1.
Knowledge about Visha, Upavisha &
Metalic preparations.
Knowledge of formulations
containing Visha, Upavisha & Rasa
aushadhis.
Dr.Janardan Panday
Frormer Joint Advisor (Ay)
&
Addl.Drug Controller
Deptt. Of AYUSH G.O.I

2.
THE DRUGS AND
COSMETICS ACT, 1940
Divided Into Five Chapters
contains
38 Sections

3.
The First Schedule
Ayurveda
1. Arogya Kalpadruma
2. Arka Prakasha
3. Arya Bhishak
4. Ashtanga Hridaya
5. Ashtanga Samgraha
6. Ayurveda Kalpadruma
7. Ayurveda Prakasha
8. Ayurveda Samgraha
9. Bhaishajya Ratnavali
10. Brihat Bhaishajya Ratnakara
11. Bhava Prakasha
12. Brihat Nighantu Ratnakara
13. Charaka Samihita
14. Chakra Datta
15. Gada Nigraha
16. Kupi Pakva Rasayana
17. Nighantu Ratnakara
18. Rasa Chandanshu
19. Rasa Raja Sundara
20. Rasaratna Samuchaya
21. Rasatantra Sara Va Siddha
Prayoga Sangraha—Part 1
22. Rasa Tarangini
23. Rasa Yoga Sagara
24. Rasa Yoga Ratnakara
25. Rasa Yoga Samgraha
26. Rasendra Sara Samgraha
27. Rasa Pradipika
28. Sahasrayoga
29. Sarvaroga Chikitsa Ratnam
30. Sarvayoga Chikitsa Ratnam
31. Sharangadhara Samhita
32. Siddha Bhaishajya Manimala
33. Sidha Yoga Samgraha
34. Sushruta Samhita
35. Vaidya Chintamani
36. Vaidyaka Shabda Sindu
37. Vaidyaka Chikitsa Sara
38. Vidya Jiwan
39. Vasava Rajeeyam
40. Yoga Ratnakara
41. Yoga Tarangini
42. Yoga Chintamani
43. Kashyapasamhita
44. Bhelasamhita
45. Vishwanathachikitsa
46. Vrindachikitsa
47. Ayurvedachintamani
48. Abhinavachintamani
49. Ayurveda-Ratnakara
50. Yogaratnasangraha
51. Rasamrita
52. Dravyagunanighantu
53. Rasamanijari
54. Banagasena
54A Ayurvedic Formulary of India (Part-I)
54B Ayurveda Sara Samgraha
54C Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

4.
Conti…
Siddha
55 Siddha Vaidya Thirattu
56 Therayar Maha Karisal
57 Brahma Muni Karukkadai (300)
58 Bhogar (700)
59 Pulippani (500)
60 Agasthiyar Paripuranam (400)
61 Therayar Yamagam
62 Agasthiyar Chenduram (300)
63 Agasthiyar (1500)
64 Athmarakshamrutham
65 Agasthiyar Pin (80)
66 Agasshiyar Rathna Chrukkam
67 Therayar Karisal (300)
68 Veeramamuni Nasa Kandam
69 Agasthiyar (600)
70 Agasthiyar Kanma Soothiram
71 Siddar’s Chillarai Kovai
72 Yog Vatha Kaviyam
73 Therayar Tharu
74 Agasthiyar Vaidya Kaviyam (1500)
75 Bala Vagadam
76 Chimittu Rathna (Rathna)
Churukkam
77 Nagamuni (200)
78 Agasthiyar Chillarai Kovai
79 Chikicha Rathna Deepam
80 Agasthiyar Nayana Vidhi
81 Yugi Karisal (151)
82 Agasthiyar Vallathi (600)
83 Therayar Thaila Varkam
84 Siddha Formulary of India (Part I)]
Unani Tibb System
1 Karabadin Qadri
2 Karabadin Kabir
3 Karabadin Azam
4 Ilaj-ul-Amraz
5 Al Karabadin
6 Biaz Kabir Vol. II
7 Karabadin Jadid
8 Kithalf-ul-Taklis
9 Sanat-ul-Taklis
10 Mifta-ul-Khazain
11 Madan-ul-Aksir
12 Makhzan-ul-murabhat
13 National Formulary of Unani
Medicine (Part I)

5.
SCHEDULE E (1)
[See Rule 161 (2)]
List of poisonous substances under the Ayurvedic (including
Siddha) and Unani Systems of Medicine
A. AYURVEDIC SYSTEM
Drugs of vegetable origin
Ahipena Papaver somniferum Linn.
Arka Calotropis gigantea (linn.)R. Br. ex. Ait.
Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Linn. F
Bhanga Cannabia eativa Linn.
Danti Baliospermum monatanum Mull. Arg
Dhattura Datura metal Linn..
Gunj Abrus precatirius Linn.
Jaipala (Jayapala) Croton tiglium Linn
Karaveera Rerium indicum Mill
Langali Gloriosa superba Linn
Parasika Yavani Hyoseyamus inibar Linn
Snuhi Euphorbia neriifolia Linn
Vatsanabha Acontium Chasmanthum StapfexHolm
Vishamushti Strychnox nuxvomica Linn.
Shringivisha Acontium chasmanthum Stapfex Holm.
II Drugs of Animal Origin .
Sarpa Visha Snake poison
III Drugs of Mineral Origin
Gauripashana Arsenic
Hartala Arseno sulphide
Manahashila Arseno sulphide
Parada Mercury
Rasa Karpura Hydrargyri subchloridum
Tuttha Copper sulphate
Hingula Cinnabar
Sindura Red oxide of lead
Girisindura Red oxide of mercury
B. SIDDHA SYSTEM
Abini Papaver Somniferum Linn.
Alari Nerium indicum Mill.
Azhavanam Lawsonia inermis Linn.
Attru thummatti Citrullis colocynthis Scharad.
Anai Kunri Adanathera pavonina Linn.
Rattha Polam Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Ilaikalli Euphorbia neriifolia Linn.
Eezhaththalari Plumeria acuminota Ait.
Gomatthai Datrua stramonium Linn.
Etti Strychnos nuxvomica Linn.
Ganja Cannabis sativa Linn.
Kalappaik Kizhangu Gloriosa superba Linn.
Kodikkalli Euphorbia tiruqalli Linn.
Chadurakkalli Euphorbia antiquorium Linn.
Karia polam Aloe sp.
Kattamanakku Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.
Kattu thumatti Cucmis trigonus Roxb.
Kunri Abrus precotorusu Linn.
Cheran Kottai Semicorpus anacardium Linn.
Thillai Exoecoria agallocha Linn.
Nabi Aconitum ferox Wall.
Nervalam Croton tiglium Linn.
Pugai Elai Nicotiana tobucum Linn.
Marukkarai Randia dumetorum Lam.
Mansevikkalli Euphorbia sp.
C. UNANI SYSTEM
I Drugs of vegetable origin
Afiyun Papaver somniferum Linn.
Bazrul-banj Hyoscyamus niger Linn
Bish Aconitum chasmanthum Strapfex Holmes
Bhang Cannabis sativa Linn.
Charas Canabis sativa Linn
Dhatura seeds Datura metal Linn (seeds)
Kuchla Strychnos nuxvomica Linn
Shokran Conium maculatum Linn
II Drugs of Animal origin
Sanp (head) Snake (head)
Telni makkhi Mylabris cichori Linn
Mylabaris pustulata Thund
Mylabris macilenta
III Drugs of Mineral origin
Darchikna Hydrargryi perchloridum
Hira Diamond
Ras Kapoor Hydrargryi Subchloridum (calomel)
Shingruf Hydrargryi bisulphuratum
Zangar Cupri subacetas
Sammul-Far (Abyaz, Asfar, Aswad
and Ahmar)
Arsenic (white, yellow, black and red)
Tootiya Copper Sulphate
Para Hydrargyrum
Hartal Arsenic trisulphide (yellow)

