1) The Snook Islands project reconstructed 10 acres of red mangroves, 2.8 acres of Spartina marsh, and 2.3 acres of oyster reef by transporting 1.2 million cubic yards of dredge spoil from Peanut Island over 1,560 barge loads to fill in areas of the Lake Worth Lagoon that had been dredged and bulkheaded.
2) The Lake Worth Lagoon had lost around 80% of its mangroves and shallow waters to dredging and filling over the past century. The Snook Islands project aimed to remediate this loss of habitat by reconstructing intertidal and shallow subtidal areas.
3) Spoil from
This document provides information about the Eugene Field Park Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Program that took place from 2011-2016. The project involved restoring a 10-acre urban park and stream area by removing invasive plants and filling, constructing rock check dams in the river, excavating 20,000 cubic yards of fill to restore historic wetland depressions, and planting over 100 native plant species. Monitoring showed the restored areas became colonized by muskrats and plant growth was successful except along the river bank, demonstrating progress towards restoring the park's natural aquatic ecosystem.
Kielder Reservoir was constructed in Northumberland, England to provide a sustainable water supply for the northeast of England. It has physical advantages as the location has high annual rainfall over 1000mm, impermeable geology, and a sparsely populated valley. The reservoir also provides human advantages through water supply to nearby dense populations, as well as opportunities for flood control, hydroelectric power, tourism, recreation, and employment. However, it also resulted in environmental and social costs such as submerging a beautiful valley and displacing local communities.
Presentation to Friends of Stony Creek 1 July 2019 re the historic tributaries above the site of the August 2018 West Footscray toxic chemical storage fire. Updates earlier presentations and separates downstream section.
This document provides information on Farrans, a UK-based building and civil engineering contractor. It summarizes some of Farrans' marine portfolio projects, including the construction of a new deep water berth and quay wall at Belfast Harbour, widening of the Seaforth Passage in Liverpool, repairs to a cooling water outfall structure in Heysham, construction of a new harbour wall in Granton, redevelopment of berthing areas and construction of a new quay wall at Montrose Deep Water Berth, construction of Pointhouse Quay in Glasgow, and renewal of Berth 6 in Montrose.
This report analyzes the historical landscape and ecology of Coyote Creek watershed before intensive human modification to understand how the area has changed and to identify opportunities for restoration. The report finds that historically the watershed contained a diverse mosaic of habitats including native grasslands, oak savanna, wet meadows, and freshwater wetlands. However, drainage intensification, agriculture, and development have significantly altered the watershed's hydrology and habitats. Understanding these historical conditions provides a basis for more appropriate restoration goals that consider recovering locally-adapted habitat types and restoring natural watershed functions.
Kenya; Water from Rock Outcrops: A handbook for Engineers and TechniciansV9X
Rock catchments provide a reliable source of water in arid and semi-arid regions by harvesting rainwater running off rock surfaces. They are constructed by building rock garlands and dams to gravity feed the runoff into reservoirs. Maintaining rock catchments is simple, involving cleaning before rains, and they can provide water for many households with minimal rainfall. They have largely positive social and health impacts while being cost-effective alternatives to other water sources.
The Molino Dam, also known as Prinza Dam, was constructed in the 18th century by the Spaniards to irrigate the surrounding rice fields in Las Piñas and Bacoor. It is a gravity dam made of adobe rocks that impounds the Zapote River. In the past, the dam was used for irrigation but it now serves as a footbridge and tourist attraction. Issues like prolonged drought periods and visible bubbles forming in the water have occurred but rehabilitation efforts have helped address problems and increase water capacity.
1) The Snook Islands project reconstructed 10 acres of red mangroves, 2.8 acres of Spartina marsh, and 2.3 acres of oyster reef by transporting 1.2 million cubic yards of dredge spoil from Peanut Island over 1,560 barge loads to fill in areas of the Lake Worth Lagoon that had been dredged and bulkheaded.
2) The Lake Worth Lagoon had lost around 80% of its mangroves and shallow waters to dredging and filling over the past century. The Snook Islands project aimed to remediate this loss of habitat by reconstructing intertidal and shallow subtidal areas.
3) Spoil from
This document provides information about the Eugene Field Park Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Program that took place from 2011-2016. The project involved restoring a 10-acre urban park and stream area by removing invasive plants and filling, constructing rock check dams in the river, excavating 20,000 cubic yards of fill to restore historic wetland depressions, and planting over 100 native plant species. Monitoring showed the restored areas became colonized by muskrats and plant growth was successful except along the river bank, demonstrating progress towards restoring the park's natural aquatic ecosystem.
Kielder Reservoir was constructed in Northumberland, England to provide a sustainable water supply for the northeast of England. It has physical advantages as the location has high annual rainfall over 1000mm, impermeable geology, and a sparsely populated valley. The reservoir also provides human advantages through water supply to nearby dense populations, as well as opportunities for flood control, hydroelectric power, tourism, recreation, and employment. However, it also resulted in environmental and social costs such as submerging a beautiful valley and displacing local communities.
Presentation to Friends of Stony Creek 1 July 2019 re the historic tributaries above the site of the August 2018 West Footscray toxic chemical storage fire. Updates earlier presentations and separates downstream section.
This document provides information on Farrans, a UK-based building and civil engineering contractor. It summarizes some of Farrans' marine portfolio projects, including the construction of a new deep water berth and quay wall at Belfast Harbour, widening of the Seaforth Passage in Liverpool, repairs to a cooling water outfall structure in Heysham, construction of a new harbour wall in Granton, redevelopment of berthing areas and construction of a new quay wall at Montrose Deep Water Berth, construction of Pointhouse Quay in Glasgow, and renewal of Berth 6 in Montrose.
This report analyzes the historical landscape and ecology of Coyote Creek watershed before intensive human modification to understand how the area has changed and to identify opportunities for restoration. The report finds that historically the watershed contained a diverse mosaic of habitats including native grasslands, oak savanna, wet meadows, and freshwater wetlands. However, drainage intensification, agriculture, and development have significantly altered the watershed's hydrology and habitats. Understanding these historical conditions provides a basis for more appropriate restoration goals that consider recovering locally-adapted habitat types and restoring natural watershed functions.
