Check one of the first systematic literature review on vortex tube in which a meticulous comparison of experimental and simulation work is done. D Alembert's paradox and paradox in general is witnessed and which ends with description from most appropriate author felt by the author (Behara et al).
Presentation on Computational fluid dynamic smulation and benchmarking a dess...kush verma
Check out one of the first of its kind simulation work on Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube. The authors have done exhaustive work including simulation (from multiple application software Ansys and OpenFOAM), programming (C++ and excel) and plots (excel and qtiplot) along with experimental work. They have simplified and standardized the process to an extend that it would even be helpful for a beginner in this field.
forced heat convection | HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient (ℎ퐹퐶) for a heated cylinder
2. Find the relations between Re N, and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder
3. Introduction:
Convection; is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion, convection is divided
into two types:
Pipe insulation efficiency study unit |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Experiment Name: Pipe Insulation Efficiency Study Unit
2. Experiment Aim: The study unit for the assessment of thermal
insulation efficiency permits investigating the effect of thermal
insulation of steam pipes, the unit consist of a set of four pipes, three of
which are covered with insulating materials, placed vertically. Steam is
fed by means of an overhead manifold
3. Composition:
The lagging of piping unit includes:
1. - 3 test pipes covered with materials which thermal conductivity
coefficient is different.
2. One pipe without covering,
3. Manual control valve on steam inlet,
4. Bourdon pressure gauge on steam inlet
5. Thermometer in steam inlet
6. Condenser discharge system,
7. Graduated containers of glass to measure the condensate,
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Clockwise an...ijiert bestjournal
Present Experimental work shows result obtain from experimentation of heat transfer enhancement in
circular horizontal tube by using clockwise and counterclockwise corrugated twisted tape inserts with
working fluid is air. Experiments conducted on plain circular tube with or without c-cc corrugated
twisted tube. During experiment constant heat flux and different mass flow rate condition. The c-cc
corrugated twisted tape are of same pitch and twist ratio but three different angle of rotation in
clockwise and counter clockwise direction as 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ respectively. The Reynolds no. varied from
4000 to 10000. Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are calculated and results are compared with
the plain tube without inserts. Finally heat transfer enhances with clockwise and counterclockwise
corrugated twisted tape inserts as compared to plain tube varied from 8 % to 44 % for various inserts.
Plain twisted tape results are also compared with the same results.
Free heat convection |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Free Heat Convection from a Horizontal Heated
Cylinder
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the free heat convection coefficient (ℎ푁퐶) for a
horizontal heated solid cylinder.
2. Find the relationship between RaNo. And NuNo. for fluid flow
around a cylinder
Numerical analysis of heat transfer in refrigerant flow through a condenser tubeeSAT Journals
Abstract In this thesis, heat transfer analysis of refrigerant flow in a condenser tube has been done. The main objective of this thesis is to find the length of the condenser tube for a pre-defined refrigerant inlet state such that the refrigerant at the tube outlet is saturated liquid or sub cooled liquid. The inlet refrigerant condition is saturated vapor. The problem involves refrigerant flowing inside a straight, horizontal copper tube over which air is in cross flow. Inlet condition of the both fluids and condenser tube detail except its length are specified. Here, changing pressure at discrete points along the tube is calculated by using two-phase frictional pressure drop and momentum equation mode. The heat transfer calculation has done by using condensation heat transfer correlations and simple heat transfer equations. The inside heat transfer coefficient calculated by using two phase heat transfer coefficient correlation. The unknown length of condenser tube has discrete many numbers of small elements. Each and every element has a calculations based on the pressure drop as well as heat transfer based on those correlation and every element calculated properties of refrigerant values has to check its states. At end of the iteration, a last element has reached saturated liquid condition of refrigerant and stops the entire calculation. So the length of condenser tube has been calculated by number of iteration and number of nodes with its distance. Predicted values were compared using another condensation heat transfer correlations. A computer-code using Turbo C has been developed for performing the entire calculation. Keywords: Heat transfer, Refrigeration, Multi phase flow, condenser flow, Tube length
Presentation on Computational fluid dynamic smulation and benchmarking a dess...kush verma
Check out one of the first of its kind simulation work on Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube. The authors have done exhaustive work including simulation (from multiple application software Ansys and OpenFOAM), programming (C++ and excel) and plots (excel and qtiplot) along with experimental work. They have simplified and standardized the process to an extend that it would even be helpful for a beginner in this field.
