This document presents a model for building online trust in business-to-consumer (B2C) electronic commerce. The model outlines key factors related to online trust, including professionalism, reputation, trustworthiness, and technological incentives. Professionalism includes elements like professional web design, usability, and proper branding. Trustworthiness of the company incorporates real-world presence, size, and fulfillment of promises. The model aims to help businesses build long-term relationships with online consumers by capturing and sustaining their trust.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores different forms of trust and how they contribute to trusting intentions in social media for e-commerce. It proposes a conceptual model with four main factors of trust - disposition to trust, institution-based trust, interpersonal trust, and calculus-based trust - that can achieve trusting intentions among social media users for e-commerce purposes. The document provides background on social media and e-commerce, defines the different types of trust, and concludes that empirically validating the proposed model of trust factors can help online businesses conduct transactions smoothly on social media platforms.
Prospective factors to involve in different e business models in bangladeshRizwan Rebate
Many Bangladeshi companies currently distribute their images through the Internet to clients all over the world, but the monetary transactions take place through conventional means. Some companies put messages on bulletin board, on ' internet yellow pages' with email links, and sometimes web pages, but there never is a place to submit a credit card. This is because currently the government does not permit credit card charges over the internet. However, the ISPs in Bangladesh do have the technology for e-business, e-business and are anticipating governmental approval in near future. In this circumstances, prospective factors will gain advantages for companies before involving in e-business. We have identified few questions to be answered-
1) What are different e-business models in Bangladesh?
2) What are the benefits behind involving in e-business in Bangladesh?
3) What are the prospects in current e-business models in Bangladesh?
This document discusses factors that affect user trust in e-transactions. It summarizes research that identified the key factors as: website usability, privacy, security, expected product performance, loyalty, and electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM). The research involved analyzing existing literature and conducting a field study of 512 respondents in Bosnia and Herzegovina to develop a structural model of online trust. The study confirmed that these six factors are the basic elements of an online trust model.
The document discusses various types of electronic commerce (e-commerce) models and transactions. It describes business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-employee (B2E), business-to-government (B2G), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-citizen (G2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and virtual value chain models of e-commerce. It also discusses the history and growth of e-commerce since the 1990s with the rise of the internet and World Wide Web.
Social Distortion: Privacy, Consent, and Social Networksdariphagen
Brian Holland, visiting associate professor at the Dickinson School of Law at Penn State University, talks about Voluntary disclosure of personal information to private institutions. At the Conference on Privacy in Social Network Sites: www.privacyinsocialnetworksites.nl
This document discusses factors influencing the development of e-commerce in China. It conducted a study of 252 individuals in China considered early adopters of e-commerce. The study found that while participants had good internet access and use, cultural factors like transactional trust and payment methods presented challenges. Infrastructure limitations around credit card access, distribution logistics and telecommunications also hindered broader e-commerce acceptance. The results identified how both economic/infrastructure issues and cultural influences continue restricting e-commerce growth in China.
"LIBRA: IS IT REALLY ABOUT MONEY?" de Valerie Khan Vice President Digital Equity Association valerie.khan@d-eq.org Geoffrey Goodell Centre for Blockchain Technologies University College London
E-COMMERCE CREDIBILITY IN SAUDI ARABIA: CONSUMER PERSPECTIVEacijjournal
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the e-commerce credibility factors affecting the perception of
users in Saudi Arabia and, moreover, to investigate whether the variation of credibility factors in Saudi
Arabian e-commerce websites influence users' performance. Website credibility, which refers to the
believability of the website and its content, plays an important role in consumers’ successful online
shopping experience and satisfaction. This investigation is conducted by employing two credibility
evaluation methods: heuristic evaluation and performance measurement. This study adopts Fogg's 10
Stanford credibility guidelines as a starting point for the heuristic evaluation. In the performance
measurement method, two measurements are used: the amount of time needed to finish the task and the
total number of clicks taken to finish the task. A frequency analysis of the comments and a one-way ANOVA
test are used to establish the results. Three e-commerce websites in Saudi Arabia are selected. The findings
show that Fogg’s 10 Stanford credibility guidelines can be implemented in the Saudi Arabian e-commerce
context with minor modifications and expansions by adding reputation, endorsement, security, and service
diversity guidelines. Another important finding is that professional website design plays a vital role in
users' first impression of websites, while usability is the most important credibility factor investigated used
to evaluate the credulity of an e-commerce website. Lastly, the results of this study indicate a relationship
between the e-commerce credibility level and users’ performance. This paper contributes to the literature
by providing a set of credibility guidelines associated with specific criteria, which can be assessed to
improve the future of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores different forms of trust and how they contribute to trusting intentions in social media for e-commerce. It proposes a conceptual model with four main factors of trust - disposition to trust, institution-based trust, interpersonal trust, and calculus-based trust - that can achieve trusting intentions among social media users for e-commerce purposes. The document provides background on social media and e-commerce, defines the different types of trust, and concludes that empirically validating the proposed model of trust factors can help online businesses conduct transactions smoothly on social media platforms.
Prospective factors to involve in different e business models in bangladeshRizwan Rebate
Many Bangladeshi companies currently distribute their images through the Internet to clients all over the world, but the monetary transactions take place through conventional means. Some companies put messages on bulletin board, on ' internet yellow pages' with email links, and sometimes web pages, but there never is a place to submit a credit card. This is because currently the government does not permit credit card charges over the internet. However, the ISPs in Bangladesh do have the technology for e-business, e-business and are anticipating governmental approval in near future. In this circumstances, prospective factors will gain advantages for companies before involving in e-business. We have identified few questions to be answered-
1) What are different e-business models in Bangladesh?
2) What are the benefits behind involving in e-business in Bangladesh?
3) What are the prospects in current e-business models in Bangladesh?
This document discusses factors that affect user trust in e-transactions. It summarizes research that identified the key factors as: website usability, privacy, security, expected product performance, loyalty, and electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM). The research involved analyzing existing literature and conducting a field study of 512 respondents in Bosnia and Herzegovina to develop a structural model of online trust. The study confirmed that these six factors are the basic elements of an online trust model.
The document discusses various types of electronic commerce (e-commerce) models and transactions. It describes business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-employee (B2E), business-to-government (B2G), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-citizen (G2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and virtual value chain models of e-commerce. It also discusses the history and growth of e-commerce since the 1990s with the rise of the internet and World Wide Web.
Social Distortion: Privacy, Consent, and Social Networksdariphagen
Brian Holland, visiting associate professor at the Dickinson School of Law at Penn State University, talks about Voluntary disclosure of personal information to private institutions. At the Conference on Privacy in Social Network Sites: www.privacyinsocialnetworksites.nl
This document discusses factors influencing the development of e-commerce in China. It conducted a study of 252 individuals in China considered early adopters of e-commerce. The study found that while participants had good internet access and use, cultural factors like transactional trust and payment methods presented challenges. Infrastructure limitations around credit card access, distribution logistics and telecommunications also hindered broader e-commerce acceptance. The results identified how both economic/infrastructure issues and cultural influences continue restricting e-commerce growth in China.
"LIBRA: IS IT REALLY ABOUT MONEY?" de Valerie Khan Vice President Digital Equity Association valerie.khan@d-eq.org Geoffrey Goodell Centre for Blockchain Technologies University College London
E-COMMERCE CREDIBILITY IN SAUDI ARABIA: CONSUMER PERSPECTIVEacijjournal
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the e-commerce credibility factors affecting the perception of
users in Saudi Arabia and, moreover, to investigate whether the variation of credibility factors in Saudi
Arabian e-commerce websites influence users' performance. Website credibility, which refers to the
believability of the website and its content, plays an important role in consumers’ successful online
shopping experience and satisfaction. This investigation is conducted by employing two credibility
evaluation methods: heuristic evaluation and performance measurement. This study adopts Fogg's 10
Stanford credibility guidelines as a starting point for the heuristic evaluation. In the performance
measurement method, two measurements are used: the amount of time needed to finish the task and the
total number of clicks taken to finish the task. A frequency analysis of the comments and a one-way ANOVA
test are used to establish the results. Three e-commerce websites in Saudi Arabia are selected. The findings
show that Fogg’s 10 Stanford credibility guidelines can be implemented in the Saudi Arabian e-commerce
context with minor modifications and expansions by adding reputation, endorsement, security, and service
diversity guidelines. Another important finding is that professional website design plays a vital role in
users' first impression of websites, while usability is the most important credibility factor investigated used
to evaluate the credulity of an e-commerce website. Lastly, the results of this study indicate a relationship
between the e-commerce credibility level and users’ performance. This paper contributes to the literature
by providing a set of credibility guidelines associated with specific criteria, which can be assessed to
improve the future of e-commerce in Saudi Arabia.