Kenya; Water from Rock Outcrops: A handbook for Engineers and TechniciansV9X
Rock catchments provide a reliable source of water in arid and semi-arid regions by harvesting rainwater running off rock surfaces. They are constructed by building rock garlands and dams to gravity feed the runoff into reservoirs. Maintaining rock catchments is simple, involving cleaning before rains, and they can provide water for many households with minimal rainfall. They have largely positive social and health impacts while being cost-effective alternatives to other water sources.
The Molino Dam, also known as Prinza Dam, was constructed in the 18th century by the Spaniards to irrigate the surrounding rice fields in Las Piñas and Bacoor. It is a gravity dam made of adobe rocks that impounds the Zapote River. In the past, the dam was used for irrigation but it now serves as a footbridge and tourist attraction. Issues like prolonged drought periods and visible bubbles forming in the water have occurred but rehabilitation efforts have helped address problems and increase water capacity.
The urban wetland protection against rising sea levels in skanör falsterboRebecka Ingemansson
The document describes a site located near Falsterbo canal in Sweden that is being considered for public development. It is close to the communities of Ljunghusen and Höllviken. There is also a school and daycare nearby making it suitable for recreational and educational activities. The site is threatened by rising sea levels predicted to increase by 1 meter in the next 100 years. The proposed design creates a protective dyke and floating wetland to mitigate flooding and storm damage, while keeping the area accessible via an elevated boardwalk. This helps embrace the wetland and grow the surrounding communities in a sustainable way.
120509 Iasi, restoration in Bulgaria - Mr Vasil UzunovRESTORE
This document discusses several examples of water ecosystem protection and restoration projects in Bulgaria. It describes 4 river basin districts in the country and their management plans from 2010-2015. It then highlights 5 specific restoration project examples, including:
1) Restoring a Veselina River meander to reduce flooding and improve biodiversity.
2) Restoring Russenski Lom River flows near monasteries by opening dyke openings to allow floodwaters to return to the river channel.
3) Reconnecting the Danube River to the Persin Island wetlands to restore 2,200 hectares of flooded marshes.
4) Restoring Zlato Pole wetlands through water management and invasive species
The document discusses UK water management and describes two case studies of water storage systems - the London Basin groundwater supply and the Kielder Reservoir in Northumberland. It notes that parts of the UK experienced water shortages in the 1990s due to lower rainfall, higher evaporation and transpiration, and increasing water demand. It provides details on the geology and hydrology of the London Basin aquifer and why it is an important water source. It also describes the construction and multiple uses of the Kielder Reservoir, which stores water from the River Tyne for industrial and domestic use but also generates hydroelectric power and has become a tourism destination.
The document discusses the history and role of the International Joint Commission (IJC) in protecting shared US-Canada waters. The IJC was established by the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty to help prevent disputes over transboundary waters. It has played a key role in issues like regulating water levels and addressing pollution. The IJC also oversees the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and provides independent reports and recommendations to governments on shared water issues. Over its century of operation, the IJC has helped the US and Canada cooperatively manage their shared waters and resolve disputes through consensus-based decisions guided by science.
AquaTech Eco Consultants has over 16 years of experience restoring seagrass beds through innovative and traditional techniques. They have restored over 111,000 square feet of propeller scars using sediment tubes and over 217,000 square feet using bird stakes. Their projects employ local laborers and have received environmental awards.
The management plan aims to improve Rothwell Country Park over 2014-2016. It analyzes the park's habitats and seeks ways to better incorporate public use while restoring the former coal mining area. The park contains grasslands, woodlands, ponds and the remaining gravel site of the former Fanny Pit. Objectives include removing rubble from the gravel site and turning it into a meadow, improving pathways and adding picnic areas in grasslands, removing invasive plants from woodlands, and monitoring ponds and wetlands to protect fragile species. Annual management will focus on habitat enhancement, path maintenance, and overseeing the park through the Friends of Rothwell Country Park volunteer group.
The Staten Island Bluebelt is a stormwater management system consisting of 16 watersheds covering over 10,000 acres. It uses natural features like wetlands, streams, and detention basins to filter and slow stormwater runoff. Over $350 million has been invested in the Bluebelt, saving an estimated $80 million by preventing flooding. Interviews and site visits demonstrated the Bluebelt successfully mimics nature to manage stormwater in a cost-effective way.
The Staten Island Bluebelt is a manmade stormwater management system covering one third of Staten Island. It consists of 16 watersheds containing natural features like wetlands, streams, and detention basins that filter and slow stormwater runoff. These best management practices (BMPs) imitate nature and provide flood control, water quality improvement, and habitat preservation. The Bluebelt has been highly successful, handling hurricanes without disruption and encouraging biodiversity while providing over $80 million in savings for New York City.
Dams provide many benefits but also have environmental impacts. They are constructed for purposes like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The main types of dams are gravity, earthfill, arch, and buttress dams. Dams allow for recreation, flood control, water storage, hydroelectricity generation, and inland navigation. However, they can negatively impact fish, spread diseases, cause soil erosion, and displace human populations. In India, most dams are owned by state governments and must be approved by planning authorities. Strict safety standards and reviews are required during a dam's design, construction, operation, and maintenance to prevent failures. The controversial Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada
Carmarthenshire's coastline features beautiful sandy beaches along the Gulf of Carmarthen. Some of the notable beaches include Pendine beach, with its dramatic cliffs and rock pools to the west and long sandy beach to the east. Laugharne beach is famous as a place of inspiration for Dylan Thomas. Llansteffan beach has views of Llansteffan Castle across the river estuary. The Millennium Coastal Park stretches 22 km along the coast and features attractions, wildlife, and beaches.
An artificial island is constructed rather than formed naturally. There are several methods to create artificial islands including expanding existing islets, constructing on reefs or amalgamating natural islets. Artificial islands are constructed for urban development, industry, infrastructure like ports and airports, recreation, and resource extraction like oil drilling. They are designed considering factors like water depth, waves, climate, foundations, and environmental impacts. The construction process involves preparing the seabed, placing precast piles, compacting soil, adding surrounding rock barriers, and allowing construction to begin.
- The document summarizes lessons learned from a major flood that occurred along the Cumberland River in early January 2021, mobilizing large rocks and depositing them in intertidal waters while trapping silt and gradually turning wetlands into dry land.
- It discusses the failure of delayed rainfall observations to trigger emergency warnings, and the broad catchment and narrow gorge creating a delay between rainfall and peak flooding.
