This document describes simulations of the mechanical behavior of metal foams and foam-filled structures using finite element analysis. It discusses experimental tests on aluminum foam compression and tube bending. Finite element models of foam were created using regular unit cells, and results showed octahedral cells better modeled foam compression than hexahedral cells. Models of empty and foam-filled tube bending showed good accuracy up to 4mm of bending but overestimated results at higher deflections. Randomizing node positions in foam models improved bending simulation results.
This document discusses numerical experiments in micromechanics of materials. It describes three main topics:
1. How to introduce microstructures into computational models through techniques like unit cell modeling, mesh generation from micrographs, and voxel-based modeling.
2. How to model damage in microstructural models using approaches like property modification with element weakening, smeared cracking models, and embedding discontinuities.
3. How to conduct numerical testing of microstructures to optimize materials, including developing software for automatic microstructure generation and voxel-based reconstruction, as well as conducting experiments to determine local material properties and failure mechanisms to inform computational models.
The document describes experiments using an environmental scanning electron microscope to generate 3D reconstructions of membrane structures from 2D image slices. Membrane samples were embedded in resin and ultramicrotomed into thin sections for imaging. Image stacks from multiple samples were assembled into 3D models and analyzed to calculate membrane pore characteristics and water flux measurements, validating the 3D reconstruction method. The results provide a quantitative view of membrane nanostructure-property relationships not possible with conventional techniques.
This document provides information about SINOYQX, a manufacturer of melamine foam plastic located in Chengdu, China. It lists the company's address, phone number, and physical properties of their melamine foam products, such as apparent density, rebounding ratio, tensile strength, elongation ratio, conductivity factor, smoke density, firefighting codes, formaldehyde releasing levels, operating temperature range, and standard dimensions. The document establishes SINOYQX as a reliable source for melamine foam plastic.
This document discusses numerical experiments in micromechanics of materials. It describes three main topics:
1. How to introduce microstructures into computational models through techniques like unit cell modeling, mesh generation from micrographs, and voxel-based modeling.
2. How to model damage in microstructural models using approaches like property modification with element weakening, smeared cracking models, and embedding discontinuities.
3. How to conduct numerical testing of microstructures to optimize materials, including developing software for automatic microstructure generation and voxel-based reconstruction, as well as using experiments to determine local material properties and failure mechanisms to inform computational models.
The document discusses two finite element models of low density thermally bonded monocomponent fibre nonwovens: (1) a machine direction model and (2) a cross direction model. The models are used to determine the deformation response of the nonwovens under tensile loads. The results of the FE simulations are compared to experimental tensile tests. Parameters like material properties, fibre cross-sectional area, and bond point thickness are varied to analyze their effects.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Shih-Wei Hsiao defended his Ph.D. thesis on developing finite element models to analyze and optimize the thermoforming process of composite materials. His research involved characterizing composite rheology, modeling heat transfer and viscous flow during forming, predicting fiber orientation and residual stresses. He developed a global-local analysis approach using homogenization to examine micro and macro deformation, and an optimization algorithm to improve uniformity by adjusting preheating temperatures.
This document summarizes ongoing and future work using a discrete modelling approach to simulate non-crimp fabric composite manufacturing processes. The model aims to capture deformations through multi-layer forming and further understand deformation mechanisms. It has been developed to represent individual yarns with shell elements and cross-sectional supports. Comparisons to X-ray CT scans show the model predicts compressive deformations well during multi-layer compaction, including tow spreading and waviness. Initial results also indicate potential for modelling more complex forming processes like a tetrahedron shape.
This document discusses numerical experiments in micromechanics of materials. It describes three main topics:
1. How to introduce microstructures into computational models through techniques like unit cell modeling, mesh generation from micrographs, and voxel-based modeling.
2. How to model damage in microstructural models using approaches like property modification with element weakening, smeared cracking models, and embedding discontinuities.
3. How to conduct numerical testing of microstructures to optimize materials, including developing software for automatic microstructure generation and voxel-based reconstruction, as well as conducting experiments to determine local material properties and failure mechanisms to inform computational models.