GDPR: New Privacy Rules, Digital Communications, Marketing OpportunitiesBob Johnson, Ph.D.
GDPR privacy regulations from the European Union bring new marketing challenges and new marketing opportunities that we review in this 90 minute workshop for the eduWeb Digital Summit conference. Topics include (1) Advertising, (2) Inquiry forms, (3) Email and text marketing, (4) College Board "Student Search" data, and (5) the new California Consumer Privacy Act.
11.consumers attitudes toward commercial e mail spam and web pop-upsAlexander Decker
This document discusses factors that influence consumer attitudes toward commercial email spam and pop-up ads. It proposes that perceived advertising interference, perceived loss of control, and irritation negatively impact consumer attitudes. Specifically, it hypothesizes that (1) consumers find email spam more intrusive than pop-ups, (2) interference and loss of control from both spam and pop-ups lowers attitudes, and (3) spam induces more irritation than pop-ups, lowering attitudes. The document reviews literature suggesting these factors annoy and anger consumers, hurting brand perceptions and increasing ad avoidance.
Consumers attitudes toward commercial e mail spam and web pop-upsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on consumers' attitudes toward commercial email spam and web pop-ups. The study examines three factors that may influence consumer attitudes: 1) Perceived advertising interference - the degree to which ads interfere with tasks, privacy, or media content. 2) Perceived loss of control - the level consumers feel ads take away their control. 3) Advertising irritation - the annoyance felt from ads. The study surveys 800 internet users in India about these factors for email spam vs pop-ups. Results found email spam was seen as more intrusive and irritating than pop-ups. Higher perceived interference and irritation correlated with more negative attitudes toward the advertising medium. Perceived loss of control was also greater for email spam
The Changing Face of E Commerce in Nigeria Prospects and ChallengesYogeshIJTSRD
While prior studies focused on the determinants of adoption of e commerce in large scale businesses and organizations, there is a few of empirical research on this issue of acceptance of e commerce in retail shops in emerging economies. This study addresses this lacuna by focusing on the changing faces of e commerce factors driving Nigerian retail shops’ adoption of online selling. A framework based on the extant literature and established model in the relevant field is critically examined in this study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency and percentage. The results showed that there is low involvement of consumers in e commerce changes in Nigeria. Secondly, the study also found out that the availability of online shopping does not affect the number of shopping trips that consumers make to physical stores. This finding has implications for e commerce sites and the government in designing an appropriate strategy for the implementation of technological innovation that are highlighted in the study. Dr. Robinson Aristarchus Bananda | Dr. Kennedy O. Nwagwu "The Changing Face of E-Commerce in Nigeria; Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38018.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38018/the-changing-face-of-ecommerce-in-nigeria-prospects-and-challenges/dr-robinson-aristarchus-bananda
E-commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. The document discusses the definition, history, process, categories and future of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It states that e-commerce started in 1970s with electronic funds transfer and has grown significantly since the 1990s with the World Wide Web. The future of e-commerce in Bangladesh is promising as the young generation is inclined towards technology and the government's digitalization goals.
This document provides an overview of e-business. It defines e-business as replacing physical business processes with electronic ones. E-business allows companies to conduct transactions through various electronic means like email, EDI, and websites. It discusses how companies like Dell have successfully implemented e-business strategies to lower costs, improve customer service, and increase sales. E-business provides benefits like reduced costs, improved customer satisfaction, and expanded markets if the right strategy is developed and issues like security, privacy and legal concerns are addressed.
Customer Adoption of Internet Banking in MauritiusWaqas Tariq
This document summarizes a study on factors influencing the adoption of internet banking in Mauritius. The study uses logistic regression on survey data from 1240 individuals to analyze what factors predict a person opting for online banking. The regression found that 6 factors were statistically significant: younger age, higher income, lower perceived risk of internet banking, higher perceived usefulness, higher frequency of checking bank accounts, and having internet access at home. The study concludes these are the main determinants for individuals in Mauritius to adopt internet banking.
Impact of the_internet_on_globalization_of_businessDr. TJ Wolfe
The document discusses several issues that businesses need to consider when establishing a global online presence, including trust issues, language barriers, cultural barriers, infrastructure issues, legal issues, and tax issues. Some key points are that 40% of e-commerce involves international transactions, businesses need to establish credibility with foreign customers and be aware of different customs and legal systems, and providing content in multiple languages can help build trust and increase sales. Infrastructure, laws, taxes, and trade issues vary significantly between countries. The internet facilitates global business by allowing access and transactions anywhere at any time.
Rindova & Kotha 1998 Building Reputation On The InternetAna ADI
This document provides an analysis of how Amazon.com and its competitors Barnes & Noble and CDNow built reputation on the internet. It examines their strategic actions related to reputation building and develops a framework of symbolic, competitive and relational actions. Amazon.com engaged in balanced symbolic communications, redefined industry paradigms, built close and communal relationships, and participated in reputation-enhancing networks. It outperformed competitors in all three types of strategic actions, enjoying superior reputational standing as a result. The study aims to understand reputation building in the novel context of e-commerce.
This document discusses factors that influence trust in online shopping from an Indian consumer's perspective. It begins with an abstract that provides context on the growth of e-commerce in India and importance of trust. It then reviews literature on trust factors for online shopping in developed countries. The literature review finds that little research has examined trust factors specific to Indian consumers. Through surveys and interviews, the study identifies several key trust factors for Indian online shoppers: brand recognition, the website look and feel, easy navigation, secure payment options, presence of third-party trust seals, and detailed product descriptions with appropriate images. The study aims to understand how Indian culture and psychology shape different trust factors compared to consumers in Western nations.
The Identification Level of Security, usability and Transparency Effects on T...Waqas Tariq
This paper presents an Expert E-Commerce Trust System (EECTS), showing a possibility to confidence e-business processes by Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems. The research has empirically tested the critical factors that influence an individual’s decision in the process of buying products or services online. The proposed model applies Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy model to converging business processes to get the desired results. The system is adaptive since it uses neural network learning ability for its adaptation. The results of this study show that the security, web site design and familiarity, directly influence user’s trust in e-businesses since these factors lie the closest to the user and are deciding factors for the users and influence their decisions regarding transactions in e-commerce. These results can be of importance for vendors since they show how the customers perceive trust and which factors can directly influence their trust in a vendor and their experience with e-commerce and that the factors can play a deciding role on whether or not a customer will make a purchase. The study also provides a device for sellers to improve their commercial websites. The data was collected via interviews, surveys and B2C websites. Two questionnaires were used in this study. The first questionnaire was developed for e-commerce experts, and the second one was designed for the customers of commercial websites. Also, Expert Choice is used to determine the priority of factors in the first questionnaire, and MATLAB and Excel are used for developing the Fuzzy rules. Finally, the Fuzzy logical kit was used to analyze the generated factors in the model. New method was compared with previous Expert E-Commerce Trust System (EECTS) that developed by Fuzzy Logic system too.
The document discusses the impact of the internet on small and medium sized businesses globally and in Australia. It finds that internet usage and e-commerce are growing rapidly worldwide and that businesses that leverage the internet, especially through websites and social media, experience significantly higher growth, greater geographic reach, improved marketing and customer interactions. The internet is shifting an increasing share of advertising spending and retail purchases online. Australian businesses must adapt to remain competitive in this changing environment.
E comerce types and Example at Bangladesh e-comerce site Moniruzzaman Rasel
This document defines e-commerce and describes the different types. It begins by defining e-commerce as the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It then describes the three main types: B2B which is business to business and accounts for 80% of e-commerce, B2C which is direct sales from companies to consumers, and C2C which is consumer to consumer sales between individuals. The document lists advantages such as 24/7 access and easier branding. It also notes disadvantages like not everyone having internet access and inability to examine products physically. Finally, it states there are existing e-commerce sites in Bangladesh.