forced heat convection | HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient (ℎ퐹퐶) for a heated cylinder
2. Find the relations between Re N, and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder
3. Introduction:
Convection; is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion, convection is divided
into two types:
Pipe insulation efficiency study unit |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Experiment Name: Pipe Insulation Efficiency Study Unit
2. Experiment Aim: The study unit for the assessment of thermal
insulation efficiency permits investigating the effect of thermal
insulation of steam pipes, the unit consist of a set of four pipes, three of
which are covered with insulating materials, placed vertically. Steam is
fed by means of an overhead manifold
3. Composition:
The lagging of piping unit includes:
1. - 3 test pipes covered with materials which thermal conductivity
coefficient is different.
2. One pipe without covering,
3. Manual control valve on steam inlet,
4. Bourdon pressure gauge on steam inlet
5. Thermometer in steam inlet
6. Condenser discharge system,
7. Graduated containers of glass to measure the condensate,
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Clockwise an...ijiert bestjournal
Present Experimental work shows result obtain from experimentation of heat transfer enhancement in
circular horizontal tube by using clockwise and counterclockwise corrugated twisted tape inserts with
working fluid is air. Experiments conducted on plain circular tube with or without c-cc corrugated
twisted tube. During experiment constant heat flux and different mass flow rate condition. The c-cc
corrugated twisted tape are of same pitch and twist ratio but three different angle of rotation in
clockwise and counter clockwise direction as 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ respectively. The Reynolds no. varied from
4000 to 10000. Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop are calculated and results are compared with
the plain tube without inserts. Finally heat transfer enhances with clockwise and counterclockwise
corrugated twisted tape inserts as compared to plain tube varied from 8 % to 44 % for various inserts.
Plain twisted tape results are also compared with the same results.
Free heat convection |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Free Heat Convection from a Horizontal Heated
Cylinder
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the free heat convection coefficient (ℎ푁퐶) for a
horizontal heated solid cylinder.
2. Find the relationship between RaNo. And NuNo. for fluid flow
around a cylinder
Numerical analysis of heat transfer in refrigerant flow through a condenser tubeeSAT Journals
Abstract In this thesis, heat transfer analysis of refrigerant flow in a condenser tube has been done. The main objective of this thesis is to find the length of the condenser tube for a pre-defined refrigerant inlet state such that the refrigerant at the tube outlet is saturated liquid or sub cooled liquid. The inlet refrigerant condition is saturated vapor. The problem involves refrigerant flowing inside a straight, horizontal copper tube over which air is in cross flow. Inlet condition of the both fluids and condenser tube detail except its length are specified. Here, changing pressure at discrete points along the tube is calculated by using two-phase frictional pressure drop and momentum equation mode. The heat transfer calculation has done by using condensation heat transfer correlations and simple heat transfer equations. The inside heat transfer coefficient calculated by using two phase heat transfer coefficient correlation. The unknown length of condenser tube has discrete many numbers of small elements. Each and every element has a calculations based on the pressure drop as well as heat transfer based on those correlation and every element calculated properties of refrigerant values has to check its states. At end of the iteration, a last element has reached saturated liquid condition of refrigerant and stops the entire calculation. So the length of condenser tube has been calculated by number of iteration and number of nodes with its distance. Predicted values were compared using another condensation heat transfer correlations. A computer-code using Turbo C has been developed for performing the entire calculation. Keywords: Heat transfer, Refrigeration, Multi phase flow, condenser flow, Tube length
Water cross flow shell and tube heat exchanger | Heat Transfer LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: - Water / Water Cross Flow Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
1. Abstract
Studying the performance of this type of heat exchanger
2. Introduction
Types of heat exchangers:
Onetype of heat exchanger is that of a double pipe arrangement with either
counter or parallel flow and with either the hot or cold fluid occupying the annular
space and the other fluid occupying the inside of the inner pipe. A type of heat
exchanger widely used in the chemical process inches is that of the shell and tube
arrangement
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
CFD Analysis of Plate Fin Tube Heat Exchanger for Various Fin InclinationsIJERA Editor
ANSYS Fluent software is used for three dimensional CFD simulations to investigate heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of six different fin angles with plain fin tube heat exchangers. The numerical simulation of the fin tube heat exchanger was performed by using a three dimensional numerical computation technique. Geometry of model is created and meshed by using ANSYS Workbench software. To solve the equation for the fluid flow and heat transfer analysis ANSYS FLUENT was used in the fin-tube heat exchanger. The fluid flow and heat transfer are simulated and result compared for both laminar and turbulent flow models k-epsilon and SST k-omega, with steady state solvers to calculate heat transfer, flow velocity and temperature fields of variable inclined fin angles (Ɵ = 00,100 , 200, 300, 400,500). Model is validate by comparing the simulated value of velocity, temperature and colburn factor with experimental and numerical results investigated by WANG [1] and GHORI KIRAR [10]. Reasonable agreement is found between the simulations and other results, and the ANSYS Fluent software is sufficient for simulating the flow fields in tube fin heat exchanger.
Flash Steam and Steam Condensates in Return LinesVijay Sarathy
In power plants, boiler feed water is subjected to heat thereby producing steam which acts as a motive force for a steam turbine. The steam upon doing work loses energy to form condensate and is recycled/returned back to reduce the required make up boiler feed water (BFW).
Recycling steam condensate poses its own challenges. Flash Steam is defined as steam generated from steam condensate due to a drop in pressure. When high pressure and temperature condensate passes through process elements such as steam traps or pressure reducing valves to lose pressure, the condensate flashes to form steam. Greater the drop in pressure, greater is the flash steam generated. This results in a two phase flow in the condensate return lines.
Improving Energy Efficiency of Pumps and Fanseecfncci
Pumps and Fans are energy consuming equipment that can be found in almost all Industries. Therefore, it is important to check if they are running efficiently. This presentation give an overview about energy saving opportunities in pump and fan equipment. It was prepared in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
Excel sheet Download Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/385945712/PSV-Sizing-Tool-API-Based-Calc-Sheets
PSV Sizing for Blocked Liquid Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Blocked Gas Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Fire Case of Liquid Filled Vessel
PSV Sizing for Control Valve Fail Open Case
Relief Valve Sizing for Thermal Expansion
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow
Single Phase Flow Line Sizing Tool
Gas Control Valve Sizing Tool
Water cross flow shell and tube heat exchanger | Heat Transfer LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: - Water / Water Cross Flow Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
1. Abstract
Studying the performance of this type of heat exchanger
2. Introduction
Types of heat exchangers:
Onetype of heat exchanger is that of a double pipe arrangement with either
counter or parallel flow and with either the hot or cold fluid occupying the annular
space and the other fluid occupying the inside of the inner pipe. A type of heat
exchanger widely used in the chemical process inches is that of the shell and tube
arrangement
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
CFD Analysis of Plate Fin Tube Heat Exchanger for Various Fin InclinationsIJERA Editor
ANSYS Fluent software is used for three dimensional CFD simulations to investigate heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of six different fin angles with plain fin tube heat exchangers. The numerical simulation of the fin tube heat exchanger was performed by using a three dimensional numerical computation technique. Geometry of model is created and meshed by using ANSYS Workbench software. To solve the equation for the fluid flow and heat transfer analysis ANSYS FLUENT was used in the fin-tube heat exchanger. The fluid flow and heat transfer are simulated and result compared for both laminar and turbulent flow models k-epsilon and SST k-omega, with steady state solvers to calculate heat transfer, flow velocity and temperature fields of variable inclined fin angles (Ɵ = 00,100 , 200, 300, 400,500). Model is validate by comparing the simulated value of velocity, temperature and colburn factor with experimental and numerical results investigated by WANG [1] and GHORI KIRAR [10]. Reasonable agreement is found between the simulations and other results, and the ANSYS Fluent software is sufficient for simulating the flow fields in tube fin heat exchanger.
Flash Steam and Steam Condensates in Return LinesVijay Sarathy
In power plants, boiler feed water is subjected to heat thereby producing steam which acts as a motive force for a steam turbine. The steam upon doing work loses energy to form condensate and is recycled/returned back to reduce the required make up boiler feed water (BFW).
Recycling steam condensate poses its own challenges. Flash Steam is defined as steam generated from steam condensate due to a drop in pressure. When high pressure and temperature condensate passes through process elements such as steam traps or pressure reducing valves to lose pressure, the condensate flashes to form steam. Greater the drop in pressure, greater is the flash steam generated. This results in a two phase flow in the condensate return lines.
Improving Energy Efficiency of Pumps and Fanseecfncci
Pumps and Fans are energy consuming equipment that can be found in almost all Industries. Therefore, it is important to check if they are running efficiently. This presentation give an overview about energy saving opportunities in pump and fan equipment. It was prepared in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
Excel sheet Download Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/385945712/PSV-Sizing-Tool-API-Based-Calc-Sheets
PSV Sizing for Blocked Liquid Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Blocked Gas Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Fire Case of Liquid Filled Vessel
PSV Sizing for Control Valve Fail Open Case
Relief Valve Sizing for Thermal Expansion
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow
Single Phase Flow Line Sizing Tool
Gas Control Valve Sizing Tool
Development of Hill Chart diagram for Francis turbine of Jhimruk Hydropower u...Suman Sapkota
The study is expected to provide a milestone for the study of performances of Francis Turbine at different loading conditions. It can also serve as a reference for the study of CFD analysis on Francis turbine for the development of performance characteristics curve and Hill chart.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
A literature review on Computational fluid dynamic simulation on Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube a Seminar work on 23 april 2017
1. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION
ON VORTEX TUBE:
A REVIEW
Presentation by
Kush Verma
Roll No 3203052
Under the Guidance of
Dr. P M Meena
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, J N V University
Jodhpur - 34200 1 Rajasthan INDIA
2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 2
• Introduction
Background and present status
Need for work on Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube
Gaps in existing technology and bridging these gaps
Aims and objective
• System selection
System selection and parameters
Air compressor
Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube
Computational Fluid Dynamics system
• Literature review
Types of vortex tube
Experimental modeling styles
Simulated modeling styles
Effects of vortex tube parameters
Fluid dynamics of Ranque Hilsch Vortex Tube
• Conclusions and future work
3. INTRODUCTION
Background and present status
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 3
• RHVT is a mechanical device which separates
pressurised stream into cold and hot streams.
• Its applications are:
Cooling and air conditioning
Manned underwater suits
Hyperbaric chambers and suits
Cooling of cutting tools
Cooling of suits for mining and shot
Blasting workers
Alternative to throttling device
Phase changing
Liquefaction of natural gas
Separation.
Chip removal
Particle and gas separator
4. BACKGROUND AND PRESENT STATUS Cont..
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 4
• The design of a vortex tube depends on its
geometrical dimensions such as
Length of tube (L)
Diameter of tube (D)
Diameter of orifice (dϕ) or cold tube
diameter (dc)
Nozzle number (N), diameter (dn), area
(Ai), shape and location of nozzles
Cold exit area (Ac)
Hot exit area (Ah) or hot side valve
opening angle
Angle of taper of tube (0<𝛼<4, in case of
conical tube).
5. BACKGROUND AND PRESENT STATUS Cont..
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 5
• Various performance parameters (with typical range of values)
are listed as
Cold mass fraction, μc =
mc
mi
, where 0 < μc < 1
Temperature drop, ∆Tc= (Ti − Tc), where 0 < ∆Tc < 230K (Comassar, 1951)
Cooling performance, Qc = μcCp(Ti − Tc), where 0 < Qc < 1000kJ𝑘𝑔−1
Coefficient Of Performance, COP =
Qc
Wc
=
μcCp(Ti−Tc)
Wc
,where 0<COP<0.5
Isentropic efficiency, ηc = μc
(Ti−Tc)
Ti(1−(
pi
pa
)
λ−1
λ )
, where 0 < ηc < 0.42 (Camire,
1995)
6. NEED FOR WORK ON R.H.V.T
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 6
• The basic need comprises of:
To understand the Ranque
Hilsch effect
Optimize the performance
parameters
harnessing waste pressure
sources listed in table 1.
Need for work in the field of
Technical Inclusion.
Table 1: Nimbalkar (2009) listed various waste
industrial pressure sources which can be
harnessed using RHVT.
7. GAPS IN EXISTING TECHNOLOGY AND
BRIDGING THESE GAPS
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 7
• Some of the gaps are:
Bottlenecks in the form of computer
performance speed (FLOPS)
Complex problems such as
Inverse problem
Parametric research
Multidisciplinary problems
have not been addressed so far
• The factors which influence these problems are
Parallel computing
Digital revolution
Growth and confluence of mathematical
methods
8. GAPS IN EXISTING TECHNOLOGY AND
BRIDGING THESE GAPS Cont…
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 8
• The solutions suggested by Bondarev and Galaktionov (2014) includes work in:
Flow visualization
Dimensional reduction through dimensional constants monitoring
Visualization for each grid point
Flow discontinuity detection
Building an integrated platform using hyperFun (open-source) language
• Walking a step forward to their suggestions, it is proposed to use
Dimensional analysis for all Mesh created at all patches
Sensitivity analysis for control over the process
9. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 9
• The objectives of this seminar work is to carry out literature survey and:
To obtain optimum values of performance and design parameters
To obtain the effects of R.H.V.T parameters such as L, L/D, 𝑑∅/D
ratios, N, μ 𝑐
, hot opening area, Aℎ and angle
To understand Ranque Hilsch effect
To define hypothesis regarding the working of vortex tube
To observe transition in theory and practice known as D-Alembert's
paradox
To suggest modifications for improving the performance of the vortex
tube
To discover vitality of time factor
To do self-appraisal by finding self-capabilities
10. SYSTEM SELECTION AND PARAMETERS
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 10
• Schematic of system with its sub
systems and parameters:
1. Air Compressor
2. R.H.V.T
3. Computer with C.F.D system.
11. SYSTEM SELECTION AND PARAMETERS Cont…
Air compressor
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 11
• Air compressor is a device that converts electric power to potential energy by
pressurizing fluid in a storage tank.
• It provides compressed air to R.H.V.T at an inlet pressure (𝑝𝑖) and mass flow rate as
C.F.M (Cubic Feet per Minute)
• In CFD system a compressor can be by-passed by setting correct boundary
conditions (𝑝𝑖, 𝑚𝑖).
• The expression for work done required for finding the COP of the system is as
shown.
Wc = mi × R(
Ti−T0
1−n
)
12. SYSTEM SELECTION AND PARAMETERS Cont…
RHVT design
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 12
• The thumb rule for design suggested in blogs of Otto Balden is selected:
Internal diameter of tube: D
Length of hot end tube (L): = 45×D
Length of cold end tube: 10×D
Diameter of orifice(𝑑ϕ) or cold tube diameter (𝑑c):= D/2
Number of nozzles (N): = 2 to 6.
Inlet air nozzle diameter (𝑑n): = 4mm to 5mm.
Length of vortex generation chamber: = 2×D to 3×D
Internal diameter of vortex generation chamber: =2×D
Diameter of nozzle of vortex chamber:=D/(6 to 7)
Area (Ai), shape and location of nozzles
cold exit area (Ac)
hot exit area (Ah) or hot side valve opening angle
angle of taper of tube (0<α<4, in case of conical tube)
13. SYSTEM SELECTION AND PARAMETERS Cont..
CFD system
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 13
• Computational Fluid Dynamics is a branch of Computational Mechanics
which uses Volume of Fluid (V.O.F) approach which requires:
Satisfying Knudsen criteria (Kn<= 0.001) to ensures that control
volume is not affected by intermolecular forces
Kn =
Ma
Re
γπ
2
To solve transport equations for given domain (like RHVT) to find
values of state variables (p, U, T) and their field distributions at
intrinsic or extrinsic sites
Specifying initial and boundary conditions along with thermal and
physical properties as required
Range of choices for controlling the process, solvers and interpolation
schemes.
14. SYSTEM SELECTION AND
PARAMETERS Cont…
CFD sub systems
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 14
• C.F.D system has some sub systems mentioned as pre-processing, discretization,
equation decoupling, boundary conditions, fluid models and post processing.
Preprocessing or meshing discretizes (divided) a domain into meaningful
divisions(elements)
Discretization:
Is approximation of a problem into discrete quantities
Methods include FEM, FVM, FDM
Types include
Spatial discretization defines the solution domain by a set of points
Temporal discretization dividing the time domain into number of
time intervals
Equation discretization generates a system of algebraic equations
from the P.D.Es that characterize the problem
15. SYSTEM SELECTION AND PARAMETERS Cont…
CFD sub systems
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 15
• Equation decoupling
Transport equations (Navier-Stokes) are nonlinear in convection term and
coupled through pressure and velocity so decoupling methods are required.
Some standard decoupling loops are SIMPLE, PISO and PIMPLE
• Boundary and input conditions
Exterior sites involve specifying boundary conditions
R.H.V.T generally has three sites namely input nozzle, cold outlet and hot
outlet.
• A CFD system has some parameters like number of cells, orthogonality and
skewness which limits the created geometry.
• Fluid models are used to invoke specific flow or thermal conditions
• Post processing is used to process the results obtained.
16. LITERATURE REVIEW
Experimental Modelling styles
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 16
• RHVT is of two types parallel flow vortex tube and
counter flow vortex tube
These can be of cylindrical or conical type
These are modelled as:
Adiabatic compression and expansion
model: Ranque (1933).
Sudo adiabatic expansion with wall
friction model: Hilsch (1946)
Free vortex flow with turbulence effect
model: Fulton (1950)
Acoustic streaming model: Kuroska
(1985)
Secondary circulation model: Ahlborn
(1994)
Paddle wheel model: Camire (1995)
Forced vortex model with turbulence and
axial convection model: Nimbalkar (2009)
17. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont…
Simulated modeling styles
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 17
• Standard commercial models:
2D axis-symmetric:
skye et al., (2006)
Giorgio de vera (2010)
Azizi et al., (2014),
Rahbar et al., (2015)
3D models:
Vlad and Hank (2004)
Hossein nezad and Shamsodini (2009)
Zin et al (2010)
Pourmahmoud and Bramo (2011)
Pouraria and Park (2014)
Khait et al.,(2013)
Pourmahmoud et al.,(2011)
Azizi et al., (2014)
Rahbar et al., (2015)
• Investigations on uni-flow commercial 3D model: Noor et
al., (2012)
18. LITERATURE SURVEY Cont…
Effects of R.H.V.T parameters
• Length and diameter of vortex tube
(L, D, L/D)
Vortex tube with smaller diameter
Pourmahmoud and Brahmo
(2014) (micro scale vortex tubes)
L/D ratio of 10
Large diameter tubes Kargaran et
al., (2013)
L/D ratio of 42.31 (i.e <=45)
No effect of length on tube
performance between
45 × d to 55 × d
• Inlet area and nozzle number and
diameter (Ai, N, dn).
Increasing the number of nozzles
for same area of inlet increases
the temperature separation
(Eaimsaard and Promvonge,
2008 )
Kshirsagar et al., (2014) showed
that nozzles between 4 and 6,
gave higher temperature drop.
Increasing size of nozzle
diameter
η ΔT
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 18
19. LITERATURE SURVEY Cont…
Effects of R.H.V.T parameters
• Cold mass fraction (𝛍 𝐜):
Coefficient of performance is
independent of the L for (Rahabar
et al., (2015))
𝝁 𝒄 <0.35
Orifice diameter is insignificant for
(Kshirsagar et al., (2014))
𝝁 𝒄 <0.65
Least entropy is generated at
(Kargaran et al., (2013))
𝝁 𝒄 =0.65
• Cold mass fraction (𝝁 𝒄):
Lower for better temperature drop
Higher for better cooling effect
• Diameter of orifice( dϕ or dc).
Increasing the size of 𝒅 𝝓 leads
to the transition from
ΔT η
Larger orifice to tube diameter
ratio (0.6 to 0.9) causes less
temperature separation while
smaller ratio (0.2 to 0.4) causes
larger back pressure (Eaimsaard
and Promvonge, 2008)
• Hot opening area (Ah) should be
less than 20% of tube area Singh
et al., (2004).
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 19
20. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont…
Xue et al., (2010)
Fluid dynamics of RHVT
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 20
• Adiabatic expansion and compression (Ranque, 1933) theory:
Rejected by Xue et al., (2010) as calculation from p1
γ−1
T1
−γ
= p2
γ−1
T2
−γ
, T1v1
γ−1
=
T2v2
γ−1
gave temperatures way high -57oC or -67oC as against actual -1oC
• Non adiabatic expansion with wall friction model: Hilsch (1947),
tested by Xue et al., (2010) gave a temperature rise of 1.8K only
• Free vortex flow models with turbulence (Kassner and Knoernschild, 1948, Fulton, 1950)
• Forced vortex model with turbulence and axial convection: Nimbalkar (2009)
• Secondary circulation model: Ahlborn (1994), improved by Nimbalkar (2009)
Limited to vortex tube of orifice to tube diameter ratio :
𝒅∅
𝑫
< 0.58
21. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont…
Xue et al., (2010)
Fluid dynamics of RHVT
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 21
• Acoustic streaming model (Kuroska, 1985):
Increase of inlet pressure, sudden rise of the temperature occurred with
drop in sound pressure level (dB).
Evidence were not conclusive in selected cylinder flow
• Turbulences models (standard k–ε model, LES, ASM, RSM)
Suitable for specific occasions.
Different turbulence parameters and assumptions result in different,
contradictory conclusions without any general trend.
22. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Performance based
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 22
• Performance parameters like higher temperature drop, cooling effect and
isentropic efficiency cannot be obtained simultaneously as per Singh, et al.
(2004).
• Hot valve opening and temperature drop
Hot end valve almost closed (Yadav et al., 2016)
Valve opening angle is 50o (Eaimsaard and Promvonge, 2008)
Ratio of hot outlet area and tube area of 0.2 Singh et al., (2004).
• Optimal isentropic efficiency occurs at an inlet pressure of 200kPa (Eaimsaard
and Promvonge, 2008).
• k-omega-SST turbulence model is robust and gives better resolutions of field
values.
• Thermal time scale value of 22 minutes and fluid dynamic scale value of 3
minutes (Nimbalkar , 2009).
23. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Cont…
Design based
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 23
• The design specifications noted fro the literature are:
Length of the vortex tube (L)
L > 45 × D
Or 20 × D < L < 40 × D
L>24×D. (Takahama, 1965)
No effect on performance for 45 × D <L < 55 × D.
Nozzle and temperature drop.
N × 𝒅 𝑛
2/ D2 < 0.35 Nimbalkar (2009)
N × 𝒅 𝑛
2/ D2 = 0.33 Eaimsaard and Promvonge ( 2008)
0.16 < N × 𝒅 𝑛
2/ D2 <0.2. Takahama (1965)
Pourmahmoud et al., (2012) recommended helical nozzle shape
Orifice diameter (𝒅 𝝓)
Optimal 𝒅 𝝓= 0.5 × D (Eaimsaard and Promvonge, 2008).
𝒅 𝜙
2/ D2 = 0.080 ± 0.001 for achieving maximum ΔT (Singh et al.,2004)
𝒅 𝜙
2/ D2 = 0.145 ± 0.035 for attaining the maximum η (Singh et al.,2004)
0.4D < 𝒅 𝝓 <0.66D (Nimbalkar, 2009)
𝒅 𝝓< D -2× 𝒅 𝑛. (Takahama, 1965)
𝒅∅
𝑫
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟒, (Pouraria and Park, 2013)
24. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Cont…
Design based
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 24
• Design modifications of thumb rules of Otto Balden:
To begin with the design start by selecting the diameter of vortex tube,
D
Number of nozzles (N) (Kshirsagar et al., 2014) which should be
between 4 and 6, preferably 4.
Diameter of orifice, 𝒅 𝜙 := 0.544×D
Diameter of inlet nozzles, 𝒅 𝑛 := 0.12×D to 0.166×D
Length of hot end tube, L:= 10×D (for D<=10mm) or 20×D (for
D<=25mm) or 42.31×D (for D>25mm)
Rest being the same or proportional to the hot side tube length
25. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Cont...
Chakraborty D. (2010)
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 25
Range of CFD activities in India at:
Bangalore: Aerospace related activities at IISc, NAL, HAL, ADE, ADA,
GTRE.
Trivandrum: Launch vehicle related activities at Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre (VSSC).
Hyderabad: Missile related CFD activities at Defense Research and
Development Laboratory (DRDL)
NAL developed in house codes (JEWEL3D, JUMBO3D) for HANSA and
SARAS projects.
Tejas (multirole LCA) developed both for air-force and navy by ADA from
interactions with HAL, IISc, and IITs used CFD extensively
Around 500 researchers were working in the field of CFD by 2010
(Chakraborty D., 2010).
26. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Cont...
Chakraborty D. (2010)
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 26
• SARAS project is promised to be
revived in 2017
• It was abandoned earlier to design
related issues.
• To conclude think parallel and do
parallel in the motive of Indian
C.F.D program.
27. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK Cont…
Future work
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 27
• Working in the field for technical inclusion.
• The future course can be in form of attempts to:
Make a hypothesis in form of guess statements,
Suggest suitable design modifications in the design of RHVT
Formulate and test an hypothetical equation using dimensional analysis under
some future C.F.D simulation with manipulation and code alterations for closer
predictions for the performance of the R.H.V.T.
• Finally the thesis writing and defense presentation are proposed in next phase in
direction of completion of master’s degree in engineering.
28. THANK YOU.
Presented by Kush Verma
M.E thermal engineering, II year
MBM engineering college.
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 28
29. SYSTEM SELECTION AND DESIGN
PARAMETERS Cont…
RHVT performance
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 29
• Performance parameters
Cold mass fraction for R.H.V.T is given by the equation shown below
μc =
mc
mi
Cooling performance of R.H.V.T can be evaluated as per equation shown
below
Qc = μcCp(Ti − Tc)
C.O.P or coefficient of performance which is the ratio of cooling effect to the
compressor work input can be evaluated as per equation shown below
COP =
Qc
Wc
=
μcCp(Ti−Tc)
Wc
Energy separation efficiency as per first law is given by equation shown below
ηc = μc
(Ti−Tc)
Ti(1−(
pi
pa
)
λ−1
λ )
30. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont…
Singh et al.,(2004)
Size effect
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 30
• Singh et al., (2004) classified nozzle and
orifice design into four combinations,
required for achieving greater temperature
drop or greater efficiency.
• And recommended
smaller hot side opening area
(<=0.2( π
4
D2) and smaller orifice
(0.08D) for achieving more
temperature drop and
Bigger orifice for more efficiency
(0.145D)
Tube length between 45D to 55D.
31. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont..
Bondarev and Galaktionov (2014)
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 31
• Bondarev and Galaktionov (2014)
classified CFD problems as
Direct problem (cause is known and
effect is required to be known).
Inverse problem (only effect is
known but cause is unknown)
Multidiscipline problem
Optimized parametric research.
Recommended multidimensional
data analysis and
parametric optimization
Also high end parallel computing for
all kinds of complex problems.
32. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont…
Pourmahmoud et al., (2011)
Size effect
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 32
Pourmahmoud et al., (2011) took sets of equal area 6 straight, 3 straight and 3 helical
nozzles and
hypothesized the helical nozzles gave better performance at some cost of pressure drop.
Pourmahmoud et al., (2012) investigated the effects of inlet pressure.
Later they investigated effect on performance of RHVT with lateral squre hole at the
entry of the nozzle.
33. LITERATURE REVIEW Cont…
Rahbar et al., (2011)
Size effect
28 January 2018 Presented by Kush Verma 33
• Rahbar et al.,(2015) performed numerical
simulation on a micro-scale vortex tube
• Using SST (Shear Stress Transport) k-omega
turbulence model
• Concluded that the mass flow fractions (0.58 and
0.65) for maximum temperature drop and
maximum cooling effect (refrigerating power) were
near the peaks.
• Yadav et al., (2016) performed parametric size
effect testing on R.H.V.T and
• Gave various conclusions for the length L, length
to tube diameter L/D, orifice to tube diameter d/D
and number of nozzles.
Editor's Notes
Good morning I Kush Verma, going to present my seminar work on Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation on vortex tube: A review. Under the guidance of Dr. P. M Meena.
The outlines of my presentation are as follows:
Introduction-which is introductory part of problem and is general in nature, explains a vortex tube and further it explains , background and present status-explains its design and performance parameters, need for work on RHVT, explains design and performance optimization opportunities and possibilities of harnessing waste industrial pressure sources. Analyzing the present status also gives the gaps which exists in the present technology and how to bridge these gaps, which for a vortex tube, lastly lists the aims and objective of this seminar work. Next is the system selection and its parameters on which we have to carry out literature survey which includes air compressor, RHVT and a CFD system. Next is the Literature review, an exhaustive literature survey was carried out to achieve the aims and objectives listed in introduction. It includes the classification of vortex tube, the modeling styles adopted by various authors which were modified subsequently and size effects
The flow structure in the vortex tube, including the concept of multi-circulation, re-circulation and stagnation point.
Nozzle: R.H.V.T performance can be improved by keeping the nozzle area small by taking leverage from secondary circulation flow working as refrigeration cycle
Hot valve: Yadav et al., (2016) concluded that R.H.V.T gave maximum temperature drop when the hot end valve was almost closed (high cold mass fraction) than when it was more open.
Camire (1995) [4] tested R.H.V.T at below atmospheric pressure (suction tube) experimentally and concluded that it behaves similar as in case of above atmospheric pressure.
While designing R.H.V.T, nozzle shape has more effect on temperature separation while orifice design has more effect on cooling performance (C.O.P) as per Singh et al., (2004)
Larger orifice to tube diameter ratio (0.6 to 0.9) causes less temperature separation while smaller ratio (0.2 to 0.4) causes larger back pressure
No consensus on turbulence models among standard k-epsilon, RNG-k-epsilon, Realizable-k-epsilon k-omega, k-omega-SST, SAS-SST, LES, RSM or other first order models
time scales, when the flow field achieves 60% of steady state values.