The document describes experiments using an environmental scanning electron microscope to generate 3D reconstructions of membrane structures from 2D image slices. Membrane samples were embedded in resin and ultramicrotomed into thin sections for imaging. Image stacks from multiple samples were assembled into 3D models and analyzed to calculate membrane pore characteristics and water flux measurements, validating the 3D reconstruction method. The results provide a quantitative view of membrane nanostructure-property relationships not possible with conventional techniques.
This document provides information about SINOYQX, a manufacturer of melamine foam plastic located in Chengdu, China. It lists the company's address, phone number, and physical properties of their melamine foam products, such as apparent density, rebounding ratio, tensile strength, elongation ratio, conductivity factor, smoke density, firefighting codes, formaldehyde releasing levels, operating temperature range, and standard dimensions. The document establishes SINOYQX as a reliable source for melamine foam plastic.
This document discusses numerical experiments in micromechanics of materials. It describes three main topics:
1. How to introduce microstructures into computational models through techniques like unit cell modeling, mesh generation from micrographs, and voxel-based modeling.
2. How to model damage in microstructural models using approaches like property modification with element weakening, smeared cracking models, and embedding discontinuities.
3. How to conduct numerical testing of microstructures to optimize materials, including developing software for automatic microstructure generation and voxel-based reconstruction, as well as using experiments to determine local material properties and failure mechanisms to inform computational models.
The document discusses two finite element models of low density thermally bonded monocomponent fibre nonwovens: (1) a machine direction model and (2) a cross direction model. The models are used to determine the deformation response of the nonwovens under tensile loads. The results of the FE simulations are compared to experimental tensile tests. Parameters like material properties, fibre cross-sectional area, and bond point thickness are varied to analyze their effects.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Shih-Wei Hsiao defended his Ph.D. thesis on developing finite element models to analyze and optimize the thermoforming process of composite materials. His research involved characterizing composite rheology, modeling heat transfer and viscous flow during forming, predicting fiber orientation and residual stresses. He developed a global-local analysis approach using homogenization to examine micro and macro deformation, and an optimization algorithm to improve uniformity by adjusting preheating temperatures.
This document summarizes ongoing and future work using a discrete modelling approach to simulate non-crimp fabric composite manufacturing processes. The model aims to capture deformations through multi-layer forming and further understand deformation mechanisms. It has been developed to represent individual yarns with shell elements and cross-sectional supports. Comparisons to X-ray CT scans show the model predicts compressive deformations well during multi-layer compaction, including tow spreading and waviness. Initial results also indicate potential for modelling more complex forming processes like a tetrahedron shape.
SNOTRA LLC has developed a new scanning probe nanotomography technology that allows for non-destructive 3D analysis of native nanoscale structures in soft materials like biomaterials and polymers. This novel technology combines scanning probe microscopy and cryoultramicrotomy to provide 3D structural information not available through other existing methods. SNOTRA has built a working prototype, published results in scientific journals, and is seeking partners for commercialization and further development through grant funding.
This document describes a new technology called scanning probe nanotomography developed by SNOTRA LLC for 3D analysis of biomaterials and polymers at the nanoscale. The technology combines scanning probe microscopy and cryoultramicrotomy to allow non-destructive 3D analysis of native nanoscale structures in soft materials like biomaterials and polymers. This is more affordable and provides unique information compared to existing approaches like cryoTEM. SNOTRA LLC aims to commercialize this technology and has filed patents, published research, and built a working prototype to analyze sample structure and nanoscale properties. The target markets include biomaterials, biopolymers, hydrated polymers, and nanoemulsions.
This thesis aims to develop multiphase voxel finite elements (MVEs) that can accurately predict the stiffness tensor of woven fiber composite laminates. The MVEs allow the construction of a mesh independent of the complex internal geometry by applying material properties at integration points.
Two novel MVEs are proposed - the Tensile Modulus Corrected MVE (TMC-MVE) and the Stiffness Tensor Corrected MVE (STC-MVE). These are compared to an Average Stiffness Element and a Basic MVE through tests on simple geometries. The MVEs are then used to analyze plain, satin and twill weave composites, with results compared to finite element
This document discusses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication methods. It covers common MEMS fabrication processes like deposition, lithography, and etching. Deposition methods include chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition to deposit thin films. Lithography involves transferring patterns to photosensitive materials using masks and radiation exposure. Etching is used to selectively remove materials, including wet etching using chemicals and dry etching using reactive ions. The document also discusses challenges with MEMS packaging, limited prototyping and manufacturing options, and the need for improved design tools.