- The self-organization and mutual assistance of the camp/visitor community during the middle of the night flood is also summarized, as well as the lack of contextual awareness from responding police and SES volunteers initially.
The River Tees flows eastward through northern England from its source in the Pennines mountains to the North Sea. It serves as a key water source for homes and industry, and several reservoirs help regulate water levels and prevent flooding downstream. The lower course grows more urban as it passes through towns and the major port of Teesside. Flood defenses have been implemented along vulnerable areas like Yarm, and the Tees Barrage was constructed to improve water quality and support development in the lower valley. Hard engineering approaches including reservoirs, flood walls, dredging, and river straightening have been dominant in managing the River Tees.
The document discusses a project to protect a silt bench and levee along the Puyallup River from erosion using a naturalized approach. It describes how past engineering solutions failed to consider important natural factors like vegetation, snags, and natural shoreline development. The solution was to design a complex, dynamic revetment that emulates a natural riparian shoreline using large interlocking stones and wood debris. This self-settling design simulates how snags anchor and protect river banks, with the goal of evolving naturally over time like a real riparian zone. The revetment was constructed simply and cost significantly less than traditional engineered approaches.
The Winooski Rain Garden project partnered with the city of Winooski to install residential and public rain gardens to reduce stormwater runoff. Volunteers and interns helped design and install 11 rain gardens from July to October 2006 that captured runoff from roofs and roads. The gardens helped infiltrate over 1.1 million cubic feet of stormwater and educated residents on low-impact development. Ongoing maintenance included weeding, mulching and sediment removal to keep the gardens functioning properly.
The document describes a project to identify potential aquatic resource mitigation sites in Southeast Alaska. The goals were to develop an assessment tool, create a database, and assess sites in Haines, Skagway, and Juneau. The project identified sites, developed assessment forms, and mapped sites. Assessments were completed and reports generated for sites in the three communities. Case studies describe potential restoration projects like improving salmonid habitat at the Porcupine Bridge Pond site in Haines and removing a fill and reestablishing vegetation at the 10-Mile Fill site. Lessons learned emphasized the importance of communication and being prepared during site visits.
This document summarizes a presentation given by John Nevin of the International Joint Commission on the IJC, the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. It discusses how the IJC was established by the treaty to help prevent disputes over shared waters between Canada and the US. It also outlines key principles of the treaty regarding equal access and priority of water uses. The document then reviews the IJC's role in implementing the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and efforts to address issues like eutrophication in the Great Lakes.
Major Tailings Dam Disasters in the Philippines - Alyansa Tigil Mina (ATM) - ...No to mining in Palawan
Major tailings dam disasters have occurred in the Philippines, often resulting from heavy rains weakening dam infrastructure and releasing toxic mine waste. Some consequences include contaminated waterways, widespread siltation, fish kills, evacuation of communities, and long term health impacts. Notable disasters include the 2007 TVI Pacific Inc. dam collapse in Zambonga del Norte, the 2005 Lafayette Mining dam failure in Albay, and the devastating 1996 Marcopper Mining tailings dam leak in Marinduque that flooded rivers and caused extensive environmental and economic damage.
This document provides a chronology of development along the Current River in Thunder Bay, Ontario from 1823 to present day. It describes how the river was initially used by Indigenous peoples and explored by European settlers in the 1800s. The first major development was a stamp mill built at the river's mouth in 1866 to process ore from a nearby silver mine. Over time, more mines, docks, and other industrial activities were established along the lower reaches of the river. By the late 1900s, the river's ecology had been degraded but rehabilitation efforts are now underway to restore fish habitat and populations through projects like a fish ladder installed in 1991. The document aims to outline the history of human impacts to inform management strategies to rehabilitate
Matt Mundinger has created a design portfolio and master plan for redeveloping the Minneapolis riverfront area. The portfolio includes a historical review of the area from 1830 to present day, outlining the evolution from Native American spiritual site, to sawmilling and flour milling hub, to period of decline and recent revitalization. The master plan proposes recreational amenities like a performance space, dining areas, habitat restoration, flexible event spaces, observation decks, and footbridges to enhance public access and enjoyment of the riverfront.
The urban wetland protection against rising sea levels in skanör falsterboRebecka Ingemansson
The document describes a site located near Falsterbo canal in Sweden that is being considered for public development. It is close to the communities of Ljunghusen and Höllviken. There is also a school and daycare nearby making it suitable for recreational and educational activities. The site is threatened by rising sea levels predicted to increase by 1 meter in the next 100 years. The proposed design creates a protective dyke and floating wetland to mitigate flooding and storm damage, while keeping the area accessible via an elevated boardwalk. This helps embrace the wetland and grow the surrounding communities in a sustainable way.
120509 Iasi, restoration in Bulgaria - Mr Vasil UzunovRESTORE
This document discusses several examples of water ecosystem protection and restoration projects in Bulgaria. It describes 4 river basin districts in the country and their management plans from 2010-2015. It then highlights 5 specific restoration project examples, including:
1) Restoring a Veselina River meander to reduce flooding and improve biodiversity.
2) Restoring Russenski Lom River flows near monasteries by opening dyke openings to allow floodwaters to return to the river channel.
3) Reconnecting the Danube River to the Persin Island wetlands to restore 2,200 hectares of flooded marshes.
4) Restoring Zlato Pole wetlands through water management and invasive species
The document discusses UK water management and describes two case studies of water storage systems - the London Basin groundwater supply and the Kielder Reservoir in Northumberland. It notes that parts of the UK experienced water shortages in the 1990s due to lower rainfall, higher evaporation and transpiration, and increasing water demand. It provides details on the geology and hydrology of the London Basin aquifer and why it is an important water source. It also describes the construction and multiple uses of the Kielder Reservoir, which stores water from the River Tyne for industrial and domestic use but also generates hydroelectric power and has become a tourism destination.
The document discusses the history and role of the International Joint Commission (IJC) in protecting shared US-Canada waters. The IJC was established by the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty to help prevent disputes over transboundary waters. It has played a key role in issues like regulating water levels and addressing pollution. The IJC also oversees the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and provides independent reports and recommendations to governments on shared water issues. Over its century of operation, the IJC has helped the US and Canada cooperatively manage their shared waters and resolve disputes through consensus-based decisions guided by science.
AquaTech Eco Consultants has over 16 years of experience restoring seagrass beds through innovative and traditional techniques. They have restored over 111,000 square feet of propeller scars using sediment tubes and over 217,000 square feet using bird stakes. Their projects employ local laborers and have received environmental awards.
The management plan aims to improve Rothwell Country Park over 2014-2016. It analyzes the park's habitats and seeks ways to better incorporate public use while restoring the former coal mining area. The park contains grasslands, woodlands, ponds and the remaining gravel site of the former Fanny Pit. Objectives include removing rubble from the gravel site and turning it into a meadow, improving pathways and adding picnic areas in grasslands, removing invasive plants from woodlands, and monitoring ponds and wetlands to protect fragile species. Annual management will focus on habitat enhancement, path maintenance, and overseeing the park through the Friends of Rothwell Country Park volunteer group.
The Staten Island Bluebelt is a stormwater management system consisting of 16 watersheds covering over 10,000 acres. It uses natural features like wetlands, streams, and detention basins to filter and slow stormwater runoff. Over $350 million has been invested in the Bluebelt, saving an estimated $80 million by preventing flooding. Interviews and site visits demonstrated the Bluebelt successfully mimics nature to manage stormwater in a cost-effective way.
The Staten Island Bluebelt is a manmade stormwater management system covering one third of Staten Island. It consists of 16 watersheds containing natural features like wetlands, streams, and detention basins that filter and slow stormwater runoff. These best management practices (BMPs) imitate nature and provide flood control, water quality improvement, and habitat preservation. The Bluebelt has been highly successful, handling hurricanes without disruption and encouraging biodiversity while providing over $80 million in savings for New York City.
Dams provide many benefits but also have environmental impacts. They are constructed for purposes like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The main types of dams are gravity, earthfill, arch, and buttress dams. Dams allow for recreation, flood control, water storage, hydroelectricity generation, and inland navigation. However, they can negatively impact fish, spread diseases, cause soil erosion, and displace human populations. In India, most dams are owned by state governments and must be approved by planning authorities. Strict safety standards and reviews are required during a dam's design, construction, operation, and maintenance to prevent failures. The controversial Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada
Carmarthenshire's coastline features beautiful sandy beaches along the Gulf of Carmarthen. Some of the notable beaches include Pendine beach, with its dramatic cliffs and rock pools to the west and long sandy beach to the east. Laugharne beach is famous as a place of inspiration for Dylan Thomas. Llansteffan beach has views of Llansteffan Castle across the river estuary. The Millennium Coastal Park stretches 22 km along the coast and features attractions, wildlife, and beaches.
An artificial island is constructed rather than formed naturally. There are several methods to create artificial islands including expanding existing islets, constructing on reefs or amalgamating natural islets. Artificial islands are constructed for urban development, industry, infrastructure like ports and airports, recreation, and resource extraction like oil drilling. They are designed considering factors like water depth, waves, climate, foundations, and environmental impacts. The construction process involves preparing the seabed, placing precast piles, compacting soil, adding surrounding rock barriers, and allowing construction to begin.
- The document summarizes lessons learned from a major flood that occurred along the Cumberland River in early January 2021, mobilizing large rocks and depositing them in intertidal waters while trapping silt and gradually turning wetlands into dry land.
- It discusses the failure of delayed rainfall observations to trigger emergency warnings, and the broad catchment and narrow gorge creating a delay between rainfall and peak flooding.
- The self-organization and mutual assistance of the camp/visitor community during the middle of the night flood is also summarized, as well as the lack of contextual awareness from responding police and SES volunteers initially.
The River Tees flows eastward through northern England from its source in the Pennines mountains to the North Sea. It serves as a key water source for homes and industry, and several reservoirs help regulate water levels and prevent flooding downstream. The lower course grows more urban as it passes through towns and the major port of Teesside. Flood defenses have been implemented along vulnerable areas like Yarm, and the Tees Barrage was constructed to improve water quality and support development in the lower valley. Hard engineering approaches including reservoirs, flood walls, dredging, and river straightening have been dominant in managing the River Tees.
The document discusses a project to protect a silt bench and levee along the Puyallup River from erosion using a naturalized approach. It describes how past engineering solutions failed to consider important natural factors like vegetation, snags, and natural shoreline development. The solution was to design a complex, dynamic revetment that emulates a natural riparian shoreline using large interlocking stones and wood debris. This self-settling design simulates how snags anchor and protect river banks, with the goal of evolving naturally over time like a real riparian zone. The revetment was constructed simply and cost significantly less than traditional engineered approaches.
The Winooski Rain Garden project partnered with the city of Winooski to install residential and public rain gardens to reduce stormwater runoff. Volunteers and interns helped design and install 11 rain gardens from July to October 2006 that captured runoff from roofs and roads. The gardens helped infiltrate over 1.1 million cubic feet of stormwater and educated residents on low-impact development. Ongoing maintenance included weeding, mulching and sediment removal to keep the gardens functioning properly.
The document describes a project to identify potential aquatic resource mitigation sites in Southeast Alaska. The goals were to develop an assessment tool, create a database, and assess sites in Haines, Skagway, and Juneau. The project identified sites, developed assessment forms, and mapped sites. Assessments were completed and reports generated for sites in the three communities. Case studies describe potential restoration projects like improving salmonid habitat at the Porcupine Bridge Pond site in Haines and removing a fill and reestablishing vegetation at the 10-Mile Fill site. Lessons learned emphasized the importance of communication and being prepared during site visits.
This document summarizes a presentation given by John Nevin of the International Joint Commission on the IJC, the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. It discusses how the IJC was established by the treaty to help prevent disputes over shared waters between Canada and the US. It also outlines key principles of the treaty regarding equal access and priority of water uses. The document then reviews the IJC's role in implementing the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and efforts to address issues like eutrophication in the Great Lakes.
Major Tailings Dam Disasters in the Philippines - Alyansa Tigil Mina (ATM) - ...No to mining in Palawan
Major tailings dam disasters have occurred in the Philippines, often resulting from heavy rains weakening dam infrastructure and releasing toxic mine waste. Some consequences include contaminated waterways, widespread siltation, fish kills, evacuation of communities, and long term health impacts. Notable disasters include the 2007 TVI Pacific Inc. dam collapse in Zambonga del Norte, the 2005 Lafayette Mining dam failure in Albay, and the devastating 1996 Marcopper Mining tailings dam leak in Marinduque that flooded rivers and caused extensive environmental and economic damage.
This document provides a chronology of development along the Current River in Thunder Bay, Ontario from 1823 to present day. It describes how the river was initially used by Indigenous peoples and explored by European settlers in the 1800s. The first major development was a stamp mill built at the river's mouth in 1866 to process ore from a nearby silver mine. Over time, more mines, docks, and other industrial activities were established along the lower reaches of the river. By the late 1900s, the river's ecology had been degraded but rehabilitation efforts are now underway to restore fish habitat and populations through projects like a fish ladder installed in 1991. The document aims to outline the history of human impacts to inform management strategies to rehabilitate
Matt Mundinger has created a design portfolio and master plan for redeveloping the Minneapolis riverfront area. The portfolio includes a historical review of the area from 1830 to present day, outlining the evolution from Native American spiritual site, to sawmilling and flour milling hub, to period of decline and recent revitalization. The master plan proposes recreational amenities like a performance space, dining areas, habitat restoration, flexible event spaces, observation decks, and footbridges to enhance public access and enjoyment of the riverfront.
Drainage has long been a major concern in New Orleans due to much of the city being below sea level. The city built levees to prevent flooding from the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, but this also prevented drainage of rainfall. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 caused catastrophic flooding when levees and floodwalls failed in multiple locations, submerging 80% of the city under water. Since then, efforts have focused on repairing and improving the drainage system and flood protections to prevent a similar disaster from occurring again.
The River Tees flows eastward through northern England from its source in the Pennines mountains to the North Sea. It serves as a key water source for homes and industry, and several reservoirs help regulate water supply and control flooding. The lower course grows more urban as it passes through towns and the major port of Teesside. Flood defenses including walls and embankments have been constructed along the river, and the Tees Barrage was built to improve water quality and reduce flooding risk in the lower stretches.
A Power Point presentation featuring images of the Erie Canal in the mid to l...LauraFlynn
1) The village of Fort Plain, New York prospered greatly after the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, as the canal brought commerce and industry to settlements along its banks.
2) The original Erie Canal was 363 miles long and included 83 locks to allow boats to travel between the Hudson River and Lake Erie, rising 568 feet in elevation.
3) A library in Fort Plain has taken a particular interest in the history of the Erie Canal, as the village was located on the canal and relied on it for trade and transportation until the 1950s.
Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines VS. The people of Northern BCCaseydeJong
This document discusses opposition to the proposed Northern Gateway pipeline project in Northern BC from First Nations groups and environmentalists. It notes that Enbridge has over 60 spills per year on its pipelines elsewhere and recently faced lawsuits over spills. Critics argue a spill from the proposed pipeline could devastate salmon populations and the livelihoods of coastal communities, as it would cross over 700 waterways. First Nations in particular reject the project, citing concerns about impacts to their traditional lands and waters. Protests against the project have drawn hundreds of people. The pipeline proposal still requires federal approval.
A photographic tour of Moon Island and Long Island in Boston Harbor. Of particular interest is the former sewage storage facility on Moon Island and its potential for use in aquaculture.
William Mulholland was a hydraulic engineer who designed and built the Los Angeles Aqueduct to address the city's water shortage. The aqueduct transported water 200 miles from the Owens River valley, requiring over 100,000 workers to complete. It was finished ahead of schedule and under budget in 1913, but led to overuse of the Owens River's water supply. The St. Francis Dam collapse in 1928 killed over 400 people after the dam ruptured due to excessive water releases. The U.S. took over the Panama Canal project in 1904 after the prior French effort failed, and completed it under budget in 1914 under the leadership of Colonel George Washington Goethals, creating a shortcut for trade and travel between the Atlantic and
1) The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via a 51-mile channel through the Isthmus of Panama. It features a series of locks that raise and lower ships between Gatun Lake and sea level on both ends.
2) The Los Angeles Aqueduct was built in 1913 to supply water from the Owens Valley to Los Angeles as its population grew. It secured water rights and funding through bonds to complete the project.
3) Both projects required massive engineering efforts to build dams, channels, and locks to transport water or ships across difficult terrain, enabling economic growth in their respective regions.
There are several strategies for river channel management including river channelization, river re-sectioning, vegetation planting and clearance, and bank protection. River channelization involves altering the river channel to increase water flow and prevent flooding by clearing obstacles and dredging. River re-sectioning straightens river meanders through cut-offs to shorten and increase water flow. Vegetation planting stabilizes banks but slows water flow while vegetation clearance improves flow but can damage banks. Bank protection uses structures like levees and dykes to prevent erosion during high water volumes.
This site analysis report summarizes the key features of a plot of land located on Chaudière Island in Ottawa, Canada. It discusses the site's history from indigenous settlement to lumber and pulp mills. The Aboriginal Algonquin tribe originally inhabited the area, and Samuel de Champlain first encountered them in 1603. Later, lumber and pulp mills dominated the falls, though a devastating 1900 fire destroyed many buildings. The existing buildings on site include remnants of the Booth pulp mill. The surrounding context includes notable landmarks like museums and parliament hill. Topographically, the site contains sedimentary rocks overlying Precambrian basement. The climate is characterized by cold winters with abundant snow and mild summers with moderate rainfall.
1. The document discusses using oysters to restore water quality in the Fort Point Channel by taking advantage of opportunities for oyster restoration projects.
2. The Channel was originally a bay among wetlands but was altered by filling and dredging during industrialization, becoming narrower and more industrialized over time.
3. A survey of the Channel found many attractive areas that could support oyster colonies to filter water and involve the local community in restoration.
The document discusses several methods used to manage flooding and water supply in the UK. Embankments, sluice gates, and preventing development have been used along rivers like the River Irwell to reduce flooding. Kielder Water in Northumberland was constructed in the 1960s-1970s to supply water to growing industries in northeast England through pipes and tunnels. It also helps control flooding downstream and provides hydroelectric power. The water table and permeability of different rock types like sandstone, chalk, and clay influence local water supplies. London obtains water from both underground aquifers and the River Thames.
The document summarizes the construction of two major civil engineering projects: the Panama Canal and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The Panama Canal took two attempts to complete, with the Americans finishing it from 1904-1914 after disease killed many French workers in their initial attempt. The Los Angeles Aqueduct, built from 1905-1913 under William Mulholland, brought water from the Owens Valley to Los Angeles and enabled its growth, though drought and a dam collapse later caused water shortages. Both projects involved overcoming immense technical challenges to transport water or ships across long distances.
This is a PowerPoint project on the Bayville Bridge that won the 2007 Laura and Robert Chodos Award for Excellence in Student Research Using Historical Records, grades sixth through eighth.
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1. Leech Lake Dam
Winnibigoshish Dam
Pokegama Dam
Pine River Dam
Gull Lake Dam
Sandy Lake Dam
A History Tour:
Upper Mississippi River
Headwater Reservoirs Damsites
2. T
he six dams described in this
brochure are part of an early
reservoir system that has a
watershed of 4,535 square miles
and includes over 90 natural lakes.
Pine River Dam during reconstruction, 1906.
T
he six dams described in this
brochure are part of an early reservoir
system that has a watershed of
4,535 square miles and includes
more than 90 natural lakes.
The Past:
The Needs of Navigation and Industry
At the time of their construction, the dams represented
a significant civil engineering undertaking
accomplished in a then-remote area of Minnesota.
Prior to the construction of the Headwaters reservoirs
and locks and dams on the Mississippi River, water
levels in the river between the Headwaters and Lake
Pepin had great seasonal variation. Early Mississippi
River steamboat navigation was totally dependent
upon nature providing a three foot water level in the
river for weeks or months during the normal July and
August seasonal dry periods. This was a huge problem
to solve for a growing Minneapolis/St. Paul region relying
on reliable river transportation.
Controversial proposals for the creation of a series of
dams at several Mississippi Headwaters lakes were
made by engineers between about 1852 and 1878. The
proposals were designed to store the snow melt runoff
and release the stored water during summer dry periods
to increase the flow and water levels in the Mississippi
River. In the 1870s, the Corps of Engineers considered
a system of 41 reservoirs in Minnesota and Wisconsin.
In 1880, Congress authorized the construction of the
first dam at Lake Winnibigoshish. The dam served
as an experimental structure to test the design and
construction methods to be used in the rest of the
system. A masonry dam construction, which was
standard practice of the time, would have been difficult
and costly to use in the Headwaters area where roads
were poor or nonexistent.
The first headwaters dams consisted of earthen
embankments filled with puddle clay. The control
structure, through which the water flowed, was timber.
Stop logs, wooden bear trap gates, or steel Tainter
gates regulated the sluiceways. Each dam was equipped
with a log sluice. The Corps of Engineers started work
on the dam at Lake Winnibigoshish in 1881, followed
by Leech Lake (1882), Pokegama (1882), Pine River
(1884), Sandy Lake (1892), and Gull Lake (1912).
A distinguishing feature of the Sandy Lake Dam was
its navigational lock, which permitted the passage of
steamboats and other craft. Unlike the other dams, the
original Gull Lake Dam was concrete.
Although the area was sparsely populated near the dams
at the time of their construction, the logging industry
in the Headwaters region was very active. Lumber
companies were beneficiaries of the increased summer
flow as it helped drive logs downriver. The leading
lobbyists for the system of reservoirs, however,
were Minneapolis flour millers, particularly William D.
Washburn. In the early years of reservoir operation,
flour mills at the Falls of St. Anthony in Minneapolis
benefited greatly from the increased flows during what
had previously been dry periods.
All of the timber control structures were rebuilt in
concrete between 1899 and 1909. By this time,
road construction and new settlements had
progressed in the vicinity of the damsites, making
concrete construction possible. The reconstructed
dams included log sluice and fish ladder bays.
The reservoir system was originally authorized by
Congress to regulate water levels for navigation
purposes. However, its impact on navigation was
short lived. Mississippi River channel modification
undertaken after 1907 and the series of locks and
dams built in the 1930s more efficiently regulated
water levels. During this time, recreational use of the
Headwaters lakes and rivers by fishermen, hunters,
campers, and boaters greatly increased. Reservoir
resort owners and lakeshore property owners
became as concerned about their water levels as
Minneapolis flour millers had been 40 years earlier.
Farmers, wild rice growers, and northern Minnesota
paper mills and sawmill owners also added their
voices to the management of Headwaters lake
water levels.
3. Service buildings at Gull Lake Dam, 1937.
Pioneer Dam Tenders
included a house for the dam tender, an office, a barn
or stable, a maintenance shop and a boathouse. To
early visitors of these sparsely populated portions of the
north woods, the complex must have appeared to be a
small village. The shops and garages were necessary for
the maintenance and repair work that the dam tender
performed. The dam tender took rain and snow depth
readings, monitored the river gauges and adjusted the
gates on the sluiceway. He oversaw the sluicing of logs
and, at Sandy Lake Dam, the passage of steamboats. He
communicated with engineers at the St. Paul District office
on a regular basis via telegraph and later the telephone.
The dam tender’s job was year-round with long winters
where the temperature could reach minus 59 degrees.
“Weather changeable and temperature quite low, wind
North. Set out some tomato plants last night and the
remainder today; planted some lettuce and beets down
in the woods where the sod for embankment of dam was
taken from. No sign of any logs in Cross Lake yet, tho. a
horn was heard this morning over at Dagget Lake. Gauge
above dam 8.88, gauge below dam 9.40, head 8.48.
Gate opens one foot.”
This quote is typical of the records left by the small
community of dam tenders responsible for the
operation of the damsites. Each Headwaters reservoir
was originally a self-contained complex consisting
of as many as 12 buildings. The complex typically
In the early years of dam operation (ca. 1884-1920), the
root cellars, chicken coops and barns assisted the
dam tender and his family in maintaining a degree of
self sufficiency. Electrical service was supplied to the
damsites after 1918. In addition to the dam tender’s
house, there was sometimes another house for the
use of visiting Corps officers and other personnel. The
dam tender’s wife provided meals for the visitors.
The daily logs kept by the dam tender, however, indicate
that there was a trickle of other visitors and
passersby such as mail and delivery persons, Native
Americans, lumbermen and occasional land dealers.
At first, the dam tender’s dwellings were very utilitarian
buildings. At Winnibigoshish, the first house was of
log, and at Pokegama, the first house was covered
with tar paper. During reconstruction of the dams,
many of the older houses were rebuilt or replaced.
The later generation of houses showed that the
Corps engineers attempted to create a comfortable
and even stylish dwelling. This was particularly true
at Pokegama (1908, demolished) and at Gull Lake
(1913), the last house built. As of July 2012, the
house at Gull is still on-site and is being used by the
Corps for office space.
The dam tenders and their families were witness to a
great transformation of the Headwaters wilderness.
In the beginning, it was a pioneer experience with the
gates adjusted to facilitate navigation and augment
the flow downstream. By the 1930s boaters, campers,
fishermen and hunters visited the reservoirs regularly.
The nation was now beginning to experience an
increase in leisure time recreational pursuits and
tourism. The dam tender’s job thus evolved to that of
today’s Park Manager and Park Ranger responsibilities,
which include operating the gates for purposes of
flood risk reduction.
4. Cross Lake
Pine
River
Boathouse
Flagpole
Office
Residence
Woodshed
Carpenter Shop
Warehouse
Blacksmith Shop
Garden
Warehouse
Barn
Chicken Coop
Lake Winnibigoshish
Leech Lake
Pokegama Lake
Grand Rapids
Big Sandy Lake
Pine River
Cross Lake
Gull Lake
Brainerd
Damsites
To Minneapolis and St. Paul
Aitken
Mississippi Rive
r
Log Sluice from original dam at Lake Winnibigoshish, 1884.
Plan of Pine River Damsite, 1929. Mississippi River Headwater Dams and Reservoirs. Present recreation area, 2012.
The Present:
Recreation
between 1964 and 1977. Today the regulation of the
reservoirs acknowledges diverse needs, including
those of fish and wildlife conservation and shoreline
property owners, as well as those for flood risk reduction
and water supply.
At Leech Lake, the Corps began providing basic
facilities for public recreational users as early as
1909. Most of the damsites accommodated tent
campers on an informal basis until the completion
of Master Plans for recreational site development
5. Lake Winnibigoshish
Recreation Area
The Winnibigoshish Lake Dam is located on the
Mississippi River at the outlet of Lake Winnibigoshish.
It controls the runoff from a 1,442-square-mile drainage
area containing 28 lakes.
The Corps of Engineers began construction of the original
timber dam at “Winni” in 1881. It was put into
operation in 1884. Nearly 2 million feet of white and
Norway pine were cut from the lakeshore and used
in constructing pilings, dams and other structures.
Logging operations, labor and material shortages,
weather problems and the difficulties of constructing
roads and installing machinery in near-wilderness
conditions caused construction delays. The project
employed 300 skilled and unskilled laborers, including
local members of the Chippewa Tribe. In 1882, the Corps
of Engineers announced that “The Winnibigoshish Dam
is the inauguration of the reservoir system for the
entire country.”
The present concrete structure was constructed between
1899 and 1900. In 2006, the stop logs and gates were
replaced with two concrete bulkheads and one leaf
gate in each of the five main spillway gate bays. A leaf
gate was installed in the 12-foot log sluice bay. A 5-foot
fishway constructed in 1912 is no longer in use.
Prior to 1899, during the first phase of dam construction,
workmen built 17 buildings across the channel to the
west, opposite the present site. All of the buildings were
of log construction. At the time of dam reconstruction
between 1899 and 1900, the complex of buildings was
also reconstructed at the opposite side of the dam. The
Lake Winnibigoshish Dam was listed on the National
Register of Historical Places in 1982.
Winnibigoshish House, 1937.
Leech Lake Dam is located on the Leech Lake River
at the outlet of Leech Lake. It is 27 miles above the
junction of the Leech Lake River and the Mississippi
River. Construction began in 1882; the dam was the
second to be built in the Headwaters reservoir system.
It was put into operation in 1884. The riverbanks are
about 3,500 feet apart at the dam site, the largest span
in the system.
Between 1900 and 1903, reinforced concrete was used
to replace the timber abutments and bays. The present
294-foot control structure consists of reinforced concrete
abutments and piers supported by timber pilings
with slide gates installed into five of the 25 6-foot
sluiceways and one 12-foot log sluice.
The Leech Lake dam tender’s house was built between
1902 and 1904. The dwelling was oriented north with
a view of the dam and marshes of Leech Lake. A garage
at the rear dated from about 1910. The house has been
moved and is no longer on-site. A searchlight, that was
located north of the house, was installed during World
War II when the dams were carefully guarded as part
of wartime security. There was also a searchlight at
Winnibigoshish Dam.
A variety of seasonal businesses such as bait shops and
fishing boat rentals occupy the floodplain along the
outlet channel. The Corps first leased a part of the
shoreline for a public launch spot in 1909.
Leech Lake
Recreation Area
Leech Lake Dam , ca. 1905.
Dam tender’s house at Leech Lake, ca. 1904.
6. Dam tender’s house at Pokegama, ca. 1909 (razed).
Pokegama Dam, Sep. 17 1908.
Pokegama
Pokegama Recreation Area
The Pokegama Dam is located on the Mississippi River,
three miles upstream of Grand Rapids. Construction
began at this damsite in 1882 and the dam was put into
operation in 1885. The Corps of Engineers completed
reconstruction in concrete in 1904. Pokegama is
considered the distributing reservoir for the two upper
reservoirs at Winnibigoshish and Leech, the water from
which passes through this dam.
The current control structure is 225 feet long and
contains 13 8-foot sluiceways and one 12-foot long
log sluice. In 2011, 7 leaf gates were installed and the
slide gates in the remaining sluiceways were rebuilt.
A leaf gate was also installed in the log sluice bay.
The earth-filled embankments have timber diaphragms
filled with puddled clays, and rest on the quartzite
outcrop that occurs in this area.
Eleven buildings were first erected at the start of
construction of the original timber dam. In 1909, a
temporary dam tender’s dwelling was replaced with a
2 ½-story dwelling that had plumbing and a hot-air
furnace, the first dam tender’s dwelling to be so
equipped at the time of construction.
A one-story office was constructed on this site in 1909.
The stylish clapboard-clad building featured a flared hip
roof and an eyebrow dormer.
Dam tender’s house at Pine River Dam, 1904
Cross Lake Reservoir/Pine River Dam
Cross Lake Recreation Area
The Pine River Dam is located on the Pine River at the
outlet of Cross Lake, 18 river miles above the junction
of the Pine and Mississippi rivers.
Pine River was the fourth Headwaters reservoir to be
constructed. The original timber dam dates from 1884
and was put into operation in 1886. Corps engineers
reused machinery and supplies from the construction
of the Winnibigoshish and Leech Lake dams at this site.
The dam was constructed to its present appearance
between 1905 and 1907. The control structure is
233 feet in length and consists of reinforced
concreted supported on timber piles. There are 13
sluiceways. In 2002, leaf gates were installed in
each sluiceway and the dam was raised. A series of
perimeter dikes built around the dam between 1899
and 1914 allowed it to be filled to capacity.
In 1934, representatives of the Portland Cement
Association reported the Pine River Dam was the “finest
concrete structure from the point of view of durability
that they were aware of.” The arched openings of the
Pine River Dam give it a distinctive appearance. There
are no structures remaining from the 17-building
complex constructed by the Corps of Engineers in
1884. Included were a dam tender’s dwelling, laborer’s
quarters, engineer’s quarters, dining hall, office building,
officer’s house, woodshed chicken coop, barn, warehouse,
sawmill, and carpenter and blacksmith shops. The Corps
removed a number of these buildings immediately after
the dam construction was finished. A new dam tender’s
dwelling built in 1911 was later destroyed by fire. The
replacement dwelling was destroyed by fire in 1959 and
was not rebuilt.
7. Dam tender’s house at Sandy Lake, ca. 1937 (razed).
The Sandy Lake Dam is located on the Sandy River, 1 ¼
miles above the junction of the Sandy and Mississippi
rivers.
The original timber dam dates from 1892-1895. In 1896, a
navigation lock, the only one in the Headwaters reservoir
system, was completed. The original timber structure
showed deterioration by 1904 and reconstruction
began in 1908. Steamboats and horse-drawn wagons
transported the concrete plant used at the Pine River
Dam to this site. The lock was also reconstructed and the
operating machinery installed in 1912. The metal-sided
shelter house was built over the machinery building in
1914. The 30-foot wide lock is no longer in use. In 1957,
it was converted to a spillway containing five sluice bays.
Eight buildings were constructed at the beginning of work
on the dam in 1892. In addition to the watchman’s
quarters there were a dining room and kitchen, a
warehouse, carpenter and blacksmith shops, a tool
house, a stable, and laborer quarters. Conversion of the
watchman’s quarters into a dam tender’s house began
about 1910. The house was removed in 1991.
The dam site was near the terminus of the Savanna
Portage, which connected Sandy Lake and the Upper
Mississippi River with the St. Louis River and Lake
Superior. Explorers, fur traders and missionaries used
the portage between 1755 and 1855. In 1794, to the
south of the dam site at Brown’s Point on Big Sandy
Lake, the Northwest Company established a fur trading
post. In 1830, the American Fur Company established a
post at Sandy Lake at the junction of the Mississippi and
Sandy rivers, just to the west of the present dam. William
Aitkin, the operator and several missionaries resided here
between about 1832 and 1855. A steamboat landing at
this site operated after about 1870, bringing supplies and
settlers to the area.
Fredrick Ayer established a mission and school near the
dam site in 1832-33. A later school building stood
northwest of the dam. It was moved off the damsite in
the 1950s but a rubble foundation remains. A cemetery
containing the graves of Native Americans and early
settlers is found on the small hill near the site of the
dam tender’s house.
Sandy Lake
Sandy Lake Recreation Area
Dam tender’s house at Gull Lake, 1913.
Service building at Gull Lake, 1937.
The Gull Lake Dam is located on the Gull River about
one-half mile below the outlet of Gull Lake. It was
put into service in 1912, the last of the Headwaters
reservoir dams constructed. The designers were
Col. Francis R. Shunk and George Freeman. This
team also designed Lock and Dam No. 1 built on the
Mississippi River between Minneapolis and St. Paul
in 1917.
The control structure is built of reinforced concrete
supported on timber piling. There is a log sluice and
a 5-foot fishway in addition to five sluiceways.
The 7-room dam tender’s house, completed in 1912,
is of concrete beam construction. The exterior is
finished with concrete panels. It is a good example
of the then popular “Craftsman” style of architecture.
One characteristic of the style is its “honest,”
straightforward treatment of materials. Brick, stucco
and frame Craftsman style houses were built in
many Minnesota cities and towns between 1905 and
1920. The exposed rafter ends at the eaves, grouped
windows and simple board trim are notable details
associated with this style. The dam tender’s house
is eligible to be listed on the National Register of
Historic Places.
Gull Lake
Gull Lake Recreation Area
9. DAM CONSTRUCTION TERMS
Bear Trap Gate: A type of gate with an
upstream leaf and a downstream leaf.When
lowered both leafs rest in a horizontal position
with one leaf overlapping the other. When
raised the leafs form a “tent” like structure
over which water can flow.
Cofferdam: A watertight enclosure from which
water is pumped to expose the bottom of a body
of water and permit construction of pilings or
other structures.
Dam: A wall that holds back water.
Dike or Levee: A bank of earth constructed to
block water rather than regulate its flow.
Gate: A barrier across a water channel that can
be removed so as to regulate the flow of water.
Leaf Gate: A type of gate with an upper and
lower gate section. During normal operations
the lower section is raised to release water. As
the flow increases, and the lower gate section
is raised higher, it eventually engages the upper
section so that both sections raise together. At
Winnibigoshish Dam, the upper section of the
log sluice can also be lowered to allow water to
flow over the top of the gate.
Log Sluice: A passage fitted with a gate or valve
that can be opened to pass logs downstream.
Puddled Clay: An earthy mixture worked
while wet into a compact mass that becomes
impervious to water when dry.
Sluiceway: An artificial channel that admits
water by means of a sluice.
Spillway: A passage in or about a dam for the
escape of surplus water.
Spillway Apron: A concrete or timber floor at the
bottom of a spillway to prevent soil erosion from
heavy or turbulent flow.
Stop Logs: Planks, precast concrete beams,
or steel joists that fit between vertical grooves
in walls or piers to close up a spillway or other
water channel.
Tainter Gate: A radial spillway gate, named
for its inventor J. Burnham Tainter (1836-1920).
Tainter was a member of the prominent
Menomonie, Wisconsin, lumber family. The gate
rotates on a horizontal axis on the downstream
end and can be closed under its own weight.
CEMVP 25-1-42 | REV.07.12