This document defines and provides examples of the main types of e-commerce:
- Business-to-business (B2B) involves sales between businesses, such as a manufacturer selling to a retailer.
- Business-to-consumer (B2C) enables direct sales from businesses to consumers through websites.
- Consumer-to-business (C2B) has consumers creating value for businesses, like providing product reviews or ideas.
- Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) allows individuals to buy and sell directly to each other on sites like eBay.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of social network usage on the success of business startups. The study focused on companies in the plastics and rubber manufacturing industry in Jordan. A survey was administered to 124 companies, with 105 responses analyzed. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant impact of social networks on the success of business startups. Social networks allow entrepreneurs to access resources at lower costs than market alternatives and secure resources not otherwise available. Both strong and weak social ties are important, with strong ties providing resources and weak ties aiding opportunity identification and legitimacy.
This document provides an overview of an introduction to e-commerce course. It outlines the course objectives, assignments, and schedule. The instructor, Nicholas Davis, is introduced. Key topics that will be covered include differentiating e-commerce and e-business, applying business concepts to an e-commerce strategy, and discussing trends in internet technology and their impact on e-commerce. Students will complete individual and group assignments on topics like types of e-commerce, case studies, and analyzing an e-commerce function.
This document discusses a study analyzing the internationalization process of family businesses in the wine industry. The study examines how resources from private and professional networks facilitate internationalization. It analyzes differences in networking competencies between wine business owners and how these relate to the level of internationalization. The study challenges the Uppsala Model of incremental internationalization, finding support for the "born global hypothesis" after a business succession process. Networks are found to provide both financial resources and informal resources like information and knowledge that encourage international involvement.
E Commerce Platform Data Ownership and Legal Protectionijtsrd
This document discusses issues around data ownership on e-commerce platforms in China. It begins by providing background on data rights regulations in China and how they are addressed across various laws. It then analyzes the current status of legislation, law enforcement, and judicial practices regarding data rights protection on e-commerce platforms. Several issues are identified in China's legal protection of data ownership, including a lack of clear entitlement norms, potential for data leakage, and unclear legal use of data rights. The document argues that China's legal system for data rights protection needs improvement and proposes developing comprehensive regulations tailored for China's e-commerce context.
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of buying and selling products or services over electronic systems like the Internet. It has grown significantly with widespread Internet usage and innovations in areas like online payment processing and supply chain management. There are two main types: business-to-business (B2B) commerce between companies, and business-to-consumer (B2C) commerce between companies and individuals. In the late 1990s, many Internet-based companies emerged but then failed in the "dot-com bubble," demonstrating the risks of online businesses. Successful e-commerce companies now take a long-term, relationship-building approach with customers to encourage loyalty.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
GDPR: New Privacy Rules, Digital Communications, Marketing OpportunitiesBob Johnson, Ph.D.
GDPR privacy regulations from the European Union bring new marketing challenges and new marketing opportunities that we review in this 90 minute workshop for the eduWeb Digital Summit conference. Topics include (1) Advertising, (2) Inquiry forms, (3) Email and text marketing, (4) College Board "Student Search" data, and (5) the new California Consumer Privacy Act.
11.consumers attitudes toward commercial e mail spam and web pop-upsAlexander Decker
This document discusses factors that influence consumer attitudes toward commercial email spam and pop-up ads. It proposes that perceived advertising interference, perceived loss of control, and irritation negatively impact consumer attitudes. Specifically, it hypothesizes that (1) consumers find email spam more intrusive than pop-ups, (2) interference and loss of control from both spam and pop-ups lowers attitudes, and (3) spam induces more irritation than pop-ups, lowering attitudes. The document reviews literature suggesting these factors annoy and anger consumers, hurting brand perceptions and increasing ad avoidance.
Consumers attitudes toward commercial e mail spam and web pop-upsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study on consumers' attitudes toward commercial email spam and web pop-ups. The study examines three factors that may influence consumer attitudes: 1) Perceived advertising interference - the degree to which ads interfere with tasks, privacy, or media content. 2) Perceived loss of control - the level consumers feel ads take away their control. 3) Advertising irritation - the annoyance felt from ads. The study surveys 800 internet users in India about these factors for email spam vs pop-ups. Results found email spam was seen as more intrusive and irritating than pop-ups. Higher perceived interference and irritation correlated with more negative attitudes toward the advertising medium. Perceived loss of control was also greater for email spam
The Changing Face of E Commerce in Nigeria Prospects and ChallengesYogeshIJTSRD
While prior studies focused on the determinants of adoption of e commerce in large scale businesses and organizations, there is a few of empirical research on this issue of acceptance of e commerce in retail shops in emerging economies. This study addresses this lacuna by focusing on the changing faces of e commerce factors driving Nigerian retail shops’ adoption of online selling. A framework based on the extant literature and established model in the relevant field is critically examined in this study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency and percentage. The results showed that there is low involvement of consumers in e commerce changes in Nigeria. Secondly, the study also found out that the availability of online shopping does not affect the number of shopping trips that consumers make to physical stores. This finding has implications for e commerce sites and the government in designing an appropriate strategy for the implementation of technological innovation that are highlighted in the study. Dr. Robinson Aristarchus Bananda | Dr. Kennedy O. Nwagwu "The Changing Face of E-Commerce in Nigeria; Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38018.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38018/the-changing-face-of-ecommerce-in-nigeria-prospects-and-challenges/dr-robinson-aristarchus-bananda
E-commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. The document discusses the definition, history, process, categories and future of e-commerce in Bangladesh. It states that e-commerce started in 1970s with electronic funds transfer and has grown significantly since the 1990s with the World Wide Web. The future of e-commerce in Bangladesh is promising as the young generation is inclined towards technology and the government's digitalization goals.
This document provides an overview of e-business. It defines e-business as replacing physical business processes with electronic ones. E-business allows companies to conduct transactions through various electronic means like email, EDI, and websites. It discusses how companies like Dell have successfully implemented e-business strategies to lower costs, improve customer service, and increase sales. E-business provides benefits like reduced costs, improved customer satisfaction, and expanded markets if the right strategy is developed and issues like security, privacy and legal concerns are addressed.
Customer Adoption of Internet Banking in MauritiusWaqas Tariq
This document summarizes a study on factors influencing the adoption of internet banking in Mauritius. The study uses logistic regression on survey data from 1240 individuals to analyze what factors predict a person opting for online banking. The regression found that 6 factors were statistically significant: younger age, higher income, lower perceived risk of internet banking, higher perceived usefulness, higher frequency of checking bank accounts, and having internet access at home. The study concludes these are the main determinants for individuals in Mauritius to adopt internet banking.
Impact of the_internet_on_globalization_of_businessDr. TJ Wolfe
The document discusses several issues that businesses need to consider when establishing a global online presence, including trust issues, language barriers, cultural barriers, infrastructure issues, legal issues, and tax issues. Some key points are that 40% of e-commerce involves international transactions, businesses need to establish credibility with foreign customers and be aware of different customs and legal systems, and providing content in multiple languages can help build trust and increase sales. Infrastructure, laws, taxes, and trade issues vary significantly between countries. The internet facilitates global business by allowing access and transactions anywhere at any time.
Rindova & Kotha 1998 Building Reputation On The InternetAna ADI
This document provides an analysis of how Amazon.com and its competitors Barnes & Noble and CDNow built reputation on the internet. It examines their strategic actions related to reputation building and develops a framework of symbolic, competitive and relational actions. Amazon.com engaged in balanced symbolic communications, redefined industry paradigms, built close and communal relationships, and participated in reputation-enhancing networks. It outperformed competitors in all three types of strategic actions, enjoying superior reputational standing as a result. The study aims to understand reputation building in the novel context of e-commerce.
This document discusses factors that influence trust in online shopping from an Indian consumer's perspective. It begins with an abstract that provides context on the growth of e-commerce in India and importance of trust. It then reviews literature on trust factors for online shopping in developed countries. The literature review finds that little research has examined trust factors specific to Indian consumers. Through surveys and interviews, the study identifies several key trust factors for Indian online shoppers: brand recognition, the website look and feel, easy navigation, secure payment options, presence of third-party trust seals, and detailed product descriptions with appropriate images. The study aims to understand how Indian culture and psychology shape different trust factors compared to consumers in Western nations.