6.
AYURVEDIC SYSTEM
• Drugs of vegetable origin
• Ahipena Papaver somniferum Linn.
• Arka Calotropis gigantea (linn.)R. Br. ex. Ait.
• Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium Linn. F
• Bhanga Cannabia eativa Linn.
• Danti Baliospermum monatanum Mull. Arg
• Dhattura Datura metal Linn..
• Gunj Abrus precatirius Linn.
• Jaipala (Jayapala) Croton tiglium Linn
• Karaveera Rerium indicum Mill
• Langali Gloriosa superba Linn
• Parasika Yavani Hyoseyamus inibar Linn
• Snuhi Euphorbia neriifolia Linn
• Vatsanabha Acontium Chasmanthum StapfexHolm
• Vishamushti Strychnox nuxvomica Linn.
• Shringivisha Acontium chasmanthum Stapfex Hol

7.
AYURVEDIC SYSTEM
• II Drugs of Animal Origin .
• Sarpa Visha Snake poison
• III Drugs of Mineral Origin
• Gauripashana Arsenic
• Hartala Arseno sulphide
• Manahashila Arseno sulphide
• Parada Mercury
• Rasa Karpura Hydrargyri subchloridum
• Tuttha Copper sulphate
• Hingula Cinnabar
• Sindura Red oxide of lead
• Girisindura Red oxide of mercury

8.
Synonyms of visha
• विषं हालाहलं ब्रह्मपुत्रं सौरष्ट्र्काहम म
• प्रदीपनं दारदाख् ं काकोलं शौक्तिके कं
• अहहछत्रम मेषशृङ्गं क्ष्िेडो हैमििं ्मृिं
• िथा वपप्पलपािालमललनानन च के िलम ्
• Visha,Halahal,Brahm-putra,Sourashtra,
• Pradeepana,Darada,Kakola,souktikeya,Ahichh
atra,Meshshringi,Kustha,Haimavata,Pippala,
• Patala,Malina&Kambala

9.
Visha
The word Visha is derived from the root ‘vis’ (vyaptau)
having ‘kt’pratyaya which means to encompass or to get
fully pervaded or to get occupied.
Thus the one which pervades the whole body
immediately after ingestion is called as Visha
2 . A substance which causes sadness to the world is
also called as visha.
Hence visha dravya may be defined as a substance
which is life threatening or produces many other
complications and brings about sadness
other complications and brings about sadness.

10.
Visha&Bheshja
In Ayurvedic classics, after proper processing, many visha
dravyas are used as aushadha dravya because, dose
differentiates a drug from poison, a medicine at one
dose,can serve as visha or poison at the other. Hence, a
substance which is fatal at relatively smaller dose can be
considered as visha. Visha dravyas are attributed with
certain properties which are responsible for its fatality in
smaller dose. Action of visha i.e. poison in context of its
gunas, vega lakshanas and dhatugata lakshanas is very
elaborately explained in Ayurvedic texts. Visha when used
by proper yukti (justification) can be converted to
bheshaja

11.
contd
The treatment of visha vegas, in a very systematic
manner, according to twenty four upakramas are
also explained in different texts. These vega-
lakshanas and upakramas too depend on the gunas
and gati of visha. So to understand Ayurvedic
concept of visha it is necessary to understand its
gunas. Authors of different classical texts of
Ayurveda described their view regarding the types,
properties, actions of visha dravya and their
management, in a scattered manner.

12.
Brief History
The history of visha (poison) and its treatment ways back to centuries. The mythological concept
regarding origin of visha states that it was created at the time of creation of universe by lord
Bramha .Some opine that it was obtained during samudra manthana. References regarding visha
or poison and poisoning can also be traced in Vedas. In Atharvaveda (1500 B.C.),description of
two types of visha i.e sthavara and jangama and their management through mantrachikitsa is
narrated. In Ramayana (500 B.C.), Rama and Lakshmana were treated for poisoning by Vaidya
Sushena with the help of Sanjeevani vidyaa along with four types of herbs from Himalaya. In
Mahabharata (400 B.C.13), poisoned Bhima was treated by the sarpavisha. Further, a
conversation between Kashyapa and Takshaka regarding treatment of poisoing (vishachikitsa) is
also reported in Mahabharata. Brahmavaivarta Purana (3/51) (600 B.C. to 700 A.D.) also narrates
the conversation between Dhanvantari and Nagadevi which gives information about condition of
Vishachikitsa at that time. In Kautiliya Arthashastra(363 B.C.), a book not related to toxicology,
many references regarding visha particularly description regarding kalakuta, vatsanabha,
halahala, meshasringa, musta, kushtha, mahavisha, vellitaka, gaurardra, balaka, markata,
haimavata, kalingaka,daradaka, kolasaraka, ushtraka, are mentioned .
Ayurveda dedicated one of its branches as Danshtrachikitsa/ Agadatantra/ Vishatantra
Vishagaravairodhikaprashamana which is dedicated solely to the concept and treatment of
visha. These references provide ample evidence to prove that toxicology was a well developed
branch in ancient India

13.
Classification
Visha, basing upon its origin, has been classified into two
categories viz. Jangamavisha (animal poison) and
Sthavaravisha (plant and mineral poisons)The sites of
Sthavaravisha and jangamavisha are narrated as ten and
sixteen respectively.
Further it is also classified as
Akritrimavisha(naturalpoison) And
kritrimavisha/Garavisha (unnatural or chemically prepared
poison)
Akritrima visha is again sub divided into two i.e. sthavara and
jangama
Certain texts of Rasashastra and Dravyaguna classified visha in
various manners like mahavisha-upavisha etc.

14.
विष्च त्रत्रविधं प्राहु ्थािरं जङ्गमं
गरम
• दशाधध्ठानमाद् ञ्च द्वििी ं षोडसास्र ं
• गरञ्च कृ त्रत्रमं प्रोतिं विरुद्धम भोजनाहदकं
• मूलं पत्रं फलं पुष्ट्रपं त्िक् क्षीरं सर एि च
• नन ाासो धाििश्चैि कन्द्च ्थािराश्र ााः
• दृक्ष्ट्रिननश्िासशिजा नख्मूत्रपुरीषजााः
• शुक्र लालािािदन्ष्ट्र्ााः मुखसंदन्श(वि)शधधािााः
• िुण्डाक््थवपत्तशूका्च षोडशेनि प्रक्निािााः
• रसलमत्र

15.
Sources of poison
• three varities of poison
• 1,Sthavar,2 Jangam 3,Gara
• 1 sthavar 10 sources-(Root, leave,
Fruit,Flower,Bark,lactate,Exudate, wood,
metals &Tubers)
• 2 jangam 16 sources-(sight,Respiration,Dead
body,touch,teeth,Mouth,Nail,Bone,Urine,Stool
Semen,Mense,Saliva,Stinge,Bile,Blood)

16.
कन्द विष
• सतिुकं कालकू िंच लसिमु्िं िथैि च
• शृङ्गी कृ ष्ट्रण विषञ्चैि पञ्चैिे िु महाविषााः
• ग्रन्थान्िरे (र ि )
हलाहलाःसतिुक कालकू िौ,शृङ्गीप्रदीपािथित्सनाभाः
सब्रह्मपुत्र्चहररद्रक्चसौराक्ष्ट्र्कश्चेनिविषानि् ुाः
रससारे
म ूरम कालकू िञ्च सतिुकं विन्दुकं िथा
ित्सनाभं सुनभञ्च संख्नाभं सुमङ्गलम्
शृङ्गी ककोिकम मु्िं पुष्ट्रकरम् शुतलकन्दकं
रति शृङ्गं हाररद्रं च विषम् हालाहलं िथा

17.
रसेन्द्र चूडामणण
• अष्ट्रिादशविधम ् ज्ञे ं कन्दजं प्रथमं विषं
• कालकू िं म ूराख् ं विन्दुकं सतिुकं िथा
• बालुकं बत्सनाभञ्च शङ्खनाभं सुमङ्गलम ्
• शृङ्गी मका िकम मु्िं कदामं पुष्ट्रकरम् लशखी
• हाररद्रं हररिं चक्रं विषं हालाहलं िथा

18.
Various strong poisons
Saktuka,kalkoota,sita-musta,shringi&krishna(5)
Other acharya(9)Halahal,saktuka,kala-
koota,shringi,Pradeepa,Vatsanabha,Brahmaputra,H
aridraka,SourastrikaRasasara(18)Mayura,kalkoota,s
haktuka,Binduka,Vats,Nabh,Sunabha,SankhaNabh,S
umangala,shringi,karkotaka,Mustak,Pushkar,Shukla,
kanda,Raktashringa,Haridra,Vish,Halahala.Rasendra
chudamani(18)kalkoota,Mayur,Vinduk,saktuk,valuk,
vatsnabh,shankhnabh,sumangal,shringi,markataka,
musta,kardam,pushkar,shikhi,Haridra,harit,
chakra,halahal

