Here are two opposing views on net neutrality: Pros: - Supporters argue net neutrality protects freedom of expression and access to information online. It promotes innovation by startups and competition among internet services. With net neutrality, users have unfettered access to any legal content, sites, or services online. Cons: - Opponents argue net neutrality regulations discourage network operators from making future investments in broadband infrastructure. They claim without the ability to manage traffic, network upgrades are less economically viable. Some also argue net neutrality allows pornographic and other objectionable online content to thrive unchecked. Others believe internet access should not be an entitlement and is not a public utility.

1. CHAPTER 2
UNDERSTANDING MEDIA
The Internet, Digital Media, and
Media Convergence

2. Today’s Agenda
▪ The development of the Internet and the Web
▪ The Web goes social
▪ Convergence and mobile media
▪ The economics and issues of the Internet

3. The Development of the Internet and the Web

4. The Birth of the Internet (in the 1960s, 1969)

5. The Birth of the Internet (in the 1960s)

6. The Birth of the Internet (in the 1960s ~ 1970s)

7. The Birth of the Internet (in the 1960s ~ 1970s)

8. The Birth of the Internet (in the 1960s ~ 1970s)

9. The Birth of the Internet (in the 1960s)

10. The Net Widens (early 1970s – late 1980s)

11. Commercialization of the Internet

12. Commercialization of the Internet
Photo: CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire)

13. Commercialization of the Internet

14. Commercialization of the Internet

15. Commercialization of the Internet
HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language)

16. Commercialization of the Internet

17. Commercialization of the Internet
Hypertext Link

18. Commercialization of the Internet
Hypertext Link

19. Commercialization of the Internet
Hypertext Link

20. Commercialization of the Internet
Hypertext Link

21. Commercialization of the Internet

22. Commercialization of
the Internet
• Microsoft released
Internet Explorer in 1995.
• IE dominated the market
using bundle services.

23. https://webfoundation.org/2018/03/web-birthday-29/

24. Discuss the situation that might become digital
divide with your group members. And identify one
case and suggest a solution to solve this situation.
In-Class Activity

25. Commercialization of the Internet
• In 1994, web had only about 22,000 sites
• Yahoo was dominant search engine.
• Search Engine: KEYWORD SEARCHING
• In 2014, google said in indexed 60 trillion web pages, up from 1 billion in 2000.
• Google indexed 130 trillion pages, which is now at 100 million gigabytes.

26. Commercialization
of
the Internet
Internet live stat
counter:
https://www.internetliv
estats.com/total-
number-of-websites/

27. The Web
Goes Social

49. • New digital media platforms that engage users to create content, add comments, and interact with others.
• A new distribution system for media, challenging the one-to-many model of traditional mass media with the
many-to-many model of social media
Social
Media

50. Collaborative Projects
Wiki Web Sites
• Enable anyone to edit and contribute to them.

51. Social Networking Sites

52. Content
Communities

53. Convergence
&
Mobile Media

54. Media Chronicles

55. Media Convergence on PCs and TVs
• PC-based digital convergence
became a reality.
o Broadband internet connections
improved multimedia capabilities
of PC
o TV shows, movies, music, books,
games, news, etc.

56. Mobile Devices Propel Convergence
• 2007: iPhone
• 2010: iPad
• 2002: can check the email on the Blackberry

57. • Media consumption: Mobile & Flexible
• We don’t have to miss out media content.
• Social viewing: Sharing commentary with
friends on social media while you are
viewing a media content
• e.g., Super Bowl 2015 viewers generated
24.9 million tweets during the game.
• Binge-Watching: Shows like Game of
Thrones and Mad Men have found
audiences beyond their initial broadcasts
through streaming services.
Impact of Media Convergence & Mobile Media

58. Impact of Media Convergence & Mobile Media
• Change in business model.
o Napster was the successful P2P file sharing application in late 1990s.
o After the advent of Napster (1999), Content is still important and forms new
media economics.
o Apps have changed the internet experience
o Apple starts selling music, Amazon creates the Kindle.

59. The Economics and Issues of the Internet

60. Targeted Advertising and Data Mining
▪ E-commerce
▪ Data Mining:
o Tracking users’ locations and
habits for commercial purposes
o Positive Vs. Negative?