numerical investigation on induced residual stress of al albite metal matrix ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The aim of the work was to investigate residual stress formed during fabrication of Al/albite metal matrix composites (MMCs) using finite element analysis. Optical images of MMCs were extracted from scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fabrication by stir-casting. The collected images and properties were used to determine residuals stresses at the interface using COMSOL multi physics tool. The imported MMCs images modelled and meshed for 5458, 6318 and 7149 elements for 5%, 10% and 15% particle reinforced composites respectively. Geometrical and thermal constraints are applied at the boundaries and difference in temperature T 620 C as a thermal constraint. FE results in the COMSOL multi physics show that residual stress in composites material tested are in the range of 1.55 MPa to 2.84 MPa. Al/albite with 15% albite reinforcement possesses lowest residual stress formation in all 27 cases studied with value of 1.55 MPa
This document summarizes different imaging modalities, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fractal generation. TEM uses a beam of electrons to examine very fine structures within specimens. It provides high magnification and resolution but requires thin sample preparation. SEM scans a beam across surfaces to create 3D topographical images of bulkier samples. Both techniques are expensive and require specialized training. Fractals are self-similar patterns generated through iterative subdivision and pattern matching according to mathematical rules, enabling applications like image enlargement and texture compression.
On the use of machine learning for investigating the toughness of ceramic nan...Christos E. Athanasiou
This document describes a new machine learning approach for solving fracture mechanics problems when analytical solutions are not available. The authors develop regression tree and neural network models to predict fracture toughness from microcantilever geometry and loading conditions. They find that both approaches provide accurate results, but neural networks outperform regression trees with predictions within 1.5% of finite element simulations. This demonstrates that machine learning solutions can overcome limitations of empirical approaches and change how engineering problems are solved when analytical solutions cannot be obtained.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
The document analyzes serial pinned joints in composite materials. It performs structural and fatigue analysis using COSMOS software on E-glass and S2-glass epoxy composite plates with two serial holes. The analysis varies the distance from the free edge to the first hole, width to hole diameter, and distance between holes. The results show stress, displacement, and strain values below strength thresholds. Fatigue analysis shows low damage factors and a life of around 1 million cycles for both materials. In conclusion, composite materials are suitable for serial pinned joints.
This document discusses metallic biomaterials for 3D printing of orthopedic implants. It begins with an introduction to porous prostheses for bone ingrowth fixation. The state of the art section describes the Arcam EBM 3D printing process and materials like Ti6Al4V and Co-Cr alloys. Mechanical validation tests on solid and porous samples produced by EBM show properties comparable to other fabrication methods. In vitro testing with human osteoblast cells shows good cell adhesion and growth on EBM porous structures. In vivo small animal and sheep studies demonstrate bone ingrowth and osseointegration with EBM printed implants.
Discrete element modeling of micro feature hot compaction processPeng Chen
The document describes the development of a discrete element model to simulate the hot compaction process used to form porous microfeatures. The model was first validated by comparing its results for neck growth and shrinkage in a system of two particles to experimental data. The model was then expanded to simulate a 10-particle channel hot pressing problem to analyze how process variables like force and temperature affect particle bonding strength and shrinkage.
Analysis of Serial Pinned Joints in Composite Materialsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document summarizes work done to develop a photolithography process for fabricating microscale structures on quartz crystals. The structures will be used to study friction at the microscale using a nanoindenter and quartz crystal microbalance. The process involves cleaning the crystals, spinning on photoresist, exposing the photoresist to UV light through a photomask, developing the structures, and hard baking them. The authors optimized the exposure time, development time, and photoresist coating parameters to produce structures with straight edges for future friction experiments exploring the effects of contact size, speed, material, and thin films.
