3rd ESO E students wish you a Merry Christmas (IES Miguel Servet Sevilla2011-12)José Antonio Romero Tena
The document contains seasonal greetings and well-wishes from multiple individuals for Christmas and the new year. Various senders express hopes that recipients have a merry Christmas, spend time with loved ones, receive gifts, achieve dreams, enjoy good health and success in the coming year. Wishes for a happy new year are also extended.
Jesús Navas is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sevilla Football Club with the number 7 jersey and for the Spanish national team with the number 22 jersey. He was born on November 21, 1985 in Los Palacios y Villafranca, Sevilla, Spain.
Morante de la Puebla is a famous Spanish bullfighter known for his artistic style. He had his debut fight in 1995 in Madrid and took his alternativa or professional status in 1997 in Burgos. Considered one of the great masters of bullfighting today, he is known for his skill with the cape and natural style of bullfighting. While not considered a virtuoso with the sword, he fights based on instinct and feeling the emotions of the moment. Morante strives to showcase the beauty of bullfighting and is seen as a bohemian artist both inside and outside the bullfighting ring.
Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating Jesus Christ's resurrection. It falls on the first Sunday after the full moon following the northern hemisphere's vernal equinox. Common Easter symbols include eggs, hot cross buns, lambs, and rabbits bringing eggs. Traditions vary by country but include lighting candles in church, exchanging decorated eggs, children finding chocolate eggs, and outdoor meals of lamb and bread.
William Shakespeare, considered the greatest English playwright, was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. He wrote plays, poems and sonnets, including famous works like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Though details of his life are scarce, it is known that he married at age 18, began writing plays professionally at 25, and died in 1616 in his hometown at the age of 52, leaving behind a profound literary legacy.
The document provides an agriculture glossary defining key terms like crop, field, monoculture, and irrigation. It also includes a word search puzzle containing 13 agriculture-related words hidden among letters. Finally, there are passages about different types of agriculture practiced in various world regions.
The document discusses economic sectors and the labor force. It describes the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors of the economy and provides examples of jobs in each sector. It also defines types of workers, employment status, and different types of employment contracts.
Economic activities involve the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants. They have three main factors: production, commercialization and distribution, and consumption. Production uses natural resources, technology, and labor to make consumption goods that people use directly or production goods that are used to make other goods. Commercialization and distribution involve storing, transporting, selling, wholesaling, and retailing goods. Consumption is the use of goods to satisfy needs. Economic activities are divided into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary groups based on what they produce or provide. Capitalism is a market economy where prices are determined by supply and demand in the market.
3rd ESO E students wish you a Merry Christmas (IES Miguel Servet Sevilla2011-12)José Antonio Romero Tena
The document contains seasonal greetings and well-wishes from multiple individuals for Christmas and the new year. Various senders express hopes that recipients have a merry Christmas, spend time with loved ones, receive gifts, achieve dreams, enjoy good health and success in the coming year. Wishes for a happy new year are also extended.
Jesús Navas is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sevilla Football Club with the number 7 jersey and for the Spanish national team with the number 22 jersey. He was born on November 21, 1985 in Los Palacios y Villafranca, Sevilla, Spain.
Morante de la Puebla is a famous Spanish bullfighter known for his artistic style. He had his debut fight in 1995 in Madrid and took his alternativa or professional status in 1997 in Burgos. Considered one of the great masters of bullfighting today, he is known for his skill with the cape and natural style of bullfighting. While not considered a virtuoso with the sword, he fights based on instinct and feeling the emotions of the moment. Morante strives to showcase the beauty of bullfighting and is seen as a bohemian artist both inside and outside the bullfighting ring.
Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating Jesus Christ's resurrection. It falls on the first Sunday after the full moon following the northern hemisphere's vernal equinox. Common Easter symbols include eggs, hot cross buns, lambs, and rabbits bringing eggs. Traditions vary by country but include lighting candles in church, exchanging decorated eggs, children finding chocolate eggs, and outdoor meals of lamb and bread.
William Shakespeare, considered the greatest English playwright, was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. He wrote plays, poems and sonnets, including famous works like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Though details of his life are scarce, it is known that he married at age 18, began writing plays professionally at 25, and died in 1616 in his hometown at the age of 52, leaving behind a profound literary legacy.
The document provides an agriculture glossary defining key terms like crop, field, monoculture, and irrigation. It also includes a word search puzzle containing 13 agriculture-related words hidden among letters. Finally, there are passages about different types of agriculture practiced in various world regions.
The document discusses economic sectors and the labor force. It describes the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors of the economy and provides examples of jobs in each sector. It also defines types of workers, employment status, and different types of employment contracts.
Economic activities involve the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants. They have three main factors: production, commercialization and distribution, and consumption. Production uses natural resources, technology, and labor to make consumption goods that people use directly or production goods that are used to make other goods. Commercialization and distribution involve storing, transporting, selling, wholesaling, and retailing goods. Consumption is the use of goods to satisfy needs. Economic activities are divided into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary groups based on what they produce or provide. Capitalism is a market economy where prices are determined by supply and demand in the market.
The greenhouse effect is caused by certain gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat like the glass of a greenhouse. During the day, the sun warms Earth's surface which then releases heat at night, but greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of this heat. This causes Earth's overall temperature to increase over time. Human activities that burn fossil fuels or destroy forests have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and contributed to rising global temperatures. Small changes like using less gasoline or electricity can help control the greenhouse effect.
Between the 11th and 14th centuries, many European cities experienced a period of rebirth and growth. This was driven by two main factors: 1) increased agricultural production which led to a rise in population, and 2) the reactivation of trade both within and between regions. As a result of these changes, some existing cities expanded greatly while many new cities were founded. Cities took on important economic, political, and cultural roles in medieval Europe.
The feudal system that existed in Europe between the 11th and 13th centuries saw a hierarchical society develop. At the top was the king, who granted land to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. These nobles then granted portions of their land to knights or clergy in exchange for their loyalty and labor. At the bottom were peasants, who lived and worked on the land, either as serfs bound to the manor or freemen who paid rent. This system provided for military protection and governance in a decentralized period after the fall of the Carolingian Empire.
The document explains what a superlative is, giving the example "Francesco is the tallest boy in the classroom" in English and Spanish. It notes that to form a superlative in English, "-est" is added to short adjectives, while for long adjectives the construction is different, such as "the most beautiful."
The teacher divides students into teams and gives each team a math exercise sheet to solve within a time limit. The first team to correctly solve at least 8 out of 10 problems wins x points. The teacher also has a set of math problems - the first team to correctly solve all problems wins y more points. The members of the winning team, with the most total points, each receive an extra point added to their grade.
This document provides the rules for a game called "Solution Game-Bichos' Edition" where students are divided into teams. Each team receives an exercise sheet and must correctly solve problems to earn letters to spell the name of an animal pictured. Teams can trade letters they have earned. The first team to spell an animal's name by solving exercises wins.
Solution game 3eso_proportionality_problemsalzambra
1. The old man distributes the candies proportionally according to the grandchildren's ages, with the 4-year old getting 20 candies, and the 6-year olds each getting 30 candies, and the 8-year old getting 40 candies.
2. The final price of the tennis racket after a 16% tax is €208.80.
3. Using proportional reasoning, it is determined that the speed of the evening Seville-Almeria train is 80 km/h.
Solution game 1eso_proportionality_problemsalzambra
The document presents 7 math word problems involving proportionality: 1) calculating the number of bottles of lemonade that can be bought with $10.50 given 6 bottles cost $7, 2) calculating the number of pages a printer prints in 10 minutes given it prints 120 pages every 3 minutes, 3) calculating how much money Ricky receives in 17 days for working in an ice cream shop given he is paid €160 every 5 days, 4) calculating how much milk is needed to make a cake for 6 people given 1/4 liter is needed for a cake for 4 people, 5) calculating how many kilograms of water are in a 75kg person given water is 60% of the human body, 6) calculating
1) April Fools' Day is celebrated annually on April 1st and involves playing tricks on others.
2) The origins of the holiday are unclear but likely evolved over hundreds or thousands of years from ancient spring festivals.
3) The tradition of pranks on April 1st began when the French adopted January 1st as New Year's Day, and people who did not accept the change were tricked.
The document is an English pop quiz containing 18 multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and word problems. It instructs students to carefully read and follow all directions, not get help from others, and work quickly within a 15 minute time limit. Questions cover topics like math equations, spelling, grammar, and rearranging letters to form new words.
April Fool's Day is celebrated annually on April 1st. It is a day where people play practical jokes and hoaxes on each other. The origins of the tradition are unclear. Around the world, different cultures have their own April Fool's Day traditions, such as in Poland where people play jokes by pouring water on each other. Practical jokes are playful tricks intended to amuse that often embarrass the recipient. Those who believe the jokes easily are considered gullible.
The document describes traditions associated with St. Patrick's Day, including finding a leprechaun's pot of gold in the hills of Ireland. It prompts the reader to describe what they would do with the gold and then asks questions about St. Patrick's Day celebrations, such as the date, traditional colors worn, consequences for not wearing green, St. Patrick's Day activities in Chicago, and where leprechauns hide their pots of gold.
The document discusses the traditions of Saint Patrick's Day, which is celebrated in Ireland each March 17th. Some key facts about Saint Patrick include that he was a 5th century Christian missionary who preached in Ireland and is credited with driving snakes from the country. On Saint Patrick's Day, people in Ireland and abroad wear green, carry shamrocks, and participate in parades. Irish folklore features leprechauns, mischievous little men linked to pots of gold and rainbows.
The United States is located in North America, has over 310 million inhabitants across 50 states, and covers an area of over 9.83 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest countries by area and population. Its capital is Washington D.C. on the mid-Atlantic coast. The climate varies widely from humid subtropical in the south to humid continental in the north, with California's climate ranging from arid to subarctic depending on location.
The United Kingdom is located in Northern Europe and is composed of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Its capital is London, located on the River Thames in England. London has a population of over 7.5 million people and experiences mild summers around 18°C and cold winters around 4°C, rarely exceeding 33°C in summer. The total area of the UK is around 243,610 square kilometers and it has a temperate, oceanic climate with abundant rainfall and temperatures that seldom drop below -10°C or rise above 35°C across its regions.
South Africa has a diverse climate ranging from tropical in the northeast to Mediterranean in the southwest. It has a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The country has three capital cities - Pretoria is the executive capital, Cape Town the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein the judicial capital. Graphs of monthly temperature and rainfall for Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein show hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, with local variations depending on coastal or inland location.
New Zealand is an island country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean comprised of two main islands and smaller surrounding islands. It has a varied climate depending on location that is generally temperate and oceanic with mild temperatures and consistent rainfall throughout the year. Temperatures and rainfall differ in specific regions, with the north generally warmer and wetter and the south cooler and drier. Notable geographic features include volcanoes, mountains, and a long coastline.
Canada has a population of 33.5 million people spread across its 9.9 million square kilometers. It is a federation composed of 10 provinces and 3 territories located in northern North America. Ottawa is the capital city. Winters across Canada can be harsh, with average temperatures near -15°C, dropping below -40°C with wind chill. Summers are milder along the coasts, with temperatures usually not exceeding 20°C, and warmer inland from 25-30°C. Annual rainfall averages 865mm but varies regionally, from driest in February at 58mm to wettest in August at 83mm. Canada's climate supports diverse flora and fauna, and features many national parks and iconic
Australia is located in Oceania and is the sixth largest country by area. Its capital is Canberra and its population of over 20 million people lives mostly in coastal cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The climate varies across Australia but much of the country is arid or semi-arid desert, with temperate areas in the southeast and tropical climate in the north. The flora includes over 22,000 plant species, over 90% of which are indigenous, and the fauna is diverse with iconic marsupials and venomous animals.
The greenhouse effect is caused by certain gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat like the glass of a greenhouse. During the day, the sun warms Earth's surface which then releases heat at night, but greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of this heat. This causes Earth's overall temperature to increase over time. Human activities that burn fossil fuels or destroy forests have increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and contributed to rising global temperatures. Small changes like using less gasoline or electricity can help control the greenhouse effect.
Between the 11th and 14th centuries, many European cities experienced a period of rebirth and growth. This was driven by two main factors: 1) increased agricultural production which led to a rise in population, and 2) the reactivation of trade both within and between regions. As a result of these changes, some existing cities expanded greatly while many new cities were founded. Cities took on important economic, political, and cultural roles in medieval Europe.
The feudal system that existed in Europe between the 11th and 13th centuries saw a hierarchical society develop. At the top was the king, who granted land to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military service. These nobles then granted portions of their land to knights or clergy in exchange for their loyalty and labor. At the bottom were peasants, who lived and worked on the land, either as serfs bound to the manor or freemen who paid rent. This system provided for military protection and governance in a decentralized period after the fall of the Carolingian Empire.
The document explains what a superlative is, giving the example "Francesco is the tallest boy in the classroom" in English and Spanish. It notes that to form a superlative in English, "-est" is added to short adjectives, while for long adjectives the construction is different, such as "the most beautiful."
The teacher divides students into teams and gives each team a math exercise sheet to solve within a time limit. The first team to correctly solve at least 8 out of 10 problems wins x points. The teacher also has a set of math problems - the first team to correctly solve all problems wins y more points. The members of the winning team, with the most total points, each receive an extra point added to their grade.
This document provides the rules for a game called "Solution Game-Bichos' Edition" where students are divided into teams. Each team receives an exercise sheet and must correctly solve problems to earn letters to spell the name of an animal pictured. Teams can trade letters they have earned. The first team to spell an animal's name by solving exercises wins.
Solution game 3eso_proportionality_problemsalzambra
1. The old man distributes the candies proportionally according to the grandchildren's ages, with the 4-year old getting 20 candies, and the 6-year olds each getting 30 candies, and the 8-year old getting 40 candies.
2. The final price of the tennis racket after a 16% tax is €208.80.
3. Using proportional reasoning, it is determined that the speed of the evening Seville-Almeria train is 80 km/h.
Solution game 1eso_proportionality_problemsalzambra
The document presents 7 math word problems involving proportionality: 1) calculating the number of bottles of lemonade that can be bought with $10.50 given 6 bottles cost $7, 2) calculating the number of pages a printer prints in 10 minutes given it prints 120 pages every 3 minutes, 3) calculating how much money Ricky receives in 17 days for working in an ice cream shop given he is paid €160 every 5 days, 4) calculating how much milk is needed to make a cake for 6 people given 1/4 liter is needed for a cake for 4 people, 5) calculating how many kilograms of water are in a 75kg person given water is 60% of the human body, 6) calculating
1) April Fools' Day is celebrated annually on April 1st and involves playing tricks on others.
2) The origins of the holiday are unclear but likely evolved over hundreds or thousands of years from ancient spring festivals.
3) The tradition of pranks on April 1st began when the French adopted January 1st as New Year's Day, and people who did not accept the change were tricked.
The document is an English pop quiz containing 18 multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and word problems. It instructs students to carefully read and follow all directions, not get help from others, and work quickly within a 15 minute time limit. Questions cover topics like math equations, spelling, grammar, and rearranging letters to form new words.
April Fool's Day is celebrated annually on April 1st. It is a day where people play practical jokes and hoaxes on each other. The origins of the tradition are unclear. Around the world, different cultures have their own April Fool's Day traditions, such as in Poland where people play jokes by pouring water on each other. Practical jokes are playful tricks intended to amuse that often embarrass the recipient. Those who believe the jokes easily are considered gullible.
The document describes traditions associated with St. Patrick's Day, including finding a leprechaun's pot of gold in the hills of Ireland. It prompts the reader to describe what they would do with the gold and then asks questions about St. Patrick's Day celebrations, such as the date, traditional colors worn, consequences for not wearing green, St. Patrick's Day activities in Chicago, and where leprechauns hide their pots of gold.
The document discusses the traditions of Saint Patrick's Day, which is celebrated in Ireland each March 17th. Some key facts about Saint Patrick include that he was a 5th century Christian missionary who preached in Ireland and is credited with driving snakes from the country. On Saint Patrick's Day, people in Ireland and abroad wear green, carry shamrocks, and participate in parades. Irish folklore features leprechauns, mischievous little men linked to pots of gold and rainbows.
The United States is located in North America, has over 310 million inhabitants across 50 states, and covers an area of over 9.83 million square kilometers, making it one of the largest countries by area and population. Its capital is Washington D.C. on the mid-Atlantic coast. The climate varies widely from humid subtropical in the south to humid continental in the north, with California's climate ranging from arid to subarctic depending on location.
The United Kingdom is located in Northern Europe and is composed of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Its capital is London, located on the River Thames in England. London has a population of over 7.5 million people and experiences mild summers around 18°C and cold winters around 4°C, rarely exceeding 33°C in summer. The total area of the UK is around 243,610 square kilometers and it has a temperate, oceanic climate with abundant rainfall and temperatures that seldom drop below -10°C or rise above 35°C across its regions.
South Africa has a diverse climate ranging from tropical in the northeast to Mediterranean in the southwest. It has a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The country has three capital cities - Pretoria is the executive capital, Cape Town the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein the judicial capital. Graphs of monthly temperature and rainfall for Pretoria, Cape Town, and Bloemfontein show hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, with local variations depending on coastal or inland location.
New Zealand is an island country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean comprised of two main islands and smaller surrounding islands. It has a varied climate depending on location that is generally temperate and oceanic with mild temperatures and consistent rainfall throughout the year. Temperatures and rainfall differ in specific regions, with the north generally warmer and wetter and the south cooler and drier. Notable geographic features include volcanoes, mountains, and a long coastline.
Canada has a population of 33.5 million people spread across its 9.9 million square kilometers. It is a federation composed of 10 provinces and 3 territories located in northern North America. Ottawa is the capital city. Winters across Canada can be harsh, with average temperatures near -15°C, dropping below -40°C with wind chill. Summers are milder along the coasts, with temperatures usually not exceeding 20°C, and warmer inland from 25-30°C. Annual rainfall averages 865mm but varies regionally, from driest in February at 58mm to wettest in August at 83mm. Canada's climate supports diverse flora and fauna, and features many national parks and iconic
Australia is located in Oceania and is the sixth largest country by area. Its capital is Canberra and its population of over 20 million people lives mostly in coastal cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The climate varies across Australia but much of the country is arid or semi-arid desert, with temperate areas in the southeast and tropical climate in the north. The flora includes over 22,000 plant species, over 90% of which are indigenous, and the fauna is diverse with iconic marsupials and venomous animals.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
1. A CHRISTMAS TALE
Original Author: Joaquín Collantes
Field Advisor: Antonio Pérez Sanz
English Translation: Francesco Scudellari
-Who are you? -Lucas asked, moving back scared.
-We are the Spirits of Mathematics-, answered one of the three ghosts who
had suddenly appeared before the young man studying in his room.
- I am the first of the Three Spirits of Mathematics –the spirit added. Then
he pointed his finger at his companions, who said:
- I am the second of the Three Spirits of Mathematics.
- And I am the third of the Three Spirits of Mathematics.
But this explanation didn’t calm down the frightened student. And even if
he didn’t believe in ghosts, he startled at the presence of those three
mysterious spirits that had suddenly appeared, and that were floating one
palm over the floor and radiating a weird phosphorescence that lightened
the room with an intense yellowish light.
Two of them were wearing the same clothes, which proved that they
belonged to the same historical period, more or less the 17th or 18th
century: They were wearing a long jacket and short velvet trousers, a
white shirt with wide cuffs, white stockings and black cuir shoes with a small heel and a golden buckle; the Second
Ghost had a dusty, curly wig falling on his shoulders, while the Third Ghost had a simpler one, combed backwards,
with a ponytail. Another difference between them was that the Third Ghost was wearing dark glasses and in his hand he
had a thin stick that he used to help himself to move around, as blind people do.
The First Ghost's clothes were totally different from those of his companions: he was wearing a wide white cotton tunic
with a blue band around the edge, and simple cuir sandals; he was bald with a curly white beard, and looked definitely
like some Greek philosopher or Roman patrician. The only similarity between them was that the three men were loaded
with books, notebooks, spare sheets and scrolls that were continuously falling on the floor, especially the Third Spirit,
who was carrying a handful of books and folders, so many that they reached the ceiling.
Lucas, the frightened maths student, was still scared for the unexpected apparition… until he recalled that on his
desktop he had a book titled “A Christmas Carol”, the classic by Dickens that he was reading at the moment. He
realised that it was happening something very similar to the story told in the book. And so he asked:
- Are you the three Christmas Spirits that appeared to Evenezer Scrooge?
- That appeared to who ?
- To Scrooge, the main character of “A Christmas Carol”, the Charles Dickens’s tale that I’m reading. Scrooge,
the most avaricious, greedy and eselfish man in the world.
- You like this Scrooge, don’t you? – said the Third Ghost ironically.
- Anyway, no, we’re not these three Christmas spirits you’re talking about – said the Third Ghost.
But, you know, it’s Christmas time… and in case you don’t know, the three Christmas spirits appear to Scrooge to teach
him a lesson about his inhuman greed. And these three spirits are: the Ghost of Christmas Past, the Ghost of Christmas
Present and the Ghost of Christmas Future. That’s the reason why, when I saw you three here, I thought that you could
be the Three Spirits looking for Scrooge… and that you got the wrong address!
2. First of all, we don’t know this Charles Dickens’s tale; second, we are not the spirits of Christmas and third, … well….
third…. ehm…. I don’t have a third thing to say! – the First Spirit said, a little ashamed.
-Well, we could say that we are not the spirits you are talking about: we are, as we told you before, the Spirits of
Mathematics, or at least three of them: there are as many spirits of mathematics as great mathematicians who lived on
Earth. – Added the Third Spirit to help his companion.
-That’s certain: to be a Spirit of Mathematics you have to be a dead mathematician. – added the Third Spirit, as an
unnecessary explication.
-So, you didn’t get the wrong address, and you didn’t come to show me the past, present and future Christmas. So why
did you come here? - Lucas asked, and added: - By the way, maybe I’m dreaming?
-No, man, you’re not dreaming – answered the First Spirit – What’s happening to you is real. And we appeared
precisely to you, because you (even if you still don’t know it) will be a great mathematician. And as we know it all, we
appear to young future mathematicians to encourage them.
-Will I get the Fields Medal? – Lucas asked.
-Hey, don’t ask too much. For the time being, just know that you will be a great mathematician, that’s not bad, isn’t it?
By the way, what’s that grid on your desktop?
-A very simple problem I was preparing for a friend of mine. You know, we invent problems and propose them to each
other…
-To disturb each other.... - said the First Spirit with a smile.
-No, we do it because we like mathematics.
-Well, let me see it – said the First Spirit, taking the sheet on the desktop, while some scrolls were falling from his
hands… and read:
“Complete the square”
1 3 ?
13 1 5
8 21 2
-Well, you’re right, this problem is not that simple, even though I’m an expert in geometry…. you know, I’m not that
familiar with Arabic numerals, because I learned them when I was already a ghost: in my hometown, Syracuse, we
didn’t even have Roman numeration!
Luckily, being a ghost, I could follow the evolution of mathematics, from my century until now: because of this I know
the Arabic numerical system, that (I have to admit that!) is very good, was brought to Europe by the great Fibonacci in
the 13th century, even though it didn’t become popular until the 15th century.
-Well, yes, that was more than 300 years after he brought it – Lucas said, to make the old man in the tunic aware that he
knew what he was talking about.
- But, in the end, we can say that this problem is rather simple. By the way, sir Newton, maybe we could suggest this
apprentice mathematician a problem that’s a little more difficult than the previous one, just to disturb his friend, what do
you think?
- Very good, we could propose him that problem about....- he answered
- One moment, one moment... are you Isaac Newton? – Lucas asked, unable to control his surprise. And before the
Second Spirit could answer, he turned his head to the Third Spirit of Mathematics and asked: -And so you, surely you
are...
3. -Leonhard Euler, at your service – he answered, bowing.
-And you, your outfit makes me think that you are Archimedes, aren’t you?
- You guessed correctly... even if people usually represent me very bad. As portraits of Newton and Euler do exist, you
can easily imagine how they looked like, but as of me... – the Spirit of Archimedes answered.
-At first, I thought you were the Three Wise Men in disguise! This situation is becoming surrealistic. Now I am really
sure that this is a dream.
-Why? – Newton’s Spirit asked – You believe that we are the Three Spirits of Mathematics, that we are the Three Wise
Men in disguise .... and you don’t believe that we are Archimedes, Euler and I.
-Because I was influenced by Dickens’s tale.... and because it’s Christmas time! – Lucas answered, and added, calm
enough- Anyway, what was that problem you were talking about?
-Well – said the Spirit of Archimedes, give him the problem, sir Newton. And as you also are an astronomer, give him a
problem about planets.