The Identification Level of Security, usability and Transparency Effects on T...Waqas Tariq
This paper presents an Expert E-Commerce Trust System (EECTS), showing a possibility to confidence e-business processes by Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems. The research has empirically tested the critical factors that influence an individual’s decision in the process of buying products or services online. The proposed model applies Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy model to converging business processes to get the desired results. The system is adaptive since it uses neural network learning ability for its adaptation. The results of this study show that the security, web site design and familiarity, directly influence user’s trust in e-businesses since these factors lie the closest to the user and are deciding factors for the users and influence their decisions regarding transactions in e-commerce. These results can be of importance for vendors since they show how the customers perceive trust and which factors can directly influence their trust in a vendor and their experience with e-commerce and that the factors can play a deciding role on whether or not a customer will make a purchase. The study also provides a device for sellers to improve their commercial websites. The data was collected via interviews, surveys and B2C websites. Two questionnaires were used in this study. The first questionnaire was developed for e-commerce experts, and the second one was designed for the customers of commercial websites. Also, Expert Choice is used to determine the priority of factors in the first questionnaire, and MATLAB and Excel are used for developing the Fuzzy rules. Finally, the Fuzzy logical kit was used to analyze the generated factors in the model. New method was compared with previous Expert E-Commerce Trust System (EECTS) that developed by Fuzzy Logic system too.
The document discusses the impact of the internet on small and medium sized businesses globally and in Australia. It finds that internet usage and e-commerce are growing rapidly worldwide and that businesses that leverage the internet, especially through websites and social media, experience significantly higher growth, greater geographic reach, improved marketing and customer interactions. The internet is shifting an increasing share of advertising spending and retail purchases online. Australian businesses must adapt to remain competitive in this changing environment.
E comerce types and Example at Bangladesh e-comerce site Moniruzzaman Rasel
This document defines e-commerce and describes the different types. It begins by defining e-commerce as the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It then describes the three main types: B2B which is business to business and accounts for 80% of e-commerce, B2C which is direct sales from companies to consumers, and C2C which is consumer to consumer sales between individuals. The document lists advantages such as 24/7 access and easier branding. It also notes disadvantages like not everyone having internet access and inability to examine products physically. Finally, it states there are existing e-commerce sites in Bangladesh.
This document defines and provides examples of the main types of e-commerce:
- Business-to-business (B2B) involves sales between businesses, such as a manufacturer selling to a retailer.
- Business-to-consumer (B2C) enables direct sales from businesses to consumers through websites.
- Consumer-to-business (C2B) has consumers creating value for businesses, like providing product reviews or ideas.
- Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) allows individuals to buy and sell directly to each other on sites like eBay.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of social network usage on the success of business startups. The study focused on companies in the plastics and rubber manufacturing industry in Jordan. A survey was administered to 124 companies, with 105 responses analyzed. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant impact of social networks on the success of business startups. Social networks allow entrepreneurs to access resources at lower costs than market alternatives and secure resources not otherwise available. Both strong and weak social ties are important, with strong ties providing resources and weak ties aiding opportunity identification and legitimacy.
This document provides an overview of an introduction to e-commerce course. It outlines the course objectives, assignments, and schedule. The instructor, Nicholas Davis, is introduced. Key topics that will be covered include differentiating e-commerce and e-business, applying business concepts to an e-commerce strategy, and discussing trends in internet technology and their impact on e-commerce. Students will complete individual and group assignments on topics like types of e-commerce, case studies, and analyzing an e-commerce function.
This document discusses a study analyzing the internationalization process of family businesses in the wine industry. The study examines how resources from private and professional networks facilitate internationalization. It analyzes differences in networking competencies between wine business owners and how these relate to the level of internationalization. The study challenges the Uppsala Model of incremental internationalization, finding support for the "born global hypothesis" after a business succession process. Networks are found to provide both financial resources and informal resources like information and knowledge that encourage international involvement.
E Commerce Platform Data Ownership and Legal Protectionijtsrd
This document discusses issues around data ownership on e-commerce platforms in China. It begins by providing background on data rights regulations in China and how they are addressed across various laws. It then analyzes the current status of legislation, law enforcement, and judicial practices regarding data rights protection on e-commerce platforms. Several issues are identified in China's legal protection of data ownership, including a lack of clear entitlement norms, potential for data leakage, and unclear legal use of data rights. The document argues that China's legal system for data rights protection needs improvement and proposes developing comprehensive regulations tailored for China's e-commerce context.
Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, consists of buying and selling products or services over electronic systems like the Internet. It has grown significantly with widespread Internet usage and innovations in areas like online payment processing and supply chain management. There are two main types: business-to-business (B2B) commerce between companies, and business-to-consumer (B2C) commerce between companies and individuals. In the late 1990s, many Internet-based companies emerged but then failed in the "dot-com bubble," demonstrating the risks of online businesses. Successful e-commerce companies now take a long-term, relationship-building approach with customers to encourage loyalty.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
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A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
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Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Assessing the Impact of Relationship Quality on Online Adoption ijbiss
Relationships are strongly embedded in Indian culture due to its high-context nature. Because of this, the role of relationship marketing has been advanced in a variety of services viz., banking, retailing, telecom, etc and hence the competition amongst various service providers has increased. Traditionally, relationship management used to be personal interaction based phenomenon but with IT as an enabler for online channels, the need for creating and growing relationships have transpired in a big way. With the advent of technological changes in the business environment, customers are seeking better alternatives to reduce the frequency of visiting the bank branch physically and are relying more on the virtual mode for transacting. Hence, banks and other service organizations are strongly focussing on the digital (online) channels for facilitating monetary transactions and hence gaining competitive advantage. In the virtual mode, the concept of relationships appears to be unrealistic due to the absence of human interface. However, significant studies have been conducted in this regard which focus on the influence of relationship quality factors viz., trust, commitment, satisfaction, etc. towards adopting the online channel for carrying out financial transactions. Relationship quality focuses on evaluating the strength of relationships, which affects customer loyalty. There exists a dearth of such significant studies in the Indian context. The present research will focus on bridging this gap in the literature. This paper will follow a causal research design for empirically analysing the impact of RQ factors towards adopting online mode for banking transactions. It will also investigate the future intentions of the customers toward using the online channels for carrying out financial transactions.
This document discusses drivers of internet shopping based on a study conducted by the authors. The study applied a behavioral model to identify key factors influencing online purchasing. A survey was conducted with over 700 respondents to assess intentions and actual shopping behavior. The results showed that facilitating conditions, like site accessibility and transaction efficiency, had a stronger influence on shopping behavior than intentions alone. Intentions were influenced most by perceived consequences like cheaper prices and security concerns. The findings provide implications for improving online shopping strategies and site design.
This document appears to be an introduction or first chapter of a student's dissertation on online shopping behavior. It provides background on the rapid growth of e-commerce and internet shopping. It discusses how the internet provides convenience for consumers to research products, compare prices, and satisfy their needs more efficiently. However, it also notes potential risks of online shopping like payment security and issues with after-sales service. The document then outlines that the dissertation will investigate the impact of online shopping on consumer behavior through a questionnaire survey. It aims to understand current consumer behaviors and provide recommendations to help businesses.
The internet is being developed rapidly since last two decades, and with relevant digital economy that is driven by information technology also being developed worldwide. After a long term development of internet, which rapidly increased web users and highly speed internet connection, and some new technology also have been developed and used for web developing, those lead to firms can promote and enhance images of product and services through web site. Therefore, detailed product information and improved service attracts more and more people changed their consumer behaviour from the traditional mode to more rely on the internet shopping. On the other hand, more companies have realized that the consumer behaviour transformation is unavoidable trend, and thus change their marketing strategy. As the recent researches have indicated that, the internet shopping particularly in business to consumer (B2C) has risen and online shopping become more popular to many people. According to the report, The Emerging Digital Economy II, published by the US Department of Commerce, in some companies, the weight of e-commerce in total sales is quite high. For instance, the Dell computer company have reached 18 million dollars sales through the internet during the first quarter of 1999. As a result, about 30% of its 5.5 billion dollars total sales were achieved through the internet (Moon, 2004). Therefore, to understand internet shopping and its impact on consumer behaviour could help companies making use of it as a form of doing e-business.