This document summarizes a new scanning electron microscope that enables true 3D analysis of samples. It integrates focused ion beam (FIB) technology, allowing site-specific micro-cross sectioning of samples in real-time without mechanical preparation. This allows for internal structures to be imaged and analyzed in 3D through automated acquisition of multiple incremental slices. Reconstructing the slice data enables full 3D visualization and understanding of sample features and compositions.
slide gives detail about scanning electron microscope
Introduction to electron Microscope
Principle of SEM
Characteristics that can be viewed on SEM
Comparison OM V/S SEM
Components of SEM
SEM Sample preparation
Working SEM
Applications
Limitations
References
The document is a seminar report on ceramic composites for ballistic impact protection. It provides background on composites and ceramics, including their constituents, processing methods, and applications such as aerospace and military armor. The report describes a case study comparing the ballistic impact performance of steel plates, monolithic ceramic tiles, and ceramic composite tiles. Ceramic composites were found to provide the best solution by reinforcing ceramics to improve multi-hit capability while maintaining strength and reducing weight compared to steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PROGEMEC is an engineering services company focused on process and mechanical engineering. Since 2011, PROGEMEC has provided advanced engineering and R&D services to customers, working as a technical partner. PROGEMEC aims to become an extension of customers' engineering teams by developing close collaborative relationships and meeting all requests with specialization, flexibility and adaptation. Services include CAD, CAE, plant engineering, mechanical
The document summarizes a presentation given at the Numisheet 2008 conference about a new method for reducing springback in sheet metal forming. The method involves locally heating the formed part above room temperature before removing the forming tools. Experimental tests on aluminum and magnesium alloys showed the method can effectively reduce springback. Finite element modeling was able to simulate the thermo-mechanical phenomena involved. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and apply the method to more complex geometries. The research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Research.
SNOTRA LLC has developed a new scanning probe nanotomography technology that allows for non-destructive 3D analysis of native nanoscale structures in soft materials like biomaterials and polymers. This novel technology combines scanning probe microscopy and cryoultramicrotomy to provide 3D structural information not available through other existing methods. SNOTRA has built a working prototype, published results in scientific journals, and is seeking partners for commercialization and further development through grant funding.
This document describes a new technology called scanning probe nanotomography developed by SNOTRA LLC for 3D analysis of biomaterials and polymers at the nanoscale. The technology combines scanning probe microscopy and cryoultramicrotomy to allow non-destructive 3D analysis of native nanoscale structures in soft materials like biomaterials and polymers. This is more affordable and provides unique information compared to existing approaches like cryoTEM. SNOTRA LLC aims to commercialize this technology and has filed patents, published research, and built a working prototype to analyze sample structure and nanoscale properties. The target markets include biomaterials, biopolymers, hydrated polymers, and nanoemulsions.
This thesis aims to develop multiphase voxel finite elements (MVEs) that can accurately predict the stiffness tensor of woven fiber composite laminates. The MVEs allow the construction of a mesh independent of the complex internal geometry by applying material properties at integration points.
Two novel MVEs are proposed - the Tensile Modulus Corrected MVE (TMC-MVE) and the Stiffness Tensor Corrected MVE (STC-MVE). These are compared to an Average Stiffness Element and a Basic MVE through tests on simple geometries. The MVEs are then used to analyze plain, satin and twill weave composites, with results compared to finite element
This document discusses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication methods. It covers common MEMS fabrication processes like deposition, lithography, and etching. Deposition methods include chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition to deposit thin films. Lithography involves transferring patterns to photosensitive materials using masks and radiation exposure. Etching is used to selectively remove materials, including wet etching using chemicals and dry etching using reactive ions. The document also discusses challenges with MEMS packaging, limited prototyping and manufacturing options, and the need for improved design tools.
numerical investigation on induced residual stress of al albite metal matrix ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The aim of the work was to investigate residual stress formed during fabrication of Al/albite metal matrix composites (MMCs) using finite element analysis. Optical images of MMCs were extracted from scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fabrication by stir-casting. The collected images and properties were used to determine residuals stresses at the interface using COMSOL multi physics tool. The imported MMCs images modelled and meshed for 5458, 6318 and 7149 elements for 5%, 10% and 15% particle reinforced composites respectively. Geometrical and thermal constraints are applied at the boundaries and difference in temperature T 620 C as a thermal constraint. FE results in the COMSOL multi physics show that residual stress in composites material tested are in the range of 1.55 MPa to 2.84 MPa. Al/albite with 15% albite reinforcement possesses lowest residual stress formation in all 27 cases studied with value of 1.55 MPa
This document summarizes different imaging modalities, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fractal generation. TEM uses a beam of electrons to examine very fine structures within specimens. It provides high magnification and resolution but requires thin sample preparation. SEM scans a beam across surfaces to create 3D topographical images of bulkier samples. Both techniques are expensive and require specialized training. Fractals are self-similar patterns generated through iterative subdivision and pattern matching according to mathematical rules, enabling applications like image enlargement and texture compression.
