Term 2 Geography Project
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There are several strategies for river channel management including river channelization, river re-sectioning, vegetation planting and clearance, and bank protection. River channelization involves altering the river channel to increase water flow and prevent flooding by clearing obstacles and dredging. River re-sectioning straightens river meanders through cut-offs to shorten and increase water flow. Vegetation planting stabilizes banks but slows water flow while vegetation clearance improves flow but can damage banks. Bank protection uses structures like levees and dykes to prevent erosion during high water volumes.
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3) Bank protection like levees and revetments divert flow away from banks, reducing erosion.
4) Planting vegetation on banks holds soil and slows surface runoff to reduce flooding and erosion.
While effective initially, channelization disrupts natural processes and may cause issues downstream over time like flooding or sediment accumulation. It also damages local ecosystems. Non-structural approaches are often better long term solutions.
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isso
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▲Figure GN 14.1 Map of the Mississippi River basin.
409
GEOSYSTEMSnow
The Disappearing Delta Before modern engineering of the chan-
nel, the Mississippi River carried over 400 million metric tons of sedi-
ment annually to its mouth. River deposits built from this sediment
now underlie most of coastal Louisiana. Today, the flow carries less
than half its previous sediment load. This decline, combined with
land subsidence and sea-level rise, means that the delta region is
shrinking in size each year.
The tremendous weight of sediment deposition at the Mississip-
pi’s mouth has caused the entire delta region to lower as sediments
become compacted, a process that is worsened by human activities
such as oil and gas extraction. In the past, additions of sediment bal-
anced this subsidence, allowing the delta to build. With the onset
of human activities such as upstream dam construction, the delta is
now subsiding without sediment replenishment.
Compounding the problem is the maze of excavated canals
through the delta for shipping and oil and gas exploration. As the
land surface sinks, these canals allow seawater to flow inland,
changing the salinity of inland waters. Freshwater wetlands whose
roots help stabilize the land surface during floods are now declining.
This makes the delta more vulnerable to flooding from hurricane
storm surge, another factor hastening the delta’s demise.
Finally, sea-level rise threatens coastal land and wetlands, most
of which are less than 1 m (3.2 ft) above sea level. With continued
local sea-level rise, lands not protected by levee embankments and
other structures that prevent flooding will con-
tinue to submerge.
In this chapter, we examine the natural pro-
cesses by which rivers erode, transport, and de-
posit sediment, forming landforms such as deltas.
1. Why are engineers trying to keep the
Mississippi River in its present channel?
2. What three factors are causing the
Mississippi delta to disappear?
Changes on the
Mississippi River Delta
T
he immense Mississippi River basin
drains 41% of the continental United
States (Figure GN 14.1). From its head-
waters in Lake Itasca, Minnesota, the Missis-
sippi’s main stem flows southward, collecting
water and sediment over hundreds of miles.
As the river nears the Gulf of Mexico, the
flow energy diminishes and the river depos-
its its sediment load. This area of deposition
forms the delta, the low-lying plain at the
river’s end.
Like most rivers, the Mississippi continu-
ously changes its channel, seeking the short-
est and most efficient course to the ocean.
In southern Louisiana, the Mississippi’s chan-
nel has—over thousands of years—shifted
course across an area encompassing thou-
sands of square miles. Throughout this time
span, f ...
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This document discusses three projects underway in Salem, Massachusetts to address flooding and water quality issues:
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3) Bank protection like levees and revetments divert flow away from banks, reducing erosion.
4) Planting vegetation on banks holds soil and slows surface runoff to reduce flooding and erosion.
While effective initially, channelization disrupts natural processes and may cause issues downstream over time like flooding or sediment accumulation. It also damages local ecosystems. Non-structural approaches are often better long term solutions.
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Methods of flood control
The document discusses methods for flood control, including controlling water levels through dams and check dams, building barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, controlling land use around rivers, and using floodways. It provides details on reservoirs, levees, and floodways as specific flood control techniques. Levees are described as earthen embankments built between rivers and protected areas to restrict flood water flow, with considerations for their height and freeboard. The Mississippi River levee system is highlighted as one of the largest in the world.
