Dark matter is an artifact caused by the increase in the gravitational constant due to the expansion of space

1. Planck’s length( ) is the scale in which Einstein’s General Relativity
ideas of gravity and space-time cease to be valid and where
Heisenberg’s uncertainty Principles dictate the rules.
Planck Area is the size of the entropy information bits on the black
holes event horizon.
𝒍 𝒑
Based on that ,there is a good reason to assume that Planck’s length
is the size (in each dimension)of the basic 3D building blocks of the
fabric of space.

2. Assuming that we can derive three assumptions:
1. Photonic wave length is an integer number N, times Planck’s length
𝑙 𝑝 ,and this integer number doesn’t change due to the changes in
Planck’s length.
2. Every Planck time a photon travels one Planck length (speed of
light c)
3. The expansion of the universe measured by Hubble is due to the
increase in the size of these basic building blocks of space, meaning
the increase in Planck’s length
where 𝑙 𝑝’ is the increased Plank’s length due to expansion of space.
𝑙 𝑝′ > 𝑙 𝑝

3. 𝑙 𝑝
𝑙 𝑝’
In the figure above we assume that a wavelength in the size of ƛ =
3 ∗ 𝑙 𝑝 (colored blue in the figure) will undergo a red shift
transformation ƛ′ = 3 ∗ 𝑙 𝑝′(colored red in the figure) as the Planck
length increases, due to the expansion of space. Every discrete pulse
of Planck time a photon will travel a larger distance in the expanding
space
𝑙 𝑝′ > 𝑙 𝑝
𝒄′ > 𝒄
𝑐
𝑐’

4. Based on the photonic energy equation: E=
ℎ𝑐
ƛ
E = the energy of a photon, ℎ = Planck constant, c = speed of light, ƛ =
photonic wave length
𝑙 𝑝 =
𝐺ℎ
2𝜋𝑐3
𝐺= gravitational constant, 𝑙 𝑝 = Planck’s length,ℎ = Planck constant,
c = speed of light

5. 𝑙 𝑝
2
∗
2𝜋𝑐3
𝐺
= ℎ
ℎ𝑐
ƛ
= 𝑙 𝑝
2
∗
2𝜋𝑐4
ƛ𝐺
=
𝑙 𝑝
2
∗
2𝜋𝑐4
𝐺
ƛ

6. E=
ℎ𝑐
ƛ
=
𝑙 𝑝
2
∗
2𝜋𝑐4
𝐺
𝑁∗𝑙 𝑝
=
𝑙 𝑝∗
2𝜋𝑐4
𝑁
𝐺
The wavelength ƛ is an integer number N
times Planck’s length 𝑙 𝑝.
When 𝑙 𝑝 increases due to expansion of space and
becomes 𝑙 𝑝’ the photon undergoes through a red
shift .

7. E’=
ℎ𝑐′
ƛ′
=
𝑙 𝑝′2∗
2𝜋𝑐′4
𝐺′
𝑁∗𝑙 𝑝′
=
𝑙 𝑝′∗
2𝜋𝑐′4
𝑁
𝐺′
When 𝑙 𝑝 increases due to expansion of space and
becomes 𝑙 𝑝’ the photon undergoes through a red
shift as measured by Hubble ( ).𝐸′
< 𝐸
Since 𝑙 𝑝′ > 𝑙 𝑝 ,c’>c , E’<E G’> G

8. Black hole
Expanding space :
the expansion increases as the distance
From black hole increases
𝑙 𝑝
𝑙 𝑝’
𝐺’
𝐺
𝑚 𝑚′
As can be seen in the image below ,two equal masses m = m’ at a different
distance from a black hole will differ in their gravitational constant (G ) and a
distant observer which is not aware to that will assume by mistake that m’> m
due to dark matter surrounding m’.
Dark matter is an artifact due to the
Increase in the gravitational constant G
Due to the expansion of space