There are many reasons for such a rapid developing of internet shopping, which mainly due to the benefits that internet provides. First of all, the internet offers different kind of convenience to consumers. Obviously, consumers do not need go out looking for product information as the internet can help them to search from online sites, and it also helps evaluate between each sites to get the cheapest price for purchase. Furthermore, the internet can enhance consumer use product more efficiently and effectively than other channels to satisfy their needs. Through the different search engines, consumers save time to access to the consumption related information, and which information with mixture of images, sound, and very detailed text description to help consumer learning and choosing the most suitable product (Moon, 2004). However, internet shopping has potential risks for the customers, such as payment safety, and after service. Due to the internet technology developed, internet payment recently becomes prevalent way for purchasing goods from the internet. Internet payment increase consumptive efficiency, at the same time, as its virtual property reduced internet security. After service is another way to stop customer shopping online. It is not like traditional retail, customer has risk that some after service should face to face serve, and especially in some complicated goods.
Effects of mediation of trust on effect of quality service e-commerce, servi...inventionjournals
1) The document discusses a study on the mediating effects of consumer trust on the influence of e-commerce service quality, capabilities, communication, integrity, and mobile technology use on e-commerce shopping intentions.
2) The results showed evidence that consumer trust mediates the influence of service quality, capabilities, communication, integrity, and mobile technology use on e-commerce shopping intentions.
3) With high levels of trust, e-commerce service quality, capabilities, communication, integrity, and mobile technology use will lead to higher e-commerce shopping intentions.
The Importance of E-Commerce in Terms of Local Development: A Study in Turkey1inventionjournals
Internet is a great technology as well as a vast information storage, communication tool, trading platform, education field, business and entertainment environment. Internet is also the front door of the change and development and especially of the information community that is the bearer and courier of the development existing in the scientific and technologic fields. For this reason, E-commerce, which leaves its mark on the world market and gains more importance against the classic type of trade, also occupies a quite important position in national economy. The objective of our study is; to examine this commerce platform that is established as of today in city of Gümüşhane (Turkey) and to research the potential of E-commerce with regards to national economies and the factors that effect this potential.
How do online advertisements affects consumer purchasing intention empirical ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined how online advertisements affect consumer purchasing intentions in Jordan. The study developed a theoretical model with five dimensions: consumer characteristics, advertisement characteristics, website characteristics, attitude, and product characteristics. Data was collected from 339 Jordanian university students. The results showed that income, internet skills, daily internet usage, advertisement content, and advertisement location significantly impacted the effectiveness of online ads. Additionally, website language and opinions of others were found to have notable influence on ad effectiveness. The study aimed to identify key factors affecting online ad effectiveness and purchasing intentions in the context of a developing country.
E satisfaction e-loyalty of consumers shopping onlineAbu Bashar
With the advent of information technologies and emergence of online stores, the
online shopping has not been the same as it was in the past. Now in order to strive
in this cut throat competition it is of vital importance for the organizations to
understand the factors that matter for consumers when they shop online. As the
competition in e-commerce is intensified, it becomes more important for online
retailers to understand the antecedents of consumer acceptance of online
shopping. Such knowledge is essential to customer relationship management,
which has been recognized as an effective business strategy to achieve success
in the electronic market. The current research study is an effort to understand
the satisfaction and loyalty pattern for the consumers shopping online. The objective
of this research is to study the impact of emotional state and perceived risk of
remote purchase on e-satisfaction during the Internet shopping. As well, it aims
to study the influence of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. The data gathering was carried
out by a questionnaire. The results show that three dimensions of the emotional
state during Internet shopping (the pleasure, stimulation and dominance) have a
significant positive impact on e-satisfaction. Dimensions of the perceived risk of
remote purchase, (the total risk, the financial risk, the social risk, the
psychological risk, the functional risk, and the physical risk) don't have a significant
impact on e-satisfaction, except the risk of loss of time has a negative impact.
Finally satisfaction influences positively and significantly the e-loyalty of the cyber
consumers.
Impact of e commerce toward indonesian silk industry the changing value chai...ijmvsc
The advent of the internet and information technology has revolutionarized the way small medium
enterprise do business, particularly those that in the silk industry. This preliminary research will look at
the definitions of e-commerce by various authors including Turban et al (2002) and Nezu (2001). A
definition of commerce will be suggested that takes into account all the areas in e-commerce including
business-to-business e-commerce and intrabusiness e-commerce which are usually not mentioned in many
definitions of e-commerce.The new types of products i.e. digital products as well as the new business
models which include content, affiliate and customization will be mentioned. The impact of technology on
the value chain in particular disintermediation and cybermediation with relevancies from the Indonesian
Silk Industry will be discussed.The theory of Diffusion of Innovation will be stated used to understand the
evolution of the internet and the adoption of web technologies by SME.Finally, the future of e-commerce
which includes the lessons learnt from start-up failures and the way that click-and-mortar industries can
be successful will be discussed.
Impact of personality on the trust factor in e wom communitiesssuser2a81d8
1. The study examines how personality traits affect consumers' level of trust and willingness to participate in electronic word of mouth (EWOM) online.
2. It develops a model where personality type, as defined by the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism), influences an individual's disposition to trust, which then determines their collaborative behavior and EWOM activities online.
3. The paper suggests that trust plays a mediating role between personality and willingness to engage in online cooperation and information sharing, which is important for the sustainability of virtual communities.
The Effectiveness of Internet Marketing in Increasing the Reach and Awareness...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The present research seeks to expound the effective
of Internet marketing in increasing the read and awareness of
consumers. Impatient the research conducted a good review
about the privies literature related to the study. It leads a brief
idea of the study before articulating the statement of the
problem. From the statement of the problem deducting the
researcher found that the social media , mobile apps and
internet marketing have Promina impact with the
effectiveness and in cornering the awareness of the consumer
.hence the research subdivided the research problem into four
different objective such translates the formation of the study
states that these is no significant relationship between level of
effectiveness and level of utilization of internet marketing on
consumer in kingdom of Bahrain . Further the research
employs multiple methodologies to a new conclusion on the
particular issue, the study used convening sampling method
combined with the spss software for data analyse.
The study aims to assess the Effectiveness of Internet
in Business to increase reach and awareness among consumers
in Bahrain. Data and correspondence innovation has changed
quickly in the previous 20 years with a key advancement being
the development of online networking. Business, which does
not utilize internet-based life, tends to lose on key client
base. The rise of social media means it’s unusual to find an
organization that does not reach its customers and prospects
through one social media platform or another. Companies see
the importance of using social media to connect with
customers and build revenue.
Businesses have realized they can use social media to generate
insights, stimulate demand, and create targeted product
offerings. This is important in traditional brick-and-motor
businesses, and, obviously, in the world of e-commerce.
In this research, to adequately address the research questions
a variety of data collection methods and instruments were
used such as questionnaire survey and t-test.
From the study, the researcher concluded that there is no
significant relationship between the Level of utilization &
Effectiveness of Internet marketing among consumers in
Bahrain. Therefore, the researchers accept the null
hypothesis.
The problems faced by the respondents on the Level
of utilization & Effectiveness of Internet marketing among
consumers in Bahrain is privacy, censorship and online
security. The Internet, social media, online advertising, mobile
apps etc. as a whole, can be seen as technology that has greatly
enhanced our lives but should be done responsibly.
This E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the
transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur
either as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. The term
e-tail is also sometimes used in reference to transactional processes for online shopping. E-commerce is conducted
using a variety of applications, such as email, online catalogs and shopping carts, EDI, File Transfer Protocol, and
web services. The benefits of e-commerce include its around-the-clock availability, the speed of access, the wide
availability of goods and services for the consumer, easy accessibility, and international reach. The presented
paper is an outcome of a review of various research studies carried out on e-commerce. The paper examines
various opportunities of e-commerce. It raises the key challenges that are being faced by consumers relating to ecommerce.
A Transition To Physical Retail From E-Business A Case StudySandra Long
This document summarizes a case study on a company called e-bebek that transitioned from being an e-commerce/online only company to opening physical retail stores. It provides background on the growth of e-business and models for companies shifting from traditional brick-and-mortar models to hybrid bricks-and-clicks models. The case study of e-bebek aims to examine the strategies and decision processes of a company that made the transition from virtual to physical retail space.
This document summarizes a study on the present scenarios, opportunities, and obstacles of e-business in Bangladesh. The study found that while e-business is emerging in Bangladesh, there are still some constraints holding it back such as poor infrastructure, low bandwidth, and lack of technical expertise. However, the number of internet users is growing and more businesses are performing functions such as online ordering, marketing, and customer service. The study concluded there is great potential for online business in Bangladesh if the obstacles can be addressed.
The purpose of this article is to explore e-commerce issues particularly for developing an appropriate framework for ecommerce marketing. The issues that e-commerce faces will be examined through the marketing mix. The authors consider process as an additional P especially for ecommerce. Exploring the ideas of product, place, price, promotion and process with their implication in addressing and mitigating problems of ecommerce is the main focal point of this article. The authors find that the five concepts of the marketing mix equally play a critical part in the success of e-commerce. Therefore, concentrating on these concepts will prove to be of the utmost importance as an e-commerce provider.
This document proposes a framework for building online trust for business-to-business e-commerce. It discusses three key dimensions of online trust: technology, marketplace, and market participants. The technology dimension involves ensuring security, authentication, and non-repudiation of online transactions. The marketplace dimension relates to the credibility and governance of the online marketplace itself. The market participant dimension concerns verifying the credibility of buyers and sellers conducting transactions. The framework argues that online trust can be developed by addressing issues across these three dimensions, backed by a robust legal system to validate online transactions and agreements.
Research on Consumers Participation Willingness of e commerce Live Platformijtsrd
In todays society with the rapid development of the Internet, e commerce live broadcast has become one of the fastest growing sales methods. It allows consumers to watch and buy the required goods more intuitively and conveniently, greatly improving the shopping experience of consumers, so it is deeply loved by the majority of users. E commerce has gradually integrated into peoples lives, and it has also subtly changed our consumption patterns. In order to adapt to the rapid development of e commerce live broadcast field, find out the factors that affect consumers willingness to participate online in e commerce live broadcast platform, so as to better guide enterprises and users of e commerce live broadcast platform to make profits. This paper constructs a simple perception model, and uses the methods of interview, questionnaire survey and literature review, and further realizes that four factors, namely, professionalism, intimacy, real time interaction and usability of anchors, will affect consumers willingness to participate. By sorting out the data and collecting data, using the method of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the conclusion is drawn the professionalism, intimacy, real time interaction and ease of use of the platform of e commerce live broadcast all positively influence users willingness to participate. The research conclusion can strengthen consumers willingness to buy, provide theoretical support and practical guidance for further optimizing the live broadcast e commerce platform, and improve consumers willingness to participate in the live broadcast platform. Li Weiqing | Sun Rui "Research on Consumers' Participation Willingness of e-commerce Live Platform" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52059.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/market-economy/52059/research-on-consumers-participation-willingness-of-ecommerce-live-platform/li-weiqing
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Over the last decade and a half, the idea of online loyalty has been studied highly
in the literature, and still it endures to be a topic of persistent inquiry for both
researchers and companies. The incredible development of the Internet for both
marketing and online environment, in combination with the increasing desire of
customers to purchase online, has helped the development of diverse e-loyalty research
models. Literature on online shopping suggests trust on a brand and online shopping
as two main drivers for evolving effective long-term relationship but astonishingly a
complete model describing all major antecedents and consequences of trust on a brand
and online shopping is not available in the existing body of knowledge. All independent
factors in the model were individualistically predictive of intent to shop online and
supported the theoretical model by demonstrating the predicted direction of the
relationship
This study examines the impact of e-banking service quality on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it analyzes how the dimensions of e-banking service quality (reliability, privacy/security, website design, customer service) influence both customer satisfaction and loyalty. Data was collected through an online survey of 976 bank customers in Pakistan during lockdowns. The findings show that reliability and website design increased loyalty directly, while privacy/security's impact on loyalty was fully mediated by satisfaction. The impacts of reliability and website design on loyalty were partially mediated by satisfaction. This provides insights for banks on improving digital services and customer retention during pandemics.
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A new model for building online trust in b2 c
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.10, 2012
Trust in Electronic Commerce: A New Model for Building Online
Trust in B2C
Foroozan Kamari 1* Saeid Kamari1,2
1. Department of management, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
2. Department of Computer, Sahneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sahneh, Iran
* E-mail of the corresponding author: foroozankamari@yahoo.com
Abstract
The rapid growth in the electronic commerce over the internet has fuelled predictions and speculations about
what makes a business to consumer (B2C) web site effective. Increasing use of the World Wide Web as a B2C
commercial tool raises interest in understanding the key issues in building relationships with customers on the
internet. Trust is believed to be the key to these relationships. In this paper, an overall model has presented for
building online trust in this context. This model outlines some of the key factors that are related in this area and
suggests a framework based on these factors. With respect to the position and importance of the trust in online
commerce, this model helps businesses in order to capture, sustain and construct long-term relationships with
their consumers.
Keywords: E-Trust, Reverse engineering, Business-consumer web sites, online shopping, Web design
1. Introduction
Since the commercialization of the internet in the early 1990 there has been a phenomenal growth in business-to-
consumer (B2C) electronic commerce. The global nature of the internet, its vast scope and different interactive
capabilities have made it an important marketing and trading medium for many firms; consequently, there has
been a drastic increase in the number of organizations that are using the web for marketing, promoting, and
transacting products and services with consumers (Ranganathan & Ganapathy 2002).
The process of globalization creates new challenges and opportunities for companies by offering an access to
new markets that were previously closed due to cost, regulations, etc. The adoption of the Internet, in particular
Internet-enabled B2C E-business solutions, allows many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to respond to
these challenges and opportunities by extending the geographic reach of their operations. Very often, however,
websites created for sales purposes are simple in design and functionality; hence, they, do not arouse trust at first
glance (Gutowska et al 2009). Apart from organizations, there seems to be a rapid adoption of the internet by
consumers for various purposes, including information search and online shopping. Recent studies had been
shown that the rise in online shopping is affecting the traditional retail sales in that the growth in offline sales has
reduced in current decades. In the other words, online shopping negatively is associated offline shopping. The
increase in B2C commerce has made several firms looks for new ways to understand online shopping behavior so
as to attract and retain consumers (Ranganathan & Ganapathy 2002).
Unlike the traditional shopping, where the intended purchase may be from a supplier operating in a different
country, time zone, currency and legal system, in the context of B2C e-commerce transactions, transactions do
not involve simultaneous exchange of goods and money regularly where the intended purchase may be from a
supplier that is operating in a different country, time zone, currency and legal system. Moreover, consumers are
required to share sensitive personal information (such as mailing address, telephone number) and financial
information (such as credit card numbers) (Shan & Chen 2007). Internet shopping is different from traditional
shopping. Consider shopping in the real world: When a customer enters a shop for the first time, she sees the
interior, goods and staff. Visual cues allow her to evaluate the shop's professionalism and competence. Interaction
with staff will have further impact on the customer’s trust (Riegelsberger 2003). As online transactions are
stretched over space and time, they are dis-embeded. Dis-embedding is a common phenomenon in modern
societies. It makes decisions more complex and increases the need for trust. Hence, designers of e-commerce
systems need to design these systems in a way that allows users to build trust in B2C e-commerce (Riegelsberger
2003; Gutowska et al 2009).
With respect to attributes of B2C e-commerce and the role of trust in e-commerce, that has been mentioned
above, in this paper, has been recognized effective factors in building online trust and interaction between them
and ultimately, has been presented an overall and efficient model for building online trust in users. Represented
frame work in this model, due to build online trust and consequently, online purchasing behavior. This paper has
organized as follows:
In section 2, the importance of trust in social communication, off / on line commerce has presented. Due to the
key role of trust in e-commerce, it has been noticed by many researches so; in section 3 some of the important
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related models have been investigated. In section 4, the proposed model for constructing online trust in b2c e-
commerce and its elements, will be explained, respectively. In last section, 5, conclusion has been presented.
2. Trust Background
Trust is a fundamental quality in human relationships in a society. It plays a key role in defining friendship, love,
families and organizations. It starts with a certain value between two entities. Regardless of how the initial trust
comes about, it can grow or reduce depending on the mutual interactions and experience (Patnaik et al 2006).
Trust has different degrees that basic trust is an underlying, background form of trust that is a precondition of
social life (Corritore et al 2003). Trust is an important issue in personal relationships and in offline commerce
(Lanford 2006). In business world, trust is a key for doing successful interactions and also for building long term
relationships. Trust can also be viewed as a kind of social capital that makes coordination and cooperation
between people possible. Trust enables people to lives in risky and uncertain situations.
Therefore trust and trust relationships in the offline world have been a topic of research in many disciplines since
the 1950s. Streams of research on trust can be found in the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology,
management, marketing, ergonomics, human–computer interaction (HCI), industrial psychology and electronic
commerce (Corritore et al 2003). With the emergence of the internet, for many years computer users have used
the Internet to share data, collaborate on their work, and exchange messages.
Moreover, many virtual communities had been emerged and a variety of people have joined one or more of the
virtual communities that have grown up to serve consumer needs for communication, information, and
entertainment. The rapid growth of virtual communities on the Internet raises the question of what encourages
members of a community to interact and make virtual communities more dynamic (Lee et al 2006).
In these virtual communities where people exchange information an ideas, trust between members is an important
issue for going on the relationships (Lanford 2006). In the short period, lots of virtual communities have been
created and consequently, computer users worldwide have been increased (Pourshahid 2006). The phenomenal
growth in the number of internet users and the enormous potential of electronic commerce via the internet
attracted merchants to conduct their businesses online (Wang & Emurian 2004). E-commerce lets businesses
reduce costs, attain greater market reach, and develop closer partner relationships. Numerous e-commerce
companies have created very profitable businesses since pioneering e-commerce traders (such as Amazon.com)
emerged (Wu 2010). Industry analysts see both trust and security are important barriers to preventing in the
growth of e- commerce (Radwan & Mumtaz 2009).
E-commerce is many diversified and B2B, B2C, C2C models are common. Among of these models, B2C has
more contribution in e-commerce, in fact, it means retailing. It has been developed with to extent the web, and
nowadays, many different goods and services are shopped through the web easily (Corbit et al 2003). The nature
of e-Commerce imposes a physical distance between consumers and the merchant (Hussin et al 2006). Hence,
trust plays a key role in many such transactions that occur over the Internet (Lanford 2006) because of the less
verifiable and less controllable business environment (Hussin et al 2006). Moreover the uncertainty about the
quality of products or services and the ability of sellers to stay anonymous has lead to a high level of risk.
Consequently, trust management has been measured as one of the most important components in any electronic
environment (Pourshahid 2006; Lu 2009).
Figure 1. Trust Chart
3. Related Works
A number of comparative studies, each having different models of trust in B2C, have been carried out in the field
of EC with regard to these three paradigms. Some are presented below:
Table 1. Related works
4. Proposed Model
In this section, the proposed model for building online trust in B2C e-commerce will be explained. The model
consists of four sections: professionalism, reputation, trustworthiness, technologic incentives in which, these
sections involve another effective elements. In this section, influential elements and factors in the model has been
explained individual and comprehensive.
4.1 Professionalism
Professionalism is usually defined as character to represent good standing. In the physical word physical visual
information, which represents the character of the organization, is one of the decisive factors to determine user’s
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trust on a business. However in the electronic environment where the physical attributes are missing, the business
is represented by the web site. The in-depth analysis of online consumer behavior clearly has been suggested that
the web interface factors help the online organization to portray professionalism (Mahmood 2006). While a
salesperson is generally absent or peripheral to the settings of the e-commerce web site, the primary objective of
trust becomes the organization itself. The organization`s image reflected by its site (Corbit et al 2003).
Consumers make intuitive, emotional decisions based on their perceptions of an online merchant`s website. The
look and feel of a website serves as a basic for consumers to from a first impression of the merchant, to develop
an opinion of its trustworthiness, and to ultimately form their behavioral intent (Karyonen 2000). Professionalism
consists of the following items:
4.1.1 Professional Graphics (Web Design)
Web site quality is important for web sites to gain competitive advantages over other web sites and attract more
customers (Barnes & Vidgen 2000). Professionalism in design has been recognized as a positive attribute in merit
of an online seller. Visual design matters because of two main reasons: (1) a good-looking websites (one with no
textual mistakes, right colors, good balance between animation and usability) makes users think they are
browsing in a professional environment and helps foster trustworthiness of the company behind the site; and (2)
browsing in a good-looking and user-friendly website encourages users to spend more time on the website, and,
the longer they stay, the higher the probability of the site gaining the consumers` trust (Urban et al 2009).
However, it is difficult to provide an absolute definition for professionalism in terms of web site design, because
professional design carries too broad and too vague a meaning and can be interpreted differently by different
people (Wang & Emurian 2004). One implementation method for professional design, use of eye-catching
graphics, that not only could attract a user`s attention but also convey competence or professionalism (Basso et al
2001). Use of online sales chat, three- dimensional flash images, and clear and thorough presentations
merchandise images, the blue and white color scheme has a technical feel, and also, to present the product in
three dimensions and a rotatable format enabled the customer to check each feature in the product. If, there be
these features in a website, professional feel would be conveyed and thus increased trust in that web site (Wang &
Emurian 2004).
4.1.2 Usability
Design and capabilities of an e-commerce website are important to online shoppers (Mithas 2003; Flian et al
2005; Rosen & Purinton 2004). Definition of ease of use focuses on how easily users can achieve their goals
using a computer (Corritore et al 2003). This dimension defines the overall organization and accessibility of
displayed information on the web site (Wang & Emurian 2004). Perceived web site usability includes
characteristics of the web site such as:
• Easy of understanding the structure of a system (including its functions, interface, contents).
• Simplicity of use.
• Speed and ease with which users can navigate the web site to find an item or service.
• User control over the process (Flian et al 2005).
Ease of navigation was frequently mentioned as a key to promote online trust. In other words, users can easily
locate the information they seek on the web site (Wang & Emurian 2004). Studies have indicated that ease of use
impacts on-line trust. For example, ease of searching, transaction interaction, broken links and navigation have all
been associated with changes in on-line trust (Lederer et al 2000).
4.1.3 Proper Branding
A brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, design, or combination of these which is used to identify the goods or
services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors (Rowley 2004).
Online businesses must use of well known brands (Mahmood 2006). Brand is an important conveyor of trust.
Branded products with strong brand equity enjoy an immediate trust gain when in an online environment (Yakov
et al 2005). With the rise of B2C e-commerce, online brand trust has often been identified as a critical
component and has increased in importance among the internet users. A number of researchers have suggested
that brand trust is a critical factor in stimulating purchases over the internet (Alam & Yasin 2010). Also
displaying a prominent logo and slogan to facilitate the easy identification of the company has been suggested
(Wang & Emurian 2004).
4.2 Trustworthiness of Company
“Trust can only exist if the consumer believes that the seller has both the ability and the motivation to deliver
goods and services of the quality expected by the consumer” (Jarvenpaa & Tractinsky 1999). Attributes which
build the basic elements of trustworthiness are different. In one view point, Attributes that constitute the main
elements of trustworthiness are: ability, benevolence, and integrity (Lee & Turban 2001; Salam et al 2005).
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Ability comprises the skills and competencies enabling a party to have influence within some specific domain.
Benevolence is the extent to which the trusting party believes that the trusted party wants to do good things rather
than just maximize profit. Integrity is the trusting party’s perception that the trusted party will be honest and
adhere to an acceptable set of principles (Mayer & Davis 1999). online vendor`s trustworthiness includes the
following elements:
4.2.1 Real-World Presence
In internet researches, there is a question in the mind of user ‘whether a web site is an extension of a familiar off-
line company, or whether it is the only touch point with an unknown company (Egger 2001)?’ It is difficult to
trust a stranger or to believe something that exists only in cyberspace. Therefore, making connections to a
physical reality is an essential and effective way for online merchants to enhance the perceived trustworthiness of
their web sites. Trust of well-established merchants with physical stores could be transferred directly from the
real world to the online world (Ye & Henry 2005). Cues and hints from the real-world presence consist of
company address, chat online, company email and company telephone number that they increase trustworthiness
(Hussin et al 2006).
4.2.2 Size
A company’s size is often expressed by means of investing in Web-page banners boasting of its size (Jarvenpaa &
Tractinsky 1999). For instance, eBay`s banner says that it is “The World’s Online Marketplace”. Size of a store is
one of the bases used by Consumers to form their impressions regarding the store’s trustworthiness (Koufaris
2004; Jarvenpaa & Tractinsky 2000). A perception of a large organization size implies that the merchant has
significant.
The more resource is spent, the more the costumer can trust. Hence, the larger the firm, the more it is perceived
by customers that it is in the firm’s best interest to fulfill its promises to the consumer (Dolatabadi & Ebrahimi
2010). In the same note) consumers’ trust is increased when the size of the company is perceived to be large
(Koufaris 2004). Consumers apparently assume that a large company will provide the services and support that
customer's need and that the company will be able to compensate them in case of product failure (Dolatabadi &
Ebrahimi 2010).
4.2.3 Market (Costumer) Orientation
Market orientation is essentially a managerial philosophy, which takes the customer as a focal point for business
activities and considers profit as a consequence of customer orientation (Corbit et al 2003). Information
collection and usage started to be considered as governing determinants to the organizations `market orientation
in the 1980s (Shapiro 1988). Using this definition in the B2C e-commerce context, market orientation is likely to
increase the level of trust since the e-commerce web sites will: (1) collect the customers` information dynamically
to follow customers` preference from time to time; (2) use the information to customize product/services to cater
to the individual customer`s taste on a one-to-one basis rather than mass marketing; (3) maintain close contact
with customers and respond to customer`s problems in real time; (4) allow customers to contribute to the site
development (Corbit et al 2003). Open communications and the opportunity to participate are necessary
conditions for a market orientation (Carnevale & Wechsler 1992).
In this view, consumers are involved in product development, production, distribution or marketing of the
product and introduced the concept of co-creation is introduced. In the other words, meaningful collaboration
between consumers and firms to create unique experiences that will develop new products and subsequently new
sources of competitive advantage. This is a win-win approach, as it promotes dialogue interaction, access to
information, transparency, and understanding of risk-benefits that ultimately engender trust in the buyer-seller
relationship. When taken to the online site, it becomes even more powerful. Such a co-creating and collaborative
process is built on a foundation of a trust between the firm and the consumer (Urban et al 2009). Therefore, a
positive relation between customer orientation and trust has been recognized (Corbit et al 2003).
4.3 Reputation
Reputation of a company is also crucial in online business, as after analyzing reputation a client can predict how
the company could behave. On the other hand, the client may not have any prior interaction with a company.
Therefore, there is no way to know about the company except other client’s opinion (feedback) about that
company (Dolatabadi & Ebrahimi 2010). Online reputation regarding an e-business is built by collating the past
experiences of the agents who have previously interacted (Mahmood 2006). Having a trustworthy reputation
means a lot to online merchants in attracting potential customers and developing their trust. Company reputation
will be built two ways; (1) self-reputation which in this way, company can makes reputation for itself by
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advertising in web portals, announcement in valid and known sites and also to represent about online users of
website, (2) other-reputation, that involves the confirmations of trustee websites and reputation systems.
While most online merchants strive to establish a strong reputation via various marketing and advertising
strategies alone, the power of third-party referral and second opinions in this building process can be neglected
easily. It is significant that self-promoted reputation was less believable than one generated by other sources of
accreditation (Wang & Emurian 2004). When the company’s reputation is perceived positively, consumers
exhibit greater trust in that company (Dolatabadi & Ebrahimi 2010).
4.4 Technologic Incentives (Drivers)
E-marketing services (advertisements, banners and promotional popup) increase network traffic. These
promotional activities do not really make any positive contribution to the business even if the seller is offering a
valuable service along with the best quality and price of their products. In E-commerce it is very important to
secure customers’ personal information and provide them with privacy in transactions using a proper transaction
management system. E-business services aim at attracting new customers as well as maintaining and satisfying
the needs of existing customers by providing them best quality services (Ali 2005). With regards to technological
and technical developments, and their aids in building online trust and the role of these developments to incentive
customers for contributing in e-commerce, it can be hoped that internet business also goes on to growth.
The following factors play important roles in creating online trust:
4.4.1 Security
Security and privacy problems have existed on the Internet since its inception, but have gotten much worse in
recent years, largely due to the growth of the Internet. When a consumer shopped on the internet, there were
many threats to personal security (Salisbury et al 2001). These threats have major impacts on end users, websites,
businesses, and even Internet service providers (Dolatabadi & Ebrahimi 2010). E-commerce security deals
mainly with two types of issues; protect the business network and provide transaction security between the
customer and business. In B2C, transaction is one of the critical issues, which requires being managed properly
(Ali 2005). A high level of security in the online shopping experience has a positive effect on consumer trust
because the perceived risk in transaction will be decreased.
4.4.2 User’s Information Privacy
Privacy is often cited as a top concern among Internet users (Dolatabadi & Ebrahimi 2010). B2C web sites use a
number of mechanisms to gather information about their visitors. Explicit modes of gathering, such as
registration forms, web surveys, and implicit means, like the use of cookie files, are commonly used. Information
about consumers provides crucial inputs to marketing, advertising, and product related decisions made by
merchandisers. But, a growing number of internet users have expressed their concerns over potential misuse of
personal information. To address this issue, a number of web sites have developed and displayed consumer
privacy policies (Ranganathan & Ganapathy 2002).
Privacy and security concerns of online transactions affect consumers’ purchasing behavior.
A high level of security and privacy in the online shopping experience has a positive effect on consumer trust,
owing to the lowered risk involved with exchanging information (Dolatabadi & Ebrahimi 2010).
4.4.3 Payment Systems
A payment intermediary is often the only party in an e-commerce transaction that is able to verify the merchant’s
identity and location. Payment intermediaries can assist consumers by alleviating the ‘risk of prior performance’,
which typically leaves the consumer in a vulnerable position in online transactions. Payment intermediaries can
also help new merchants overcome the problem of establishing initial trust. Escrow services are one form of
payment intermediary currently used in B2C, C2C, and B2B e-commerce. They hold payments from the buyer
until the buyer has received and accepted the goods, at which point payment is made to the seller. Credit card
companies are in an influential position because of this. Because merchants rely on them for payment, they are in
a position to sever services to fraudulent merchants (Patton & Yosang 2004). Therefore, Payment intermediaries
can decrease the risk of online transaction.
Risk perception is negatively associated with trust perception (Corbit et al 2003). Thus, high level and acceptable
from technologic drivers in the B2C e-commerce web sites reduce risk, and in the other wise, customer`s trust to
e-commerce web sites will be increased.
Figure 2. A proposed model for building trust in B2C E-commerce
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5. Conclusion
Trust is an essential element in social relationship and offline commerce. The emergence of online businesses
along with the use of the internet as its basic network has brought new concerns and risks in B2C business
environment; consequently, trust is a fundamental factor in every e-commerce activity. With respect to the
importance and the position of B2C business in e-commerce, researchers have paid more attention to this area
and have strived to overcome challenges to build online trust.
Studies on online merchant revealed that a great deal of money is invested to attract a new customer. If online
merchants have to attract and retain customers while releasing a good return on their investment, they must focus
on the consumer’s expectations. The above-mentioned parameters and dimensions are presented in a model based
on what online consumers perceive as important and effective in B2C web sites. Online merchants can asses their
web sites in terms of a set of variables and identify the areas which need improvement.
The importance of business-to-consumer to the future global economy is well known. Determining how to create
business-to-consumer web sites capable of attracting and retaining consumers so that key objectives, such as
online purchase, web visitor satisfaction, repeat visits, and online customer loyalty are attained is an important
step in developing an overall e-business strategy of an organization.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Farshid Namamian (faculty of Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah branch) for
his helpful comments and suggestions that substantially improved the paper.
The first author is grateful to the
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Figure 1. Trust Chart
Table 1. Related works
Third Model Second Model First Model
(Hung et al; 2005) (Salam et al; 2005) (Salo et al; 2005)
Reputation Integrity believe to seller’s Seller’s website
Usefulness web site Website quality
Believe to seller’s website Trustee and strong
predictability user interface
Believe to seller `s website
competency
Laws and policies Privacy protect
-- Association non-
government
Intermediary’s Peers
situation -- Past buyers
Third-party
recommendations
Quality and price Believe to seller’s website Service/product
of product/service Benevolence attributes
Market, Culture,
Country
Internet speed- Past experience use of customer’s
oriented internet attributes
Ability
Perceived risk Seller’s website trustworthy Perceived risk
integrity
Believe to seller’s web site
Past purchase Past experience use of Past experience
experience internet
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Figure. 2. A proposed model for building trust in B2C E-commerce
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