Ecological impacts of dams and water diversions
Dams impact rivers and their ecosystems in several ways. They block migratory fish from accessing spawning habitats upstream, as fish ladders are often ineffective. This disrupts fish life cycles and populations. Dams also alter sediment and water flow, affecting water quality, aquatic habitats, and nutrient levels downstream. Large dams significantly change river landscapes and environments, sometimes flooding important habitats and destroying cultural heritage sites.
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The document discusses the ecological impacts of dams, including negative effects on fish life from disrupted currents and migration cycles, loss of downstream sediment and nutrients, disease spread from stagnant water, and displacement of people and wildlife from flooded lands. Specific dams highlighted include China's Three Gorges Dam, which displaced over 1.2 million people, and Egypt's Aswan Dam, which has caused problems with soil salinization, bilharzia infection, and controlled flooding of farmlands.
Impact of Building Dam on River Ecosystem and Its Preventive Measures
The document discusses the environmental impacts of dam construction on river ecosystems. It states that dams can result in physical, chemical, and biological changes to ecosystems upstream, in the reservoir, and downstream. Specific impacts mentioned include blocking fish migration, changes in sediment flow, flooding of natural habitats, and species changes from altered flooding patterns. The document also provides a case study on the impacts of the Farakka Barrage on the Ganges River in Bangladesh, such as reduced sediment and water flows. It notes some proposed solutions like building additional reservoirs and canals. The conclusion discusses how dams have both benefits and detriments and calls for further studying impacts and improving engineering to reduce negative effects.
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Riverbank erosion is a major natural hazard in Bangladesh that affects millions of people annually. The erosion destroys farmland, homes, and infrastructure as the major rivers like the Jamuna, Ganges, and Padma migrate and change course. Specific areas along these rivers experience erosion rates of up to 1,600 meters per year. The erosion displaces many families and has significant socioeconomic impacts, including loss of livelihoods, debt, unemployment, and the creation of impoverished refugee populations. Whole communities are sometimes forced to relocate multiple times due to the unpredictable shifting of the river channels.
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This document discusses the importance of natural fluvial geomorphic processes for maintaining healthy ravine ecosystems. It uses several examples of ravines in the Highland Moraine region to illustrate the benefits of allowing natural erosion and sediment movement. Ravines that are confined or have sediment transport disrupted lose their ability to support diverse habitats and sensitive species. In contrast, ravines like Rosewood that are unaltered retain dynamic stability through natural cutting, filling, and transport processes - sustaining high biodiversity potential.
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Similar to Term 2 Geography Project
Missouri R.Mississippi R.Ohio
M
isso
uri R
.
Mississip
p
i R
.
Oh
io
R.
Gulf of Mexico
M
isso
uri R
.
Mississip
p
i R
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Oh
io
R.
0
250 500 KILOMETERS0
250 500 MILES0
250 500 KILOMETERS0
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▲Figure GN 14.1 Map of the Mississippi River basin.
409
GEOSYSTEMSnow
The Disappearing Delta Before modern engineering of the chan-
nel, the Mississippi River carried over 400 million metric tons of sedi-
ment annually to its mouth. River deposits built from this sediment
now underlie most of coastal Louisiana. Today, the flow carries less
than half its previous sediment load. This decline, combined with
land subsidence and sea-level rise, means that the delta region is
shrinking in size each year.
The tremendous weight of sediment deposition at the Mississip-
pi’s mouth has caused the entire delta region to lower as sediments
become compacted, a process that is worsened by human activities
such as oil and gas extraction. In the past, additions of sediment bal-
anced this subsidence, allowing the delta to build. With the onset
of human activities such as upstream dam construction, the delta is
now subsiding without sediment replenishment.
Compounding the problem is the maze of excavated canals
through the delta for shipping and oil and gas exploration. As the
land surface sinks, these canals allow seawater to flow inland,
changing the salinity of inland waters. Freshwater wetlands whose
roots help stabilize the land surface during floods are now declining.
This makes the delta more vulnerable to flooding from hurricane
storm surge, another factor hastening the delta’s demise.
Finally, sea-level rise threatens coastal land and wetlands, most
of which are less than 1 m (3.2 ft) above sea level. With continued
local sea-level rise, lands not protected by levee embankments and
other structures that prevent flooding will con-
tinue to submerge.
In this chapter, we examine the natural pro-
cesses by which rivers erode, transport, and de-
posit sediment, forming landforms such as deltas.
1. Why are engineers trying to keep the
Mississippi River in its present channel?
2. What three factors are causing the
Mississippi delta to disappear?
Changes on the
Mississippi River Delta
T
he immense Mississippi River basin
drains 41% of the continental United
States (Figure GN 14.1). From its head-
waters in Lake Itasca, Minnesota, the Missis-
sippi’s main stem flows southward, collecting
water and sediment over hundreds of miles.
As the river nears the Gulf of Mexico, the
flow energy diminishes and the river depos-
its its sediment load. This area of deposition
forms the delta, the low-lying plain at the
river’s end.
Like most rivers, the Mississippi continu-
ously changes its channel, seeking the short-
est and most efficient course to the ocean.
In southern Louisiana, the Mississippi’s chan-
nel has—over thousands of years—shifted
course across an area encompassing thou-
sands of square miles. Throughout this time
span, f ...
Human response to flood
This document discusses various short term and long term flood management strategies. In the short term, rescue efforts like supplying boats, medicine, food and temporary housing are prioritized. Long term strategies involve flood prediction techniques like hydrograph analysis, real time monitoring and studying past records. Engineering approaches include both hard techniques like dam and river channelization projects as well as soft options like afforestation, wetland conservation and flood warning systems. Nature-based solutions are emphasized as more sustainable and ecologically sensitive approaches.
DeerCreekReport
The document summarizes surveys of Deer Creek's floodplain and side channels conducted by University of Oregon students before implementation of a floodplain enhancement project. The surveys found a low amount of activated secondary channels and small/medium woody debris during spring. Future surveys after adding large woody debris to Deer Creek will assess whether the project improved water quality and salmonid habitat. The project aims to make Deer Creek's floodplain slower, colder, and more diverse to enhance habitat for Chinook salmon and bull trout.
Rivers Year 11
The summary is as follows:
1. Rivers change as they flow downstream from their sources in the uplands.
2. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides and waterfalls are common.
3. In the middle course, the valley widens and the river meanders through the flatter landscape, eroding the valley sides.
4. In the lower course, the river enters a floodplain with ox-bow lakes and deposits sediment in a delta or estuary at its mouth.
Weather Hazards 2
Flooding along the Mississippi River in 1993 was one of the worst floods in history. Heavy rainfall caused levees to collapse and over 9,000 homes were destroyed. Engineers' efforts to control the river by straightening channels and building levees may have exacerbated flooding by increasing water flow and pressure on levees. Some argue this made the 1993 floods worse than previous major floods, despite there being less water in the river. Maintaining and managing the Mississippi River is vital but faces challenges from both natural hazards and human alterations to the environment.
River erosion
This document discusses river erosion and methods for controlling rivers. It describes the four main processes by which rivers erode landscapes: hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. It then outlines some common river control structures used to prevent flooding and bank erosion, such as levees, guide banks, and groynes. The document emphasizes that the best river control methods depend on the specific river's characteristics and regime, and comprehensive planning is needed to determine the appropriate approach.
Water Ways Presentation
Christmas tree tops are pinned down in flood conditions to trap silt, which is then planted with willow twigs to stop erosion. Willow weaving is used to protect riverbanks by weaving willow lengths around posts. Rock ramps are constructed to help migrating fish pass over barriers like bridge sills in low water conditions.
Group Rivers
The upper course of the river has a V-shaped valley with interlocking spurs and a steep gradient. Vertical erosion is the main process as the river cuts downwards. The river channel is narrow and turbulent with rocks and pools. Land uses include dams, grazing, and forestry. In the middle course, the valley opens out into a U-shape with sloping sides. The river begins to meander through sideways erosion. The channel is broader and gentler. Land uses include smaller fields and villages. In the lower course, the wide flat floodplain emerges with levees and ox-bow lakes. Deposition replaces erosion. Meanders may be cut off. Near the coast, deltas or mudflats
Rivers
The document describes key terms and concepts related to river systems, including:
- The three courses (upper, middle, lower) that rivers pass through as they travel from their source to their mouth.
- Key landforms and features associated with rivers like tributaries, meanders, and flood plains.
- Erosional processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, and solution that shape river valleys and landscapes over time.
- Flooding impacts on people and the environment as well as methods for predicting, preparing for, and managing floods.
Watershed Managment by Muhammad Qasim & Aroj Bashir
This document discusses watershed management and its importance. It defines a watershed as an area where all water flows to a common outlet. It describes the key features of watersheds including size, terrain, soil type, and drainage divides. It outlines how human activities like pollution, overpopulation, and deforestation impact watersheds. The document advocates for watershed management to regulate pollution and monitor watershed health. It provides an example of a project improving sub-watershed management and environmental awareness in Pakistan's Ayubia National Park to contribute to sustainable water flows.
Wreii unitv-170917082636
The document provides information on diversion headworks for water resources engineering projects. It discusses the different types of diversion headworks including storage and temporary diversion structures. Key components of diversion headworks are described such as weirs, barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, and canal head regulators. Factors for selecting sites for diversion structures are outlined. Causes of failures for weirs built on permeable foundations and remedies are summarized.
Rivers - George Mather, Chris Hancox, Alex Owen and Michael Soley
This document discusses rivers and fluvial landforms, processes, and human interactions. It begins by describing key features of river systems like meanders, waterfalls, and floodplains. It then explains the geomorphic processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition that shape river landscapes. Finally, it discusses human impacts on flooding and river management, providing case studies on the Rhone Delta, Tees River, and Mississippi River floods.
Diversion Headworks
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
L4 Levees And Floodplains
1) Floodplains form through erosion and deposition as rivers carry large loads of sediment and widen their valleys over thousands of years.
2) Levees are natural embankments that form along rivers when water moving out of the channel loses energy and deposits heavier sediments along the banks during flooding.
3) Repeated flooding and deposition over time cause levees and floodplains to build up layers of nutrient-rich alluvium soil.
Rivers, floods and management
The document discusses drainage basins, the storm hydrograph, river erosion processes and landforms, flooding causes and impacts, and flood management strategies. It describes the hydrological cycle within a drainage basin and factors that influence the shape of a storm hydrograph. It outlines river erosion mechanisms and key landforms in the upper, middle and lower courses such as potholes, waterfalls, meanders, and deltas. Causes of flooding include excessive rainfall and development that increases runoff. Impacts are economic, social and environmental. Flood management includes hard and soft engineering approaches.
Georgeann keersm
This document summarizes how natural coastal systems function to control pollution and prevent flooding and storm damage, and the effects of human alterations on these systems. It describes how features like salt marshes, beaches, wetlands and their vegetation naturally improve water quality, attenuate waves and floods, but that activities like coastal development, dams, pollution and draining/filling of habitats have degraded these ecosystem services. The Division of Ecological Restoration works to restore over 1,000 acres of coastal wetlands and 200 miles of streams to regain these lost benefits.
innovative_dredge_tech_marlin
- Sediment has filled over 70% of the Illinois River backwaters, reducing depths from 6-8 feet to less than 18 inches and replacing diverse habitat with shallow mudflats.
- Innovative dredging technologies could potentially remove vast quantities of sediment while maintaining its structure and consistency, and the sediment could then be used to restore habitat diversity and floodplain areas.
- Bucket wheel excavators, high solids pumps, and a new dredge combining a clam shell bucket and displacement pump show promise for removing sediment with minimal water mixing and resuspension.
Sruthy powerpoint
Ponds are smaller bodies of standing freshwater than lakes. They are often shallow and contain plants, algae, and small aquatic animals. Ponds provide habitat for species like frogs, turtles, and fish. While ponds can be naturally occurring, human activities like roads and overgrazing can negatively impact ponds. The design of a pond determines what wildlife it will support. Ponds are used for aesthetic, agricultural, and wildlife purposes.
SDME revision pack 2016
The document provides information about rivers and coasts for a GCSE Geography revision pack. It includes key terms, landforms, and processes related to rivers and coasts, as well as case studies on river and coastal management. Resources for further study are also listed.
A History Tour: Upper Mississippi River
Brochure designed for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in St. Paul, Minnesota about the Headwater Reservoirs Damsites.
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