On the use of machine learning for investigating the toughness of ceramic nan...Christos E. Athanasiou
This document describes a new machine learning approach for solving fracture mechanics problems when analytical solutions are not available. The authors develop regression tree and neural network models to predict fracture toughness from microcantilever geometry and loading conditions. They find that both approaches provide accurate results, but neural networks outperform regression trees with predictions within 1.5% of finite element simulations. This demonstrates that machine learning solutions can overcome limitations of empirical approaches and change how engineering problems are solved when analytical solutions cannot be obtained.
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
The document analyzes serial pinned joints in composite materials. It performs structural and fatigue analysis using COSMOS software on E-glass and S2-glass epoxy composite plates with two serial holes. The analysis varies the distance from the free edge to the first hole, width to hole diameter, and distance between holes. The results show stress, displacement, and strain values below strength thresholds. Fatigue analysis shows low damage factors and a life of around 1 million cycles for both materials. In conclusion, composite materials are suitable for serial pinned joints.
This document discusses metallic biomaterials for 3D printing of orthopedic implants. It begins with an introduction to porous prostheses for bone ingrowth fixation. The state of the art section describes the Arcam EBM 3D printing process and materials like Ti6Al4V and Co-Cr alloys. Mechanical validation tests on solid and porous samples produced by EBM show properties comparable to other fabrication methods. In vitro testing with human osteoblast cells shows good cell adhesion and growth on EBM porous structures. In vivo small animal and sheep studies demonstrate bone ingrowth and osseointegration with EBM printed implants.
Discrete element modeling of micro feature hot compaction processPeng Chen
The document describes the development of a discrete element model to simulate the hot compaction process used to form porous microfeatures. The model was first validated by comparing its results for neck growth and shrinkage in a system of two particles to experimental data. The model was then expanded to simulate a 10-particle channel hot pressing problem to analyze how process variables like force and temperature affect particle bonding strength and shrinkage.
Analysis of Serial Pinned Joints in Composite Materialsijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document summarizes work done to develop a photolithography process for fabricating microscale structures on quartz crystals. The structures will be used to study friction at the microscale using a nanoindenter and quartz crystal microbalance. The process involves cleaning the crystals, spinning on photoresist, exposing the photoresist to UV light through a photomask, developing the structures, and hard baking them. The authors optimized the exposure time, development time, and photoresist coating parameters to produce structures with straight edges for future friction experiments exploring the effects of contact size, speed, material, and thin films.
This document summarizes a new scanning electron microscope that enables true 3D analysis of samples. It integrates focused ion beam (FIB) technology, allowing site-specific micro-cross sectioning of samples in real-time without mechanical preparation. This allows for internal structures to be imaged and analyzed in 3D through automated acquisition of multiple incremental slices. Reconstructing the slice data enables full 3D visualization and understanding of sample features and compositions.
slide gives detail about scanning electron microscope
Introduction to electron Microscope
Principle of SEM
Characteristics that can be viewed on SEM
Comparison OM V/S SEM
Components of SEM
SEM Sample preparation
Working SEM
Applications
Limitations
References
The document is a seminar report on ceramic composites for ballistic impact protection. It provides background on composites and ceramics, including their constituents, processing methods, and applications such as aerospace and military armor. The report describes a case study comparing the ballistic impact performance of steel plates, monolithic ceramic tiles, and ceramic composite tiles. Ceramic composites were found to provide the best solution by reinforcing ceramics to improve multi-hit capability while maintaining strength and reducing weight compared to steel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PROGEMEC is an engineering services company focused on process and mechanical engineering. Since 2011, PROGEMEC has provided advanced engineering and R&D services to customers, working as a technical partner. PROGEMEC aims to become an extension of customers' engineering teams by developing close collaborative relationships and meeting all requests with specialization, flexibility and adaptation. Services include CAD, CAE, plant engineering, mechanical
The document summarizes a presentation given at the Numisheet 2008 conference about a new method for reducing springback in sheet metal forming. The method involves locally heating the formed part above room temperature before removing the forming tools. Experimental tests on aluminum and magnesium alloys showed the method can effectively reduce springback. Finite element modeling was able to simulate the thermo-mechanical phenomena involved. Further studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and apply the method to more complex geometries. The research was funded by the Italian Ministry of Research.