61. Targeted Advertising and Data Mining
▪ E-commerce
▪ Data Mining:
o Tracking users’ locations and
habits for commercial purposes
o Positive Vs. Negative?
In the meantime, information continues to
grow and grow. A 2017 research on big
data reveals that 90% of world data is from
after 2014 and its volume doubles every 1.2
years. In this context, data mining is a strategic
practice considered important by almost 80%
of organizations that apply business
intelligence, according to Forbes.
“
”

62. Targeted Advertising and Data Mining
▪ Cookies
o Used to track website activity.
o Are cookies really dangerous?
▪ Spyware
o Information gathering software (installed secreately)

63. Fair information Practice Principles
• Websites…
o Must disclose their data-collection practices.
o Must permit individuals access to their records
to ensure data accuracy.
o Must secure personal data from unauthorized
use.
o ***Unfortunately, FTC has no power to
enforce these principles.

64. Government Surveillance
• Since the inception of the internet, government
agencies worldwide have obtained communication
logs, web browser histories, and the online
records of individual users who thought their
online activities were private.
• USA PATRIOT Act : Grants sweeping powers to
law-enforcement agencies to intercept individuals’
online communications.
• Designed to thwart terrorists, but critics note that
it is too vaguely worded

65. Online Fraud

66. Online Fraud
▪ Identity theft: The illegal obtaining of personal credit card and identity
information in order to fraudulently spend other people’s money.
▪ Phishing: Phony email messages that appear to be from official web
sites asking customers to update their credit card numbers, account
passwords, and other personal information.

67. Economic Divide and Digital Divide
▪ Information ”have” vs. Information “have-nots”
▪ Critical Factors: Education, Wealth, Infra-structure, Government control, etc.

68. Economic Divide and Digital Divide
▪ Information ”have” vs. Information “have-nots”
▪ Critical Factors: Education, Wealth, Infra-structure, Government control, etc.

69. Net Neutrality
▪ What is it?
- Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the
Internet equally.

70. Net Neutrality : Situation
1. The Trump administration in 2017 is looking to roll back many of the net neutrality
rules passed by the Obama administration which will affect how consumers access
video, music, online stories and other content on the web.
2. The open internet or net neutrality ensures that internet service providers,
including big companies like Verizon, Comcast and AT&T, treat all content on the
internet equally. For example, “throttling,” or the process of limiting download
speed, or blocking a person’s ability to see content from other companies, like
Netflix, Facebook and Google, were not allowed.
3. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Chairman Ajit Pai says the
government should stop “micromanaging” the web and that net neutrality rules
hurt businesses. The FCC is expected to pass the measure in December. Those
supporting net neutrality will try to stop the process in court.

71. Net Neutrality
▪ What is it?
- Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the
Internet equally.
- On June 11, 2018, FCC ended network neutrality regulation in the United
States.

72. Net Neutrality
▪ Global Situation

73. Net Neutrality
▪ Discussion Questions
- [Essential question] How does net neutrality affect everyday consumers of the
internet?
- Why do many consumer groups and some tech companies support net
neutrality and government regulations?
- Why are large companies like Verizon, AT&T and Comcast against net neutrality
rules?

74. Net Neutrality
Should the internet be treated like a public utility?

75. Net Neutrality
Should the internet be treated like a public utility?

76. Net Neutrality
What are the arguments for and against the
current policy of net neutrality?
→ How could dismantling net neutrality affect my internet access?

77. Net Neutrality
▪ Discussion Questions
- Do you think you will be personally affected if net neutrality rules are
abolished? Explain your response.
- Do you think net neutrality regulations should be dismantled? Or not? Explain
your responses with reasons.

78. Net Neutrality
▪ Discussion Questions
- Media literacy question:
- Kim Hart of Axios news discusses how tech companies like Facebook and
Google had been more vocal in the past in their opposition to rolling back net
neutrality rules. What brought on this change, according to Hart? Why is it
important to know the types of organizations involved in the net neutrality
debate, including tech companies, internet service providers and consumer
groups?

79. Net Neutrality
▪ What is it?
- Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the
Internet equally.
- On June 11, 2018, FCC ended network neutrality regulation in the United
States.
- “Does this threaten freedom and openness on the Internet as net neutrality
activists claim?”
- “How would net neutrality impact future investments in broadband?”

80. Net Neutrality: two opposing views
▪ Pros
- Freedom of expression
- Promotes innovation / competition
- Unfettered access
▪ Cons
- Less network innovation
- Porn and objectionable content thrives
- No free internet access