And the Spirit of Newton wrote on a piece of paper a short text and drew a picture, offering the paper to Lucas, who
read the text aloud:
“Two planets turn around the same star. The external one takes twelve years to complete an orbit, and the internal one
takes ten. In this moment they are aligned with the star. When will they be aligned the next time?
-Isn’t that too difficult for a 21st century young man? Consider that nowadays, with so much television and Playstation,
teenagers’ neurons are a little bit ..... – said the Spirit of Archimedes.
-Difficult? I think it’s rather normal.... I would propose an even harder one. Anyone of my thirteen children could solve
this planetary problem at the first attempt – said Euler’s Spirit, ducking again to pick up, helped by his companions,
some of his books that had fallen on the floor.
-All these books, papers and scrolls falling on the floor are making me nervous. Why are you carrying so many pieces
of paper and books? – Lucas asked.
- That’s because we always take with us the essential part of our works, just in case. And, of course, in my case I chose
the three books of my masterpiece’s first edition, Philosophiae naturalis principia matematica. In the case of
Archimedes, that’s a little bit harder, as in his times they didn’t bind sheets in the form of books he has to travel
carrying all these scrolls: that’s rather uncomfortable. And as of Euler, look at him, he is constantly loaded with his
complete works. And he published more than 500 books and articles, writing an average 800 pages per year: he was the
most prolific mathematician in History – and, helping Euler to pick up some of his books who had fallen on the ground,
he added – And, as he is blind (he lived his last days of his earthly life in this condition), we have to help him and we
always end up tired of all this…Our body can’t stand it… well, really, we haven’t got a body at all, as we’re ghosts!
When all of Euler’s papers had been collected, an uncomfortable silence fell in the room, until Newton’s spirit says: -
Well, we’re leaving.
-Why do you go away so early? – Lucas asked, already used to the spirits’ presence.
-Because we have to appear to three more maths students to tell them that they will become great mathematicians in the
future. The problem is, one of them lives in France and another one lives in Germany, well, that’s rather close… but the
third student lives in Australia. We also need to consider the time shift, and we have to appear in the night because it's
more spectacular!- added the Spirit of Archimedes.
At this point, Euler’s spirit asked: -Do you want a harder problem to propose to your friend?
-Yes, that sounds good.
4. -Very good, so please note the problem’s formulation, that’s very easy to write down, even if the problem is hard.
“Find all the natural numbers made of 4 digits, and equal to the cube of the sum of their digits.”
-Is that all? – Lucas asked, astonished –Does this simple formulation hide such a hard problem?
-Try to solve it –Euler answered, smiling.
And the Spirit of Newton, going ahead and considering the apparition over, held his hand out so Lucas could shake it,
and said:
-Well, Lucas, good luck in your studies and remember: if you succeed that will be because you studied hard!
Lucas shook the hands of Newton and Archimedes, but couldn’t do the same with Euler’s, because Euler’s hands were
carrying his huge amount of works. And in an instant, as quickly as they had appeared, they disappeared leaving behind
them their phosphorescent light, which did not vanish until the morning, and a penetrating, weird smell: something like
a mix of incense, roquefort cheese and vanilla.
On the following day, Lucas’s mother, upon entering his son’s bedroom to wake him up and remember him to go to
school, said:
-For heaven’s sake, Lucas, your bedroom smells awfully! I told you a thousand times to ventilate your room from time
to time!
P.S.: Lucas was awarded the Fields Medal in the International Congress of Mathematics of 2032 …. And even though
the spirits of Archimedes, Newton and Euler already knew it, they clapped their hands enthusiastically.
THE END
QUESTIONS
NOTE: The answers to the questions marked with an asterisk (*) are not found in the above text. You can look for them
on the Internet or in books.
1. In the beginning, who does Lucas think the three spirits are?
2. In which time of the year does this tale take place?
3. What book was Lucas reading and who is its author?
4. One of the Three Spirits of Mathematics in this tale is Archimedes. What was his hometown?
5. Who are the two other spirits of mathematics?
6. The Arabic numerical system is the system that's commonly used nowadays. What's the name of the
mathematician who introduced it in Europe? In which century did he introduce it?
7. How many books and articles did Euler write in his life?
8. (*)What is the Fields Medal?
9. (*)The “Fibonacci's succession” is a particular series of numbers. What are the first 10 numbers of this
succession?
10. Try to complete the square proposed in the text above.