19.
Therapeutically useful species
• सतिुकं मुष्ट्रिकं शृङ्गी बालुकं सषापाहम ं
• ित्सनाभञ्च कू माञ्च श्िेिशृङ्गी िथाष्ट्रिमम ्
• 1,saktuka------------2Mustaka-Cyprus Rotandus
• 3 shringi--------------4 Baluka ---------------------
• 5sarsapa--------------6 kurma---------------------
• 7shvet shringi--------8 vatsanabha-Aconite

20.
Properties of Poison
रूक्षमुष्ट्रणं िथा िीक्ष्णम सूक्ष्ममाशु म िान च
विकाशी विसरन््चैि लब्धपाक् च ित््मृिं
िद्रौक्ष् ात्कोप ेद्िा ु मौष्ट्रण् ाक्त्पत्तं स शोणणिं
मानसम् मोह े िैक्ष्ण् ाि् अङ्ग बन्धाः नछनत् वप
शरीराि िान सौक्ष्् ात्प्रविशेि् विकरोनि च
आशुत्िादाशु िद््नक्न्ि म िा ाि प्रकृ निं भजेि्
क्षार े्च विकालशत्िाद दोषान्धािु मलानवप
िैस ाादनिरर् ेि दुक््चककत्् ्च लाघिाि
दुजारं चाविपाककत्िाि् ि्माि् तलेश िे धचरं
सद् ो म ापद ेत्तत्तु ज्ञे ं दशगुणाक्न्ििम्
ह् ष्ट्रिौिेगा प्रजा न्िे सहसा विष शीललनाः

21.
Stage wise symptoms
प्रशमाः प्रथमे िेगे ,द्वििी े िेपथुभािेि
दाहो िेगे िृिी े िु चिूथे च विचेक्ष्ट्रििा
फे नन्िु पञ्चमे िेगे षष्ट्रठे ्कन्ध प्रभञ्जनं
जडिा सप्िमे िेगे मरणं चाष्ट्रिमे भिेि्
विष िेगानननिज्ञात्िा मन्त्रद्रम ैविानाश ेि
अनिमात्रं दा भुतिं िदात्िं िन्कणम ् वपबेि्

22.
Management
रजनीं मेघनादञ्च सपााक्क्षं ि घृिाक्न्ििं
ललहेद िा मधुसवपाभ ां चूणणािां अजुानत्िकं
िानिमात्रे विषेभुतिे िमनं कार ेि बुधाः
अजा दुग्धं प्रदद् ा्च िाक्न्ि ननग्रहणा िै
िमनं राक्जका चूणालिणिारर शीलनाि
मदना् फलेनेनि मीन् धौिांबुनावप िा

23.
Technique for Human consumption
त्रत्रशूललकाम अश्िगन्धाम् गोक्जहिाम त्रत्रफ़लाम् िथा
प्रथमं भक्षन त्िा च सेि ेद्धध विषम िरम
ब्रह्मच ं प्र त्नेन विषकल्पे सदाचरेि ्
गम क्षीर घृिं पे ं शाल् न्नं भक्ष ेि सदा
जाङ्गलानन च मान्सानन छागलानन िथैि च
शका रा माक्क्षकं चैि शीिं द्रम ं च सेि ेि

24.
Dose for consumption
प्रथमा साषापीमात्रा द्वििी ा सषापद्ि ं
िृिी े च चिूथे च पञ्चमे हदिसे िथा
षष्ट्रठे च सप्िमे चैि क्रं िृद्् ा वििधा ेि्
सप्ि सषाप मात्रेण प्रथमं सप्िके भजेि्
क्रम हान् ा िथा सेम ं द्वििी े सप्िके विषं
िमात्रम ् िथा दे ं िृिी े सप्िके क्रमाि्
िृद्धध हान् ा च दािम ं चिूथे सप्िके िथा
ि मात्रं ग्रसेत््ि्थो गुञ्जा मात्रञ्च कु ष्ट्रठिान

25.
Season of consumption
• विषं ोज् ं मुहदिे भानौ सदा शीि िसन्ि ोाः
• ग्रीष्ट्रमे चात् धधके म ाधौ ण िषाासु न दुहदाने

26.
Do’s during consumption
• घृिं क्षीरं लसिां क्षौद्रं गोधूमं लसद्ध िण्डुलं
• मररचं सैन्धिं द्राक्षां मधुरं पानकं हहमं
• ब्रह्मच ं हहमं देशं हहमं कालं हहमं जलं
• श्रेष्ट्रठं सिे भजेन्नूनं हहिा विषभक्षकाः

27.
Don’ts during consumption
• कट्ि्ल लिणं िैलं हदिा्िप्नानलािपान्
• िजा ेदधधकाहारं नाप्नोनि मृत् ुिोभ ं

28.
िजानी विषाणण
• कालकू िं मेषशृङ्गी हालाहलश्च दादुारम
• कका िं मका िम ् ग्रक्न्थ हाररद्रं रतिधश्रङ्धगकं
• के शरं दशमंचेनि िजानी ंलभष्ट्रग्िरैाः
• धचत्रमुत्पल कन्दाभं सुवपष्ट्रिं सतिुिि भिेि्
• सतिुकन्िु विजानी ाद्हदघं िेगं महोल्िणम ्

29.
Pharmacology&Therapeutics
ित्सनाभं किु ्िेद् म् नितिं मूत्रेल्मेि च
आग्ने ं िेद्न्नं च सादनम ् शूलनाशनं
अलभघाि रुजं हक्न्ि विषपं कफजान गदान
आमिािं महाघोरं हृद्रोगमवप दारुणम्
पुण्डरीकं सविषफ़ोिम ् श्िेिमौदु्बरं िथा
नछन्न लभन्न्च कापालं क्तलन्नाहं शिगक्न्ध हह

30.
Importance of Sodhana
The poisonous plants reported in ancient scriptures of Ayurveda are being
still practiced widely in a number of diseases after proper Shodhana
(purificatory procedures). Ayurvedic physicians successfully employed these
drugs after proper Shodhana (processing) known as Samaskara. The concept
of Shodhana was mentioned for the first time in Charaka Samhita in the
context of Danti Dravanti Kalpadhyaya. To reduce the ‘Vikasi’ property of
Danti root,Charaka mentioned it as ‘Samaskara’ Acharya Vagbhata also
mentioned the Shodhana of plant drugs in detail in the context of Bhallataka
Rasayana and 'Bhallataka. The concept of Shodhana in Ayurveda is not only a
process of purification/detoxification but also a purificatory procedure to
enhance the potency an efficacy of the drug. It is reported that Aconite
(Vatsanabha) purified by cow’s urine is converted to cardiac stimulant,
whereas raw Aconite is cardiac depressant. It is clearly mentioned in ‘Bhava
Prakasa’ that the bad/toxic effects attributed to ‘Asodhita Visas’ are
minimized when these are used after being subjected to ‘Sodhana’ process.
Hence ‘Vishas’ should be subjected for ‘Sodhana’ before being used in
therapeutics

31.
vatsanabha formulations in AFI Part I
• 8:46 Mahavishgarbha Tel (Sl.No.54,57)
• 8:a8 LaghuVishgarbha Tel(8)
• 8:56 VranaRakshas Tel(7)
• 12:1 AgniTundiVati(2)
• 12:4 Kasturyadi(Vayu)Gutika(37)
• 12:13 Dugdha Vati (1)
• 12:32 SankhaVati(10)
• 12:33 Sowbhagya Vati(2)
• 12:35 Sanjeevani Vati(10)
• 20:2 Ashvakanchuki Ras(4)
• 20:3 Anandbhairav Ras(2)
• 20:8 Kaphaketu Ras(4)

32.
Contd. Vatsanabha AFI-I
• 20:18 Jvararyabhra Ras(5)
• 20:20 TribhvanKirtiRas(2)
• 20:22 NagvallabhaRas(10)
• 20:23 PrabhakarRas(4)
• 20:28 Maha Vat GajankushRas(13)
• 20:37 LaghvanandRas(4)
• 20:38 LakshmiNarayanRas(3)
• 20:24 VatVidhvanshanRas(14)
• 20:49 SvasKutharRas(3)
• 20:51 Svarna BhupatiRas(9)
• 20:52 SutShekharRas(4)
• 20:53 shuchika BharanRas(4)

33.
Visha Dravya (Poisonous Substances)
In spite of their fatal effect many visha dravyas are used
as medicines e.g. many of the of the poisonous plants as
well as rasaushadhis which are reported for their toxic
nature but they are used, after proper processing, widely
in the treatment without any adverse effects as they are
effective in small doses to cure the diseases.Visha
dravyas, along with their undesirable properties, are also
incorporated with certain desirable properties, by which
they act faster than other medicines or plants.Further, to
make these properties therapeutically effective certain
shodhana (purificatory) procedures are explained in the
classical texts, which may be helpful for diminution of
toxic properties of the poisonous substances

34.
Gunas (Properties) of Visha
Acharya Charaka and Sushruta have enumerated ten
similar gunas of visha with an exception of apaaki
(Sushruta) being replaced by anirdeshya rasa (Charaka).A
visha dravya, having all these ten gunas to its maximum
extent, is called as mahavisha, while those having these
gunas to a smaller extent or less than ten gunas are
termed as upavishas Acharya Vagbhata has attributed
eleven gunas to a visha dravya by including apaki and
Avyaktarasa (instead of anirdeshya rasa)
Sharngadhara(13th century A.D.) has stated certain extra
gunas of visha dravya like chhedi, madavaha, jivitahara
and yogavahi

35.
Visha Dravya and its Action
On the basis of the actions on various components of body, the
probable mode of action of a visha dravya has been described in
Ayurveda. It produces distress of the body constituents, burning
sensation and putrefaction. Vishada guna, does not contain any
mucous nature and doesn’t stop anywhere in the body, passes
through all the doshas resulting in their vitiation. In this way,
visha leads to vitiation of all the three doshas and becomes
complicated to treat. Vikasi guna breaks the bonding between
various dhatus and brings about looseness in the dhatus
(dhatushaithilya) and resulting in their improper function.
Activity of a visha dravya depends on the dominance of its
possessing guna. For instance the domination of ruksha guna
will lead to the vitiation of vata, domination of sukshma guna
lead to vitiation of rakta dhatu as compared to others, while
domination of tikshna guna will lead to the impairment of three
marmas of the body i.e.shira, hridaya and basti and may lead to
murchha, sanyasa and other symptoms of marmaghata.

36.
Visha vis a vis Madya
Classical text of Ayurveda attributed ten common
gunas
to both Madya and visha, where the intensity of the
Guna
of visha is more than that of madya.
Study of visha gunas is necessary for its treatment.
Since the basis of treatment is samanya-vishesha
siddhanta a drug or diet which is opposite in the
properties as that of the disease should be used for
its treatment.

37.
Treatement Principle for visha
Treatment of any ailment is prescribed to be done through.daivavyapashraya, yuktivyapashraya
satvavajaya and Vishachikitsa is not different.
Daivavyapashraya chikitsa has got the first position while treating poisoning in the form of
mantra. Along with this it also consists of manaschihkitsa i.e. ashvasana which is very important
while treating snake bite.
During yuktivyapashraya chikitsa.For the management of visha, the drug or formulation used
must be of opposite guna as that of visha or similar to the guna of oja.
Accordingly it can be presumed that all the dravyas of jivaniya gana can be used for the treatment
of visha.as Oja which gets vitiated due to vishaprayoga should be brought back to its normalcy by
these drugs.
Ghrita is the substance which has similar gunas as that of oja is useful in treating such conditions.
Due to its yogavahi nature,as it can acquire the gunas of the substance with which it is mixed
without losing its own gunas and also attributed with the vishahara property. So it can be used as
the best media for treating visha conditions.Due to its madhura, snigdha, shita, mrudu, shlakshna,
ojasya,jivaniya gunas which acts to pacify visha.Goghrita is considered as superior. Acharyas have
also explained use of various formulations in toxic conditions. These formulations are called as
agada.

38.
Review of Literature for visha & Upavisha
• In literature ‘Rasarnava’ appears to be the first text to mention about ‘Visa’
‘Upavisa’ classification. After‘Rasarnava’, ‘Rasa Ratnakara’, ‘Rasendra
Cudamani’ and‘Rasa Ratna Samucchaya’ have mentioned about five
‘Visas’while other texts like ‘Rasendra Cintamani’, ‘SarngadharaSamhita’,
Bhava Prakasa and Ayurveda Prakasa have enumerated nine dravyas as ‘Visas’.
The Author of‘Rasatarangini’ (20th A D) described only ‘Vatsanabha’ in‘Visa’
group considering its medicinal importance, common availability and frequent
use in therapeutics. The other drugs of poisonous nature have been included
in ‘Upavisa’ group by this text. The literary review on the subject revealed that
there is a difference of opinion amongst the authors regarding the drugs of
‘Upavisa’ group. ‘Rasarnava Kara’ mentioned five dravyas in ‘upavisa; group,
while ‘RasaratnaSamucchaya Kara’ and ‘Rasendra Cintamani Kara’enumerated
seven drugs; in later texts like ‘AyurvedaPrakasa’ and ‘Yogaratnakara’ it is
raised up to nine while in‘Rasa Tarangini it has gone up to eleven.
• Thus historically there seems to be a gradual increase in the number of
poisonous herbs which means more and more drugs have been recognized
for their poisonous nature as the time passed.

39.
Sl UPVI
SHA
Rasar
nava
RRS R.Ci. BP R Sa
Ka
RKD AyP Y.R Suta
pradi
Ra
Tar
1 Snuhi
kshe
era
+ - + + + + - + - +
2 Arka
Kshe
era
+ + + + + + + + - +
3 Dhat
ura
+ + + + + + + + + +
4 Karve
era
+ + + + + + + + + +

40.
5 Lang
ali
+ + + + halini + + + + +
6 Vish
mush
ti
- + - - + - + + + +
7 Vijay
a
- + - - - - + - + +
8 Nilak
a
- + - - - - - - + +
9 Gunj
a
- - + + - + + + - +
10 Ahip
hena
- - + + - + + + - +
11 Jayap
al
- - - - - - - + - +
Sl UPVI
SHA
Rasar
nava
RRS R.Ci. BP R Sa
Ka
RKD AyP Y.R Suta
pradi
Ra
Tar

41.
Various Sodhana Procedures
Mentioned for Upavisha
Review of Ayurvedic literature reveals that the following ‘Sodhana
procedures’ have been mentioned for different ‘Visopavisa’ drugs.
(i) Gomutra Nimajjana (soaking in cow’s urine) for a prescribed
period
(ii) Swedana (boiling) in different liquids such as cow’s milk, Goat’s
milk, cow’s urine, vegetable extractives and Kanjika etc.
(iii) Bharjana (frying) with ghee or without ghee.
(iv) Bhavana (Maceration / trituration), with vegetable extractives
(v) Nishshehana (reducing of oily content) (vi) Ksalana (washing)
with hot water.
VI Nistvacikarana (Decortications).
Among the above procedures the treatment with cow’s urine and
boiling in cow’s milk are the most common procedures applied for
almost all the ‘Visopavisa’ drugs.

42.
Ahipena Papaver somniferum Linn.

43.
Papaver somniferum Linn
The opium obtained from the fruits is bitter, astringent, sweet, constipating,
aphrodisiac,sedative, somniferous, narcotic, myotic, antispasmodic,sudorific and
nervine tonic. It is useful in cough, fever,inflammatory affections of eye, otitis,
proctalgia and low back pain due to diarrhoea and dysentery. It is good for internal
haemorrhages, decrease secretions, restrain tissue changes and used as analgesic. It
beneficial in migraine,malaria, dysmenorrhoea, cystitis, menorrhagia and other painful
conditions. Opium (the in bspissated milky juice from immature capsules) is a soporific
drug, given either alone or as an adjunct, in the preparation of various medicines. It
acts on the CNS, induces sleep, relieves pain,develops euphoria and highly toxic in
large doses. Opium available in the market is purified by steeping in cold water for 5-6
h. The insoluble brown latex finds application in the Ayurvedic medicine. It is
prophylactic in post-operative period (50-60 mg/day). Vapours of boiling water mixed
with small doses of opium, is useful in conjunctivitis.Camphorated opium (1:1) is an
excellent pain killer in sprain.However, it is contraindicated for people suffering from
asthma, cardiac and urinary bladder diseases. Seed oil, free from narcotic principles is
useful in diarrhoea and dysentery At the present time opium in combination with
other drugs is used in diabetes. An infusion of the capsules is used as a soothing
application for bruises, inflammatory swellings, sometimes in painful conjunctivitis,
inflammation of ear, irritant cough and sleeplessness. The petals are bitter

44.
FOrmulations of opium in AFI part I
• 1:7 Ahiphenasava(2)
• 11:2 kacchoradi churnam(28)
• 12:2 Ashtakshari Gutika (1)
• 20:7 karpura Rasa(2)

45.
Arka Calotropis gigantea (linn.)R. Br.
ex. Ait

46.
ArkaCalotropis procera is small, erect and compact shrub, which is used in several traditional medicines to cure
various diseases. This shrub has been known to possess analgesic, antitumor, antihelmintic, antioxidant,
hepatoprotective, anti diarrhoeal, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, oestrogenic, antinociceptive, and anti malarial
activity. All the parts, viz, root, stem, leaf and flowers of Calotropis are in common use in indigenous system of
medicine.Compounds derived from the plant have been found to have emeto-cathartic and digitalic properties.
The principal active medicines are asclepin and mudarin Other compounds have been found to have
bactericidal and vermicidal properties. The latex contains a proteolytic enzyme called caloptropaine.An infusion
of bark powder is used in the treatment and cure of leprosy and elephantiasis. It is inadvisable to use bark that
has been kept for more than a year.The root bark is an emetic, the flower a digestive, and a tonic is used for
asthma and catarrh. Bark and wood stimulate lactation in cattle46. Roots (extremely poisonous) are applied for
snakebite. The milky sap is used as a rubefacient and is also strongly purgative and caustic. The latex is used for
treating ringworm, guinea worm blisters, scorpion stings, venereal sores and ophthalmic disorders; also used as
alaxative. Its use in India in the treatment of skin diseases, it has caused severe bullous dermatitis leading
sometimes to hypertrophic scars. The local effect of the latex on the conjunctiva l congestion, epiphora and
local anaesthesia The twigs are applied for the preparation of diuretics, stomach tonic and anti-diarrhoetics
and for asthma. Also used in abortion, as an anthelmintic, for colic, cough, whooping cough,
dysentery,headache, lice treatment, jaundice, sore gums and mouth, toothache, sterility, swellings and ulcer
Root bark of C. procera exerts anti proliferative action against Hep2 cells via apoptotic and cell cycle disruption
based mechanism.The latex is used as an abortifacient, spasmogenic and carminative properties, anti dysentric,
anti syphilitic, anti rheumatic, antifungal, mullusccide, diaphoretic and for the treatment of leprosy, bronchial
asthma and skin affection. Different parts of the plant have been reported to possess a number of biological
activities such as proteolytic, antimicrobial, larvicidal, nematocidal, anticancer, anti- inflammatiory action. Its
flowers possess digestive and tonic properties. On the contrary, the powdered root bark has been reported to
give relief in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root of the plant is used as a carminative in the treatment of
dyspepsia. The root bark and leaves of Calotropis procera are used by various tribes of central India as a
curative agentfor jaundice.

47.
Arka formulations in AFI-I
• 6:22 Dhanvantara Ghrita (17)
• 8:16 Chitrakadi tel (2)
• 8:30 Prabhanjana vimardana tel (5)
• 8:46 MahaVishgarbh tel(32)
• 8:53 Vajraka Tel(4)
• 8:60SaidhvadiTel(2)
• 10:1 ArkaLavana(1)
• 10:3 AbhayaLavan(3)
• 10:4 AbhayaLavana(3)
• 10:4 AviltoladiBhasma Kshara(4)
• 10:12 Vajra kshara(10&8)
• 20:6 Ekangaveer Rasa(21)
• 20:24 BrihatKasturiBhairavRas(9)
• 20:45 Vat Vidhvansana Ras(21)
• 20:54 SutikaBharanRas(14)

48.
Bhallataka Semecarpus anacardium
Linn. F

49.
Bhallataka
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, also called the
“marking nut has been evaluated pharmacologically the following actions. Vardhaman
yoga of S. anacardium when administered for 4 weeks shows positive response in
periarticular arthritis of shoulder, Sciatic neuralgia and early stage of rheumatoid
arthritis along with spondylitis. Bhallaka has been evaluated pharmacologically on the
isolated tissue and the whole animal Anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti arthritic and
antioxidant activity have been reported in experimental animals. Very few studies
have been reported on hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti atherogenic, antifungal,
anti fertility and neuroprotective activity.Anti inflammatory and anti arthritic activity
of milk extract and chloroform extract have been documented in rats and mice.Oil rich
fraction of water extract of nut shows inhibition of lipopolysaccharide induced nitic
acid production. It has significant effect against FeSO4 induced lipid per oxidation with
alcohol extract.The biflavonoids from the stem bark shows dose dependant anti
inflammatory activity in carageenan induced paw oedema comparable to that of
ibuprofen. Nut extract demonstrated antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity on
the compounds of the immune system in adjuvant induced arthritis.Effective
regulation of cartilage metabolism and bone turn over in experimental model of
arthritis by the nut milk extract has been demonstrated. Cytotoxic effect on the cell of
P388 lymphocytic leukaemia was demonstrated by acetylated oil of the nut. Anti
mutagenic activity has been shown by ‘Ames test’ with water, alcohol and oil extract of
nut.

50.
Formulations in AFI Part I
• 1:25 Madhukasava(4)
• 3:6 Kutajavaleha (18)
• 6:3 AmritaBhallataka(1)
• 6:6 Eladi Gutika(15)
• 6:22 Dhanvantara Ghrita(20)
• 6:23 NarsimhaGrita(5)
• 6:27 Panchatikta Guggulu Ghrita(25)
• 7:18 NarsimhaChurna(5)
• 7:21 Nyagrodhadi Churna(28)
• 7:26 BhallatakaRasayana(1)
• 8:32 Prasarini Tel(16)
• 10:6 Kalyanaka kshara(11)
• 12;34 SuranaVataka(11)
• 12:35 Sanjeevani Vati (9)

51.
Bhanga Cannabis sativa Linn

52.
Vijaya
• भङ्गा गन्जा मािुलानी मादनी विज ा ज ा
• भङ्गा कफ़ हरर नितिा ग्राहणी पाचनी लघुाः
• निक्षोष्ट्रणा वपत्तला मोह्मद्िाक्ग्ििधानन
• भा.प्र.

53.
Formulations of vijaya in AFI Part I
• 3:12 Jirkadi Modaka(2)
• 7:36 Svalnayika Churne(11)
• 7:12 Jatiphaladya Churna(21)
• 20:39 Lakshmi Vilas Ras(9)
• 20:32 Ratnagiri Ras(14)

54.
Danti Baliospermum monatanum Mull.
Arg

55.
दन्िी
• दन्िीद्ि ं सरं पाके रसे च किु दीपनं
• गुदान्कु राश््शूलाशााः कण्डूकु ष्ट्रठविदाहनुि
• िीक्ष्णोष्ट्रणं हक्न्ि वपत्तास्रकफ़शोथोदरकक्रमीन
• भा.प्र.

56.
Formulations of Danti in AFI Part-I
• Abhayarishta(15)
• Dantyadyarishta(1)
• Devdarvyadyarishta(5)
• Kumaaryasava(A)(32)

57.
Danti -contd
3:13 Danti Haritaki(1)
5:2 Kaishor Guggulu(15)
6:7 KalyanakaGhrita(26)
6:20 Dadhika Ghrita(53)
6:22 Dhanvantara Ghrita(12)
6:31 Brihat phala Ghrita(32)
6:32 Brahmi Ghrita (8)
6:33 MahaKalyanakGhrita(19)
6:37Mishraka Sneha(5)

58.
Danti -cntd
7:19 Narayana Churna(30)
7:21Nyagrodhadi Churna(20)
7:33 samudradya churna(8)
8:7Kasisadi Tel(9)
10:4 Aviltoladi Bhasma(kshara)(3)
10:6 Kalyan kshar(10)
12:5 kankayan Gulika(3)
12:10 Chandra prabha vati(29)
19:1 Punarnavadi Mandur (15)
20:38 LakshmiNarayanRas(11

59.
Dhattura Datura metal Linn

60.
Dhattura
D. metel Family; Solanaceae, Phytochemical screening of D. metel
seeds revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides,
flavonoids and carbohydrates. Scopolamine (an alkaloid) content of
the plant is higher than that of other Datura species. Traditionally it is
used to treat conditions like mumps, rheumatism, epilepsy and
leprosy. Paste of its leave along with the turmeric is domestic remedy
used to reduce inflammation or along with opium oil to reduce body
lice. Smoke of Dhattura leaves used for the treatment of respiratory
diseases like asthma. It is principally valued as analgesic, a remedy for
violent headache, toothache and piles. Seed were used to treat
vertigo, epilepsy and hydrophobia. It has narcotic property.It has
significant role in treatment of malaria. It also cures Cholera, chronic
diarrhoea, intermittent fever. Datura metel Linn The analgesic and
CNS depressant property of the plant is often attributed to the
presence of this alkaloid (Tyler et al., 1990)81

61.
Dhatura formulations in AFI-I
• Kanakasava(1)
• Mritsanjeevani Sura(25)
• 8:46 MahaVishgarbh Tel(2)
• 8:48 Laghu Vishgarbh Tel(2&9)
• 8:55 Vishtinduk Tel (4)
• 12:13 Dugdha Vati(2&4)
• 20:6 EkangveerRas(22)
• 20:18 Jvararyabhra(6)
• 20:19 Tarunarka Ra(5)
• 20:20 TribhuvankirtiRas(10)
• 20:21 NavaratnarajmrigankaRas(36)
• 20:27 MahalakshmivilasRas(11)
• 20:39 LakshmivilasRas(8)
• 20:57 sutashekharRas(7)

62.
Gunja Abrus precatirius Linn

63.
Gunja
Abrus precatorius is a widely distributed tropical
medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties. The
seeds are used in various diseases like Indralupta
(alopecia), Shotha (edema), Krimi (helminthes), Kustha
(skin diseases), Kandu (itching), Prameha (urinary
disorders) Abrus precatorius have high antioxidant and
anti proliferative activity. Gunja has also been reported
for its antitumor anticancer, anti fertility, CNS depressant
and analgesic activity in experimental models, anti
spermatogenic, anti diarrhoeal and antihelminthic, also in
treatment of ulcer and skin disorders

64.
Gunja containng formulations in AFI-I
8:26 Neeli Bhringadi Tel (11)
12:23 Mritsanjeevani Gutika(18)

65.
Jaipala (Jayapala) Croton tiglium Linn

66.
Jaypal
The genus Croton belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. The Croton oil, the
essential oil of SCT, as the effective part, has been reported to have purgative,
analgesic, antimicrobial, and inflammatory properties. It regulates the
gastrointestinal transit in mice, and affects the inflammatory and
immunological milieu croton oil causes spontaneous smooth muscle
contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and the underlying mechanisms. From
the leaves of C. tiglium, a pyrazine derivative crotonine was isolated which
shows significant analgesic effects. C. tiglium has been extensively studied as
the source of phorbolderivatives Phorbol esters have been shown to be
responsible for eliciting a markable range of biochemical effects except
tumour promoting. skin irritant effects platelet aggregation and cell
differentiation. Eight phorbol esters isolated from the C. figlium have the
ability to inhibit an HIV induced cytopathic effect on MT-4 cells. Ctoton oil
also have anti leukemic action. The most investigated activity of the
phorbolesters proteinkinase C (PKC), which plays a critical role in signal
transduction pathway and regulates the cell growth and differentiation. An In-
vitro and In-vivo Study was done to evaluate the Antinociceptive and Smooth
Muscle Relaxant Activity of Croton tiglium L Seed.

67.
Formulations containing Jayapala in
AFI-I
20:5 Ichhabhedi Ras (6)
20:13 Ashvakanchuki Ras(12)

68.
Karaveera Nerium indicum Mill

69.
Karavir
Nerium oleander L. Family: Apocynaceae. It has been used to provoke menstruation, as an
abortive, and as an antispasmodic in the treatment of angina pectoris. As an external medicine it
is used against all kinds of skin diseases like rash, scabies, ringworm, lice, leprosy and boils, skin
eruptions or irritations in herpes and to destroy maggots in wounds. Latex, bark and roots have
been used against corns, warts, cancerous carcinoma, ulcerating or hard tumours. Ethanolic
extract of Nerium oleander elicited shows typical cardiac glycoside activity with dose-dependent
increase in amplitude of contraction and increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle.
Oleanders contain within their tissues cardenolides that are capable of exerting positive inotropic
effects on the hearts of animals and humans. The cardiotonic properties of oleanders have been
exploited therapeutically and as an instrument of suicide since antiquity. The basis for the
physiological action of the oleander cardenolides is similar to that of the classic digitalis
glycosides, i.e. inhibition of plasmalemma Na+, K+ ATPase.Three oligosaccharides were obtained
by acid degradation of crude polysaccharides from Neriumindicum Millshowsanti-angiogenesis
activity.More recently, research has focused on the anticancer effects of oleander and its
constituent compounds. Oleandrin inhibits certain kinases, transcription factors and
inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor. This may provide a molecular basis for
the ability of oleandrin to suppress inflammation and perhaps tumorigenesis. The authors of this
in vitro study suggest that oleandrin may have applications for various diseases, including
arthritis, but all require further investigation.

70.
Formulations containing Karveer in
AFI-I
8:7 Kasisadi Tel(8)
8:16 citrakadi Tel(6)
8:53 Vajraka tel(3)

71.
Other formulations of karveera
1. Karaveeradya taila : Bhaishajya ratnavali
2. Karaveeradi tailam : Vydya chintamani
3. Karaveeradya tailam : Vydya chintamani
4. Vajratailam : Vydya chintamani
5. Karaveeradilepam : Astanga hrdayam
6. Sveta karaveeradi lepam : Astanga hrdayam
7. Yekanga sophahara lepam Astanga hrdayam(ci.17/25)
8. Palita rogahara lepam Astanga hrdayam(U.24/35)
9. Garidamalaku chendanadi tailam : Astanga hrdayam
10. Jyotishmatyadi tailam Astanga hrdayam(U.28/34)
11 Mustadi churnam Astanga hrdayam (Ci.19/67)
12. Sleshmavisarpahara lepam Charaka samhita (Ci.21/87)
13. Vishaharnjana Charaka samhita)Ci.23/69)
14. Vishatailam Vydya chintamani
15 Pallavadya tailam Materia Medica by Nadkarni
16. Sveta karaveeradya tail: Charaka quoted in chakra datta
17. Karaveeramula lepa Saramgadhara samhita(U.11/.105)
18. Chermaroganasaka tailam Vanoushadi chandrodaya
19 Vaatanasaka tailam : Vanoushadi chandrodaya

72.
Langali Gloriosa superba Linn

73.
Langali
Gloriosa superba, Liliaceae family is an erect, perennial,climbing herb.
Tribesmen of Patalkot apply the rhizome extract over the navel and
vagina to induce labour and facilitate normal delivery. According to
them, 250 to 500 mg of the extract may lead to abortion if given to a
lady with a pregnancy of 1-2 months. It is also used for the treatment
of ulcers, leprosy, piles, inflammations. It is used to treat intestinal
worm infestations, thirst, bruises, skin problems and snakebite.
Gloriosa superba is used for labour induction by traditional birth
attendants in India. The tests carried out on G. superba extract indicate
that its mechanism of action was neither estrogenic nor progesterone
like. However, it is early abortifacient activity appears to suggest that
its activity is oxytocic. The absence of any effects on the cardiovascular
parameters enhances the plant extract’s safety profile in pregnancy
Credence to the folkloric use of Gloriosa superba Linn. (Langli) in
labour induction.

74.
Langali Formulations in AFI-I
• 8:7 Kasisadi Tel(Sl.No.6)
• 8:16 Chitrakadi Tel(9)
• 8:46 MahaViashgarbh Tel(12)
• 8;50 LangaliTel(3)

75.
Parasika Yavani Hyoseyamus inibar
Linn/Niger

76.
Snuhi Euphorbia neriifolia Linn

77.
Snuhi
It is popularly known as Sehund, Thohar and Milk Hedge. The leaves are thick
succulent, 6 to 12 inches long, ovular in shape. E. neriifolia hydroalcoholic extract was
found to contain sugar, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoidal saponin on
preliminary phytochemical analysis. Several triterpenoids like glut-5-en-3b-ol, glut-
5(10)-en-1-one, taraxerol and b-amyrin has been isolated from powdered plant, stem
and leaves of E. neriifolia28. Neriifolione, atriterpene and a new tetracyclic triterpene
named as nerifoliene along with euphol were isolated from the latex of E.
neriifolia29Antiquorin have been isolated from ethanol extract of fresh root of E.
neriifolia.30 Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of E. neriifolia is reported by31.
There are reports on the mild CNS depressant, wound healing and immunomodulatory
activities of the hydroalcoholic leaf extract,32 E. neriifolia leaves are used as
aphrodisiac, diuretic and also used in the treatment of bronchitis, bleeding piles and in
ano-rectal fistula33 The plant is useful in abdominal
troubles,bronchitis,tumours,leucoderma,piles, inflammation, enlargement of spleen,
anaemia, ulcers, fever and in chronic respiratory troubles34 . The aqueous extract of
the latex of E. neriifolia facilitated the wound healing process as evidenced by increase
in tensile strength, DNA content, epithelization and angiogenesis.

78.
Snuhi Formulations in AFI-I
• 1:1 Ayaskriti(Sl.No.33)
• 6:22 Dhanvantar Ghrita (16)
• 8:16 Chitrakadi Tel(7)
• 8:46 MahaVishgarbhTel(31)
• 8:55 VishtindukaTel(8)
• 10:3 Abhaya lavan(4)
• 10:4 AviltoladiBhasmakshar (8)
• 10:12 VajraKshar(9)

79.
Vatsanabha Acontium Chasmanthum
StapfexHolm
• A Ferox A.Balfouri A Balfouri

80.
Vishamushti Strychnox nuxvomica
Linn.

81.
Therapeutic Sprectrum of Upavisha
Kupilu
Strychnos nux-vomica is widespread in its original area of distribution in India,
Indo-China and Thailand and is not in danger of genetic erosion. The
antimicrobial activity of N-Butanol, Methanol and aqueous leaf extract of two
medicinalm plants followed Cassia agustifolia and Strychnosnux vomica were
tested against the human pathogenic micro-organisms,such as Klebsiella
pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, A niger, A terreus and A. Flavus24. The
antimicrobial potential of plants was compared according to their zone of
inhibition against the several pathogenic organisms. The antibacterial activity
of the herbal extracts, indicated by the size of their zones of inhibition,
Activity was detected from the ethanol extract. None of the herbal extracts
examined showed antibacterial against E. coli or P. aeruginose (gram negative
bacteria) Herbal extracts have a greater activity against gram positive
bacteria. Identification of targets for suppression of inflammation and cancer,
Pharmacologically Strychnos
nux-vomica showed anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant,
and anti feederent activity, Their specific effects on gastrointestinal problem,
nervous system,
blood glucose level, bones cells and cardiovascular systems have been also
investigated27.

82.
Kupeelu Formulations in AFI-I
8:46 MahaVishgarbhTel(Sl.No51)
8;55 VushtinduksTel(1)
12:1 AgnitundiVati(17)
20:6 EkangveerRas(20)
20:10 KrimiMudgarRas(5)

83.
Formulations containing visha/upvisha
in AFI -II
• 3:7 Bahushala Guda-Danti
• 4:2 Arkadi kvatha churna-Arka
• 4:19 Mutra sangrahneeya kashaya churna-Bhallataka
• 5:1 Panchamrit Lauha Guggulu-parada
• 8:3 KabjaPrasarini Tel—Bhallataka
• 8:9 Brihanmarichyadi Tel-
Danti,Arka,karvira,manahshila,langali,Snuhi,visha,
• 8:11 Marichyadi Tel-Visha,Arka
• 9:3 Pardadadi Lepa-parada,Hingula,Manhshila,dhattura
• 9:5 Swet Malhar-Tuttha

84.
Formulations in AFI Part III
• 1 kameshwer Modak-vijaya
• 2 Vashishtha Haritaki-Danti
• 3 Shatavari Modak -Danti
• 4 Amvatari Yog -vatsanabh
• 5 Nagkesharadi churna-vijaya&Ahiphena
• 6 Pashanabhedadi churna-Danti
• 7 MadhyamNayika churna-parada&vijaya
• 8 Lavantritayadya churna-Danti
• 9 Vidangadi Tel------Manahshila(For Nasya)
• 10 Vyaghri tel---------Danti
• 11 chandramrita---Hingula &Raskarpura
• 12 DantiMuladiLepa-Danti,Arka&Bhallataka
• 13 Bhallatakadi Lepa- Bhallataka&Gunja

85.
AFI Part III conti.
• 14 RasabhraMandura-Parada
• 15 AgastiSutarajRas- Parada,Dhattura&Ahiphena
• 16 AgnikumarRas-Parad,Ahiphena&Vatsanabh
• 17 Agnitund Ras-parad &Vishmushtika
• 18 Ajirna kantak Ras-Parada &Vatsanabha
• 19 AbhrakMalla yog- Malla
• 20 ArdhNareeshwarRas Parad&visha
• 21 KanchanabhraRas Brihat-Tamra&parad
• 22 KaminiVidravanRas-Hingula &Ahiphena
• 23 GrahniGajKshariRas-Parada,Vatsanabh,vijaya,Dhatura,Ahiphena
• 24 JvaraKalketuRas- Parad,Hartal,Manhshila,Tamra,Bhallataka
• 25 JvaraMatangKeshariRas-Parad,Harital,vishmushti,Dhatura,vish
• 26 Jvar SamharRas-Rassindura
• 27 TripurBhairaviRasVish,Tamra,Hingula

86.
Contd
• 28 NashtaPushpantakaRas-Parada,TamraDanti
• 29 PashupatRas-Parad,Vish,Dhatura,Ark
• 30 PradarRipuRas-Parada,Naag
• 31 PranBallabhRas-Tamra,Tuttha,Jaipal
• 32 PraneshwerRas-Parada
• 33 BhairavaRas-Parad,Visha
• 34 MahaMrityunjayaRas-Harital,Jaipal,Hingula
• 35 MahaShleshmaKalanalRas-Parada,Tamra,Jaipal,Danti
• 36 MritSanjeevanRas-Parad,Tamra,Vish,Tal,Manahshila,Hingula
• 37 MedoharRas-Parad,Ark
• 38 RaghunathRas—Parada
• 39-RatneshwerRas-Rassindur
• 40 VasantTilakRas-Parada
• 41 Vikram keshariRas-Tamra,vish,Ras
• 42 VidyadharaRas-Tala,Tamra,Shila,Ras

87.
Contd
• 43 VidyadharabhraRas-Danti
• 44 ShulaKutharRas-Ras,Tamra.Jaipal
• 44 ShothKalanalRas-Ras
• 45 SwaskalehswarRas-Tamra,Vish
• 46 SarvalokashvryaRas-Ras,Tal,Vish
• 47 SarveshverRas-Vijaya
• 48 SarveshverRas2-Rassindur,Ahiphena
• 49 SarvangaSunderRas-Tamra,Hingula,Arka,visha
• 50 SomYog-Rassindura
• 51 KarnaVindu-Ahiphena
• 52 Netravindu-Ahiphena

88.
RAS SHSTRA
• It takes undigestible substances like metals
,minerals, Gems & Poisonous substances and
transforms them into substances that are easy
for human body to assimilate

89.
रस सेिन विधध
अथािुरो रसाच ं सक्षाद्देिं महेश्िरं
साधधिञ्च रसं शङ्खिेण्िाहद धाररिम
अचान त्िा थाशक्ति देिगोब्राह्मणामवप
पणाखण्डे घृिं सूिमद् ाद् ोज्ञानुपानिाः

90.
रस सेिने पथ् ं
घृिसैन्धिधान् कजीरकाद्राकसं्कृ िं
िण्डुली क-धान् ाक –पिोलालाबुकाहदकम
गोधूमजीणाशाल् न्नं गम ं क्षीरं घृिं दधध
हन्सोदकं मुद्ग रसाः पथ् िगााः समासिाः

91.
रस सेिने अपथ् ानन
िृहिी विल्िकु ष्ट्रमाण्डं िेत्राग्रं कािेल्लकं
माषं मसूरं ननष्ट्रपािं कु ललत्थं सषापम निलं
लङ्घनोद्ििान्नानिाम्रचूडसुरासिान
आनूप मान्सम् धान् ा्लं भोजनं कदली दले
कान्् ेचगुरुविष्ट्रिंभी िीक्षोष्ट्रणम ् च भृशं त् जेि

92.
देिी शा्त्रोति ककाराहद गण
कण्िारीफ़लकाक्न्जकञ्च,कमठ्िैलं िथा राक्जका
नन्बूकं किकमकाललङ्गकफ़लम ् कु ष्ट्रमाण्डकं कका िी
के क्कु तकु िकारिेल्लकफ़लम ् ककोहिका ााःफ़लम ्
िृन्िाकन्चकवपत्थकाःखलु गणाः प्रोतिाः ककारहदकाः
देिी शा्त्रोहदिं सोऽ ं ककाराहद गणो मिाः
शा्त्रान्िर विननहदाष्ट्रिाः कथ् िे अन् प्रकारिाः

93.
श्रीकृ ष्ट्रणदेिोति ककाराहद गण
• कन्गुकन्दुककोलकु तकु िकलक्रोडााःकु लत्था्िथा
• कण्िारी किुिैलकृ ष्ट्रणगलकाःकू मााः कला ाः कणा
• ककाारु्चकहिल्लक्चकिकमककोिकम ् कका िी
• कालीकाक्ञ्जकमेष काहदकगणाःश्रीकृ ष्ट्रण देिोहदिाः

94.
ककाराहद ननषेध् अपिादाः
• क््मन रसे च कण्ठोकत् ा ककाराहद ननषेधधिाः
• ित्र ित्र ननषेद्धम ं िदौधचत् मिोन् था

95.
रस म ापहद प्रिीकाराः
उद्गारेसनिद् न्नं कृ ष्ट्रणमीनं सजीरकं
अभ न्गमननलक्षोभे िैलेरनारा णाहदलभाः
अरिौ शीि िो ेन म्िकोपरर सेचनम ्
िृष्ट्रणा ां नाररके ला्बु मुद्ग ूषं स शका रम

96.
रस िी ा वििृ् थामुपचार विधध
द्राक्षा दाडडम खजूारं कदलीनां फ़लम् भजेि्
रस िी ा वििृ् थे दधधक्षीरेक्षु शका रा
शीिोपचारमन् ्च

97.
रस त् ाग विधध
रस त् ाग विधौ पुनाः
भक्ष ेद बृहिीं विल्िं सकृ ि साधारणो विधधाः

98.
Classification of meterial
Maharasa
• 1 Abhraka-Mica
• 2 Vaikrant-flurite/tourmelin
• 3 Makshika-copper pyrite
• 4 vimala-Iron pyrite
• 5 shilajit-Bitumen
• 6 sasyaka-copper sulphate
• 7 chapala-Bismuth sulphate
• 8 Rasaka-calamine

99.
Krishna vjrabhraka

100.
Vaikranta

101.
vimala

102.
Adrija(shilajatu)

103.
Shasyaka

104.
chapala

105.
Rasaka

106.
• Uparasa
• 1 Gandhaka-sulpher
• 2 Gairika-Red iron oxide
• 3 Kasisa-ferrous sulphate
• 4 kankshi- ------Allum
• 5 Haritala-Arsenic trisulphide
• 6 Manahshila-Arsenic di sulphide
• 7 Neelanjana-galena
• 8 Kankushtha- Gum Gamboj/Malabar Tamrind
Garcinia sp

107.
Gandhak

108.
Gairika

109.
Kasheesh

110.
Kankshi(sphatikaa)

111.
Pinda Hartala Arseno sulphide

112.
Orpiment patraHarital

113.
Manahashila Arseno sulphide

114.
Manh shila

115.
Neelanjana

116.
Kankushtha(Gum Gamboj)

117.
• Sadharana Rasa
• 1 kampilla-Monkey fresh fruit
• 2 GauripashanaArsenic trioxide
• 3 Narsara-Ammonium tri chloride
• 4 Kapardika-Cowrie shell
• 5 Agnijara-Ambergris
• 6 Giri sindur-Mercuric oxide
• 7 Hingula-cinabar
• 8 Mriddarshring-Lead mono oxide

118.
Kampilla
MALLOTUS PHILIPPINENSIS

119.
Gauri pashana(Arsenic Trioxide)

120.
Narsar(Ammonium chloride)
Sal Amoniac NH4Cl

121.
Kapardika (monetaria monaea&cyprea
moneta)

122.
Agnijar(ambergriss)

123.
Hingula(cinnabar)

124.
Mriddarshriga(Litharge)
(LeadMonooxide)

125.
Dhatu-Metals
• 1 Swarna-Gold
• 2 Rajata-silver
• 3 Tamra-copper
• 4 Loha-Iron
• 5 Mandur-Rust of iron/
• 6 vanga-Tin
• 7 Naag-lead
• 8 Yashad-Zinc
• 9 pittala-Brass
• 10 kansya-Bronze
• 11 Tri loha-3 metals
• 12 vartaloha-5metals

126.
Swarna

127.
Rajata

128.
Tamra

129.
Loha

130.
Mandur

131.
vang

132.
Naag

133.
Yashad

134.
Pittala

135.
kansya

136.
• Ratna- precious gem stones
• 1 Manikya-Ruby
• 2 Mukta-pearl
• 3 Pravala-coral
• 4 Tarkshya-Emerald
• 5 Pushparaga-Topaz
• 6 Hiraka-Diamond
• 7 Neelam-Sapphire
• 8 Gomeda-Garnet
• 9 Vaidurya-chrysoberyl

137.
Manikya

138.
Mukta

139.
Praval

140.
Tarkshya

141.
Pushparag

142.
Heeraka

143.
Neelam

144.
Gomeda

145.
Vaidurya

146.
Uparatna-semi precious gemstones
• 1 Akika-Agate
• 2 suryakant-sun stone
• 3 chandrakant-Moon stone
• 4 Rajavarta-lapis lazuli
• 5 Sangeyasav-Jade
• 6 pirojaka-Tarquise
• 7 Vaikranta-Tourmeline
• 8 kaharuba-Amber

147.
Akika

148.
suryakant

149.
chandrakanta

150.
Rajavarta

151.
Sangeyasav

152.
Pirojaka

153.
Vaikranta

154.
Kaharuba

155.
Sudha varga-calcium carbonate
• 1 shankha-conch shell
• 2 Mrigshringa-Deer horn
• 3 Kukkutanda-Egg shell
• 4 Mukta Shukti-Mother shell of pearl
• 5 Samudra phena-cuttle fish bone
• 6 Ajasthi-Goat bone
• 7 Sudha-Limestone
• 8 Godanti Haritala-Gypsum
• 9 surma safed-Calcite
• 10 Dugdha pashana-Soap stone
• 11 khatika-chalk

156.
shankha

157.
Mriga shringa

158.
Kukkutanda

159.
Mukta shukti

160.
samudraphena

161.
Ajasthi

162.
Sudha

163.
Godanti

164.
Surma safed

165.
Dugdha Pashana

166.
Khatika

167.
Miscellanious
• 1 Kausheyasma-Asbestos
• 2 Badarasma-Jews stone/lapis judaicus
• 3 kanta pashana-lodestone
• 4 Nag pashana-serpentine
• 5 Sphatik-Quartz
• 6 Naag sindura-Lead tetra oxide
• 7 Tankan-Sodium Borate
• 8 Abresham-Silk worm cocoon
• 9 Kasturi-DeerMusk
• 10 Mayur piccha-Peocock feather
• 11 Gorochan-Bezoar stone
• 12 Kalami shora-salt petre
• 13 Sarjikshar –sodium carbonate

168.
Kausheyasma

169.
Badarashma

170.
Kanta pashana

171.
Nag pashan

172.
sphatik

173.
Naag sindura

174.
Tankan

175.
Abresham

176.
Kasturi

177.
Myur pichha

178.
Gorochana

179.
Kalami shora

180.
Sarjika kshar