing. Because this study pays attention to bachelor
degree programs, employers will point out things that best
represent their needs and there are many other incentives for
postgraduate studies based on all their other engineering
education system. At this point, complexity is needed, as is
the ability element. Residents have had the opportunity to
achieve undergraduate program in which they can develop
such in-depth understanding of mechanical problems,
engineering issues, templates, experiences and associated
applications. Continue to lead the process, implementation,
and behavior (and even creativity at around this scale) in
developing each component or course. Specific (typically
employee) design practice is focused based on a bachelor's
degree Section 2. Often it is worthwhile to consider most of
this year. For this category of education,the innovative ideas
that are near to the limits of housing development or study
are usually discussed with studies. Students should be
acquainted with the wide range of services various
professional groups offer, with the exception of the ACM
Recreation center and the IEEE. Political career-long
training is mainly a mind's mindset, namely this need for
knowledge and technology, competency awareness.
Knowing and understanding necessary information is the
capacity to analyze, recognize and will use this expertise.
4. REFERENCES
[1] “10 Ways To Be Professional at Work | Monster.ca
Monster.ca.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.monster.ca/career-advice/article/10-
ways-tobe-professional-at-work-canada.
[Accessed: 20-Dec2019].
[2] “Simon Paul Atkinson PFHEA – Sijen
International Higher Education.”
[Online]. Available: https://sijen.com/.
[Accessed: 20-Dec-2019].
[3] M. J. Bennett, “A developmental approach to
training for intercultural sensitivity,” Int. J.
Intercult. Relations, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 179–196,
1986.
[4] G. Richardson, “Craft guilds and christianity in
latemedieval England a rational-choice analysis,”
Ration. Soc., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 139–189, May
2005.
[5] “Innovative Assessment in Higher Education.”
[6] “(No Title).” [Online]. Available:
https://cetl.ppu.edu/sites/default/files/publications
/Innova tive Assessment in Higher Education.pdf.
[Accessed: 20Dec-2019].
[7] “(No Title).” [Online]. Available:
http://cjcdonline.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2014/11/C
JCD10thAnniversaryFullBook .pdf#page=43.
[Accessed: 20-Dec-2019].
[8] “10 Ways To Be Professional at Work | Monster.ca
Monster.ca.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.monster.ca/career-advice/article/10-
ways-tobe-professional-at-work-canada.
[Accessed: 22-Dec2019].
[9] “(4) Sales Association of Pakistan - Posts.”
[Online].
Available:
https://web.facebook.com/salesassociationofpakista
n/pho
tos/a.503295153171885/1104129686421759/?type
=1&th eater. [Accessed: 22-Dec-2019].
[10] “Chapter 11: Software Engineering Professional
Practice
- SWEBOK.” [Online].
Available:
http://swebokwiki.org/Chapter_11:_Software_Engi
neerin g_Professional_Practice. [Accessed:22-Dec-
2019].
[11] T. B. Hilburn and I.-C. Csdp, “PREPARING
STUDENTS FOR PROFESSIONA L
PRACTICE.”
[12] “(No Title).” [Online]. Available:
https://conferences.computer.org/cseet/2013/slide
7. s/CS20 13CSEETKeynote.-Hilburn.pdf.
[Accessed: 22-Dec2019].
[13] “Seminar in Professional Practices | Department of
Computing and Information
Sciences.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.valpo.edu/computinginformation-
sciences/academics/undergraduate-
degreeprograms/b-a-b-s-in-computer-
science/seminar-inprofessional-practices/.
[Accessed: 22-Dec-2019].
[14] A. Nager and R. D. Atkinson, “The Case for
Improving U.S. Computer Science Education,”
2016.
[15] “Department of Computer Science and
Technology: Past exam papers: Professional
Practice and Ethics.” [Online].
Available:
https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/exams/p
astpapers/tProfessionalPracticeandEthics.ht
ml. [Accessed: 22-Dec2019].
[16] “Computer Science : 2020 Catalogue of Papers.”
[Online]. Available:
https://papers.waikato.ac.nz/subjects/COMPX.
[Accessed: 22-Dec-2019].
[17] “5 Study Tips that Will Make You a Successful
Computer Science Student - MastersPortal.com.”
[Online]. Available:
https://www.mastersportal.com/articles/434/5stud
y-tips-that-will-make-you-a-successful-
computerscience-student.html. [Accessed: 22-
Dec-2019].
[18] “Phronesis as Professional Knowledge: Practical
Wisdom in the Professions - Google Books.”
[Online]. Available:
https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&i
d=kGp
CDodRriQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=professional
+practic e+in+education&ots=-
_ijk6mNfX&sig=ul1NVqzvySsbuMt7FLNevCM
dow&redir_esc=y#v=onepage& q=professional
practice in education&f=false. [Accessed:22-Dec-
2019].
[19] K. F. Osterman and R. B. Kottkamp, Reflective
practice for educators : improving schooling
through professional development. Corwin Press,
1993.
[20] L. D. Parker, “PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING
BODY ETHICS: IN SEARCH OF
THE PRIVATE
INTEREST*,” 1994.
[21] C. T. B. Ho, G. Durden, and B. W. Slade, Crisis
decision making. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.,
2009.
[22] J. T. Edwards, J. Nalbandian, and K. R. Wedel,
“Individual Values and Professional Education,”
Adm. Soc., vol. 13, no. 2, pp.123–143, Aug. 1981.
[23] “Individual Values and Professional Education:
Implications for Practice and Education - J. Terry
Edwards, John Nalbandian, Kenneth R. Wedel,
1981.”
[Online]. Available:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00
9539978 101300201. [Accessed: 22-Dec-2019].
[24] “Code of Ethics [with Examples].” [Online].
Available: https://www.betterteam.com/code-of-
ethics-andprofessional-conduct. [Accessed: 22-
Dec-2019].
[25] N. C. Chesler, C. M. D, A. A. Elizabeth Bagley,
and D. Williamson Shaffer, “Advances in
engineering education Design of a Professional
Practice Simulator for educating and Motivating
First-Year engineering Students,” 2013.
[26] U. Fuller and B. Keim, “Assessing students’
practice of professional values,” in Proceedingsof
the Conference on Integrating Technology into
Computer Science Education, ITiCSE, 2008, pp.
88–92.
[27] G. Dodig-Crnkovic, “On the Importance of
Teaching Professional Ethics to Computer Science
Students.”
Analysis from Responses: