A brief history of saving sight
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Eye surgeon, Dr. Andrew Lam's obvious love for his craft comes through in the 2013 book, "Saving Sight," and (together with other sources) served as inspiration for this infographic. Enjoy! As always, please consult with a doctor about any medical condition.
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Certain mutations in genes like CDK12 may cause prostate cancers to be more amenable to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. A subtype of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with CDK12 variants has been identified that has high levels of neoantigens recognized by the immune system as foreign, as well as greater T-cell infiltration. These CDK12-variant prostate cancers may have higher response rates to PD-1 inhibitors than other genomic subtypes of prostate cancer. Pending clinical trial results, CDK12-variant prostate cancer may become the second defined tumor subtype able to be treated with PD-1 inhibitors.
Cytomegalovirus infection in critically ill patients: Focus on HSCT recipients
Medline Plus has this to say about bone marrow transplants (here used interchangeably to refer to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT]): “Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside your bones. The bone marrow produces blood cells. Stem cells are immature cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all of your different blood cells.” According to the literature, HSCT has become a standard of care for hematologic malignancies, congenital or acquired disorders of the hematopoietic system, and it is also applied as a therapeutic option in some of the solid tumors.
Here, I have provided a brief overview of CMV, with a focus on HSCT recipients. DISCLAIMER: Extracted research data from ongoing clinical trials are subject to change. This is not a substitute for medical advice. Please consult your doctor for any medical condition.
Cancer immunotherapies from the perspectives of oncology nurses
This presentation, tailored for oncology nurses, provides an overview of immunotherapy classes, how they work, and how key side effects are typically managed. (Disclaimer: Content is based on peer-reviewed literature; however, it is not a substitute for medical advice. Please consult your doctor)
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: 2018 Status Update
Up to 20% of all invasive female breast cancer diagnoses are defined by the clinically significant absence of three hormone receptors i.e., ER, PR and HER2. This group of highly heterogeneous tumors exhibit aggressive growth patterns and are known as TNBCs. Although most TNBCs are ductal carcinomas (no special types), the identification of specific histologic/molecular subtypes potentially open up further modes of treatment for a disease that has thus far mainly been treated with cytotoxic chemotherapies. Biologic features in tumor subsets that carry such implications include BRCA pathway inhibition, increased tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), detection of other biomarkers paving the way for immunotherapies such as elevated PD-L1 expression and AR expression. Here, is some of the relevant information about TNBCs.
Disclaimer: This deck is meant to provide a springboard to interested readers who wish to look for materials to discuss with a doctor and is not a substitute for expert advice. Information was culled from the Internet and sources cited in the deck.
Prostate cancer 2018: A brief overview
Advances in risk assessment, differential diagnosis between aggressive and non-aggressive tumors, and the development of novel/optimized treatment for advanced disease are discussed.
This slide deck is made available for patients/caregivers. It is not a substitute for seeking medical help. Please check original sources listed in the deck and consult your physician for the latest information and advice.
The State of Mental Health as We Know it
The document discusses the state of mental health in the United States. It notes that in 2018, mental health issues among youth worsened while access to services increased, though over half of mentally ill Americans do not receive treatment. While 2017 saw breakthroughs in areas like genetics and technology that could help reduce doctor visits, translating these discoveries into public health plans is urgently needed, as indicated by statistics on conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorders. According to the CDC, around 1 in 5 American adults experiences a mental illness each year, resulting in over $193 billion in lost earnings annually due to serious cases.
HIV Vaccines
Before the discovery of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome – the final stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection – spelled cancers and death. HIV destroys a type of white blood cell, the CD4+ T cell, which leaves the body vulnerable to other opportunistic infections and complications. Human challenges and triumphs in the age of AIDS are now embedded in our collective memories and captured in 2016 statistics from the World Health Organization. AIDS deaths have declined by 47% since 2005, according to a Los Angeles Times Article. Additionally, more than half of the 36.7 million people across the globe that are living with HIV (in 2016) are also receiving ART.
This points to the transformation of an often-fatal disease into a chronic condition. Today, only 1.1 million people in the USA are estimated to be infected with HIV. However, 1 in 7 Americans do not know their HIV status. Moreover, global treatment gains have been offset by knowledge of geographic “hot spots,” gender gaps in terms of access and care, delays in starting treatment, variable adherence ART, and the development of resistance to drugs. Even if an implicit public health goal of containing clinical sequelae in every HIV-infected individual is accomplished, the burden of exposure to years of ART may take a long-term socioeconomic toll on each patient. Therefore, researchers continue to search for ways to aid the public in the prevention of getting HIV/AIDS in the first place or, failing that, to facilitate a timely cure.
One strategy in a multipronged public health program against the stealth pathogen continues to be the development of preventive/therapeutic vaccines. Currently, there are no approved HIV vaccines, but promising research is underway.
Sources:
1. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html)
2. World Health Organization
3. Los Angeles Times
Immunology for Beginners
This "cheat sheet" is meant to assist people not trained in biology to understand basic concepts they may encounter when reading articles about the latest research developments in cancer, infectious diseases, and immunology. Enjoy!
The Vaccine Debate
Vaccines are designed to elicit an immune response against the particular microbe or bits of the microbe from which the vaccine is made. This idea dates back several centuries, when British surgeon, Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against a lethal infectious disease, small pox. Between the 18th century and now, more than 65 products have been approved which, together with public health and other developments, have contributed to the tapering and, in some cases, eradication of infectious diseases that used to kill millions. The problem is that the design is based on the physical attributes of the microbe. So, one person might be infected with virus x, which mutates rapidly to become 10 or more different strains. So, between approval and reaching the public, effectiveness may drop or wane over time. The sheer logistics of designing a trial means that follow-up periods are not long enough to account for every possible safety issue. Nevertheless, they remain our go-to defense for lethal infections, such as Ebola, and ones that reduce productivity. In other cases, timely inoculations may protect against the risk of developing specific cancers later in life. They have also contributed to the fact that most people are not at home sick with polio or some of the other ancient plagues.
However, anti-infective vaccines are typically given to healthy children and people on the basis that it will not make them sick or that it will reduce the risk of premature death. Because vaccines need to be preserved, properly stored and kept free of other contamination before it reaches many distribution sites, other ingredients are added to the mix. And some people, especially those with weakened immune systems, may have severe/life-threatening allergies to additives or a contaminated batch.
So, one in a million complications/deaths is one in a million too many. To this end, I have compiled a summary culled from various sources, to foster a positive dialogue towards improvements.
Management of Diabetes and Heart Disease
This document discusses the link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It provides guidance on screening and managing both conditions, including maintaining optimal blood sugar levels, treating risk factors like high blood pressure and cholesterol, and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Close monitoring of patients can help prevent diabetes-related complications like heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. While intensive glucose control shows long-term cardiovascular benefits in type 1 diabetes, the evidence in type 2 diabetes is more mixed and depends on individual patient factors.
The Management of Lupus
The management of this chronic autoimmune condition that predominantly affects younger females will depend on the severity, disease type,and affected organs. Publicly available resources, including information from the American College of Rheumatology, were used for this infographic.
Please consult a doctor for specific medical advice.
Health insurance coverage in the United States
This is the second part of my contributions to the ongoing health insurance coverage conversation in the USA. Data geeks are advised to visit the Kaiser Family Foundation site for a state-by-state breakdown of insured and uninsured demographics as of 2015. Other information was obtained under Creative Commons License from the CDC, Wikipedia, and additional listed sources.
Management of Prostate Cancer
Basic information for discussion with a healthcare professional is provided here together with some background:
• An enlargement or the presence of tumors in the gland below a man’s bladder that produces fluid for semen ie, the prostate, may suggest benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer
o Almost 8% of new cancer cases worldwide are attributed to this highly curable disease (proportion of patients surviving after 5 years = 98.9%)
o In the USA alone, prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer, diagnosed more often in African-American (1 in 5 cases) than white men (1 in 6 cases)
o Prostate cancer is strongly correlated with age, starting at about 50 years old and rising over the ensuing decades
o While debates over under- or over-treatment of prostate cancer continue, it is clear that management of the disease costs the USA an aggregate annual loss in productivity of $3.0 billion
o Moreover, prostate cancer is the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA, mainly due to advanced or metastatic disease
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