The document discusses potential applications of tube and sheet hydroforming in household items and furniture. It presents case studies of using hydroforming to produce a vase, cruet stand, and saucepan. Hydroforming allows creating complex geometries in a single operation and reduces welding lines for improved aesthetics compared to conventional deep drawing. It also simplifies the production process and lowers costs. The document concludes that hydroforming is a viable alternative for manufacturing parts where aesthetic design is important in addition to strength and resistance requirements.
The document summarizes a conference on material forming that took place from April 23-25, 2008 in Lyon, France. It discusses a new computational methodology for determining the optimal displacement curves for the booster and pressure die in the rotary draw-bending process. The methodology is based on controlling the displacement of both the booster and pressure die. It aims to rapidly obtain feasible near-optimal velocity curves for complex cases requiring an independent booster and pressure die configuration.
This document summarizes a study on modeling the bending behavior of tubular profiles made of multiple materials. It presents a finite element model that divides tubular profiles into zones accounting for varying thickness and material properties. The model is validated experimentally. A new bending factor metric (BFNRS) is also developed to quantify the difficulty of bending different profile shapes, and is shown to correlate well with quality indicators like ovalization.
This document describes research into producing metallic foam-filled hydroformed tubes as lightweight structural components. It discusses tube hydroforming (THF) processing, including the process steps, applications, parameters and advantages/drawbacks. The researchers developed an experimental setup to hydroform tubes into a T-shape and then foam the interior, aiming to enhance tubular part performance and widen hydroforming applications. Details are provided on their equipment and methods for the hydroforming and foaming processes.
The document discusses tube bending quality and presents a new index to evaluate cross-sectional quality. It introduces copper tube properties, applications, and technical standards. It then describes the tube free bending process and existing quality indicators. Preliminary bending simulations using standard tools produced quality results. Modified tools in new configurations in the FEM model reduced thinning and improved quality indicators compared to standard configurations.
PROGEMEC is an engineering services company focused on process, mechanical, and R&D services. It aims to become an extension of its clients' engineering teams by taking a collaborative approach. PROGEMEC has 7 staff with expertise in areas like CAD/CAE, process engineering, and design. It has experience working on international projects in Europe. Some of the industries it serves include aerospace, industrial, oil and gas, and renewable energies. Services include CAD, CAE, process engineering, mechanical engineering, and automation.
PROGEMEC is an engineering services company focused on process, mechanical, and R&D services. It aims to become an extension of its clients' engineering teams by taking a collaborative approach. PROGEMEC has 7 staff with expertise in areas like CAD, CAE, process engineering, and more. It has experience serving industries like aerospace, industrial, oil and gas. Services include mechanical design, simulation, project management, and specialization in areas like renewable energies. Case studies provided examples of work done in areas like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and flares.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
The Most Inspiring Entrepreneurs to Follow in 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In a world where the potential of youth innovation remains vastly untouched, there emerges a guiding light in the form of Norm Goldstein, the Founder and CEO of EduNetwork Partners. His dedication to this cause has earned him recognition as a Congressional Leadership Award recipient.
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
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A. Mentella ESI-GF 2010
1. Dipartimento
di Meccanica
An effective and efficient approach for
simulating the mechanical behaviour of
metal foam filled tubular structures
Matteo Strano - matteo.strano@polimi.it
Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Meccanica (Italy) - www.mecc.polimi.it
Valerio Mussi - valerio.mussi@musp.it
MUSP Lab – Piacenza (Italy) - www.musp.it
Alessia Mentella – alessia.mentella@esi-group.com
ESI Italy – www.esi-group.com
2. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Towards the perfect structure…
Side crash test of a FIAT 500
Foam filled metal tubes
3. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Outline of the presentation
Introduction to metal foams
FEM simulation approaches
Description of experimental tests
Axial compression of aluminum foams
cylindrical specimens
3 point bending of empty
and foam filled round tubes
Description of FEM models and results
3 point bending of empty tubes
Axial compression of pure aluminum
foams cylindrical specimens
3 point bending of foam filled
round tubes
Conclusions
4. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Introduction to metal foams
CELLULAR METALS
are heterogeneous materials
formed by a three-
dimensional metallic matrix
with gas-containing pores
occupying more than 70 vol-
% (relative density ρr less
then 0.3) i.e. honeycombs,
foams, sponges.
They are made up of an
interconnected network of
solid struts or plates which
form the edges and faces of
cells.
5. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Morphology: sponges or foams
OPEN cell
CLOSED cell
metallic sponge
(… or sometimes open-cell foam) metallic foam
… or closed-cell foam
6. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
How metal foams are produced
Zinc foam (8 bread (8 cm
cm width) width)
Decomposition of foaming agents (TiH2) in semi-solids (aluminium) at high
temperature (625 ° )
C
7. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Morphology: shape of unit cells
contained expansion
Apparently:
• the smaller, the
rounder…
• Free expanded
cells are more
regular
free expansion
Furnace
temperature
625 °C
2 min 3 min 4 min 5 min 6 min 7 min 8 min 9 min
8. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
FEM: Simulation approaches
Material Modelling
Porous:
Porous homogeneous material with porous or crushable constitutive
law
Plastic:
Plastic physical modelling the voids through the mesh with elastic-
plastic or rigid-plastic constitutive law
Element
Solid Shell
type
Material
porous plastic
Modelling
Shell elements
Solid elements Plastic material
Porous material
9. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
FEM: Simulation approaches
Geometrical Modelling
Material
porous plastic
Modelling
full layer euc tom
suc
Full solid Full geometry Voids Realistic geometry
geometry made of reproduced as Voids reproduced reproduced as a
modelled with stratification of repetitions of as a repetition of reconstruction of
solid elements solid layers equal unit cells similar unit cells tomographic or
with statistically
distributed photographic data
shapes
10. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
FEM: Simulation approaches
objective of the present
work
plastic
to simplify the
geometrical modelling of
the unit cells, in order to
reduce the total number euc
suc
of required elements and Voids
to simplify the mesh reproduced as Voids reproduced
generation process, repetitions of as a repetition of
equal unit cells similar unit cells
without significant loss of with statistically
accuracy distributed
shapes
HEXAEDRAL
OCTAHEDRAL unit cell
unit cell
11. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Experimental tests: 3 point bending
Experiments on tubes
T: thermally treated
V: empty-as received
S: foamed filled
Tubular skin:
• 0.97 mm thickness AISI 304 round tubes
with 39.9 mm outer diameter
Foam filling:
• Casting aluminium AlSi10 + 0,8%wt TiH2
• Relative density 0.193
R20
• Punch speed
• 3mm/min
• Pre-load
R30 R30
• 50N
120mm
11
12. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Experimental tests: 3 point bending
Maximum load increase after foam filling
• from 5523 to 31079 N +462 %
Weight increase after foam filling
• from 182 to 299 g +64 %
Foam structure before deformation after deformation
12
13. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Experimental tests: axial compression
Experiments on cylindrical foam samples
Diameter 22 mm
30 mm
Length 30 and 60 mm 22 mm
Foam structure:
• Casting aluminium AlSi10 + 0,7%wt TiH2
• Relative density 0.193
[Materials Letters 58 (2003) 132– 135]
132–
• Punch speed
• 1mm/s
13
14. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
3 point bending of empty tubes
Description of FEM model
Tube modeled with 1500 shell elements
Double symmetry plane
TUBE CLAMP
PUNCH
Material modeled with
Normal anisotropy with r>1
Krupkowsky law
K=1.08 GPa
n=0.218
ε0=0.011
15. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
3 point bending of empty tubes
Results of simulations
Load [kN]
1.4
Experimental
1.2
FEM
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stroke [mm]
16. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Axial compression of metal foam samples
Description of FEM model Moving plate
Single symmetry plane
Foam modeled with
regular hexahedral unit cells Foam cylinder
with about 1700
quadrangular shell elements
Fixed plate
constant wall thickness:
0.151 mm
selected as to obtain the
correct value of mass: 2.86
g and relative density:
0.193
30 mm
Self-contact modeled
22 mm
between foam with itself
Material modeled as
isotropic elastic-plastic
Krupkowsky law
K=0.1 GPa
n=0.05
ε0=0.01
17. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Axial compression of metal foam samples
Results of simulations
Compressive stress is overestimated and a plateau stress effect is not
modeled
due to excessive stiffness
A clear densification effect is evident only at the very end of simulation
hexahedral unit cells
Plateau stress
Sample
height
30 mm
18. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Axial compression of metal foam samples
Description of improved Moving plate
FEM model
Foam modeled with
regular octahedral unit cells Foam cylinder
with triangular shell elements Fixed
Circularity: 0.85
plate
Equivalent diameter: 2.5 mm
about 2500 elements
with constant wall thickness:
0.117 mm
selected as to obtain the
correct value of mass: 2.86 g
30 mm
and relative density: 0.193
22 mm
All other conditions are kept
constant
19. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Some issue about cell size and shape
Experimental values
Mean equivalent diameter vs. foaming time
• average diameter is about 2.5 mm
2.8
• circularity is about 0.72 2.6
Diameter [mm]
2.4
• distribution is obviously random 2.2
4π A
2
4A
C = 2 Deq =
1.8
1.6
water cooling
p p 1.4
1.2
air cooling
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time [min]
Circularity vs. foaming time
1.0
water c ooling
air cooling
0.9
Circularity
0.8
0.7
0.6
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Foaming time [min]
diameter circularity
20. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Axial compression of metal foam samples
Results of simulations
Average compressive stress is well estimated and a plateau stress
effect is now modeled
due to reduced stiffness of octahedral cells
A clear densification effect is evident after 65% reduction, slightly
retarded
Sample
height
30 mm
21. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Axial compression of metal foam samples
Results of simulations
Although localization of strain is not exactly simulated as in the
experiment, very good results are obtained also for increased
specimen length to 60 mm
Sample
height
60 mm
octahedral
22. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
3 point bending of foam filled tubes
Description of FEM model
Double symmetry plane
Tube modeled CLAMP
with 2480 shell elements
material with normal
anisotropy (r>1) and
Krupkowsky law
Foam
Foam modeled PUNCH
with regular octahedral unit
cells TUBE
23460 triangular shell elements
constant wall thickness
selected as to obtain the correct
value of mass: 28.1 g and
relative density: 0.193
Material modeled as in the
previous cases
23. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
3 point bending of foam filled tubes
Description of modified
FEM models
CLAMP
Foam modeled with random
octahedral unit cells
23460 triangular shell elements
Random mesh is generated by
perturbation of nodes in order Foam
PUNCH
to model the variance of cell
diameter and circularity
constant wall thickness TUBE
selected as to obtain the correct
value of mass: 28.1 g and
Random foam mesh
relative density: 0.193
All other conditions are kept
constant
24. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
3 point bending of foam filled tubes
Description of modified
FEM models
CLAMP
Foam modeled with
smaller regular
octahedral unit cells
199200 triangular shell
elements Foam
Equivalent cell diameter is
decreased from 2.5 to 1.3 PUNCH
mm TUBE
constant wall thickness
selected as to obtain the smaller foam cells
correct value of mass:
28.1 g and relative
density: 0.193
All other conditions are
kept constant
25. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
3 point bending of foam filled tubes
Results of simulations
Accuracy is good
load [kN]
only up to a stroke 9
of about 4 mm Error Error
8
For larger stroke
+20% +30%
values, 7
overestimation error
goes up to 20% and 6
30%
Errors are probably 5
due to much
localised 4
deformation octahedral original cell
3
Results are not very octahedral small cell
sensitive to a
2 octahedral random c.
change in the cells
diameter and Experimental
1
circularity
Best results are 0
obtained with
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
random mesh
punch stroke [mm]
26. Dipartimento di
Meccanica
Conclusions and future work
Conclusions
Axial compression of foam samples
can be very effectively modeled with simple
regular unit cells
octahedral cells with triangular shell
elements outperform hexahedral cells with
quadrangular elements
Bending of empty steel tubes
is (obviously) effectively modeled with
quadrangular shell elements
Bending of foam filled structures
can be modeled with octahedral unit
cells
due to localized deformation, accuracy
is not as good as in axial compression
slightly better results are obtained with
randomization of nodal positions
simulation results are not very sensitive to a
change in cell size
Future work
Improvement of results could be obtained
using material models with stress
saturation or softening