The document summarizes and compares several major object-oriented programming languages: Smalltalk, C++, Eiffel, and Java. Smalltalk was designed for interactive use and has a fully integrated development environment, while C++ was designed for production use and has less integration. Eiffel focuses on ensuring code correctness but had poor tooling. Java became popular for web development due to its portability and is expected to further object-oriented adoption.
This chapter discusses software design patterns, including why they evolved to capture recurring design solutions, defines a design pattern as describing communicating objects and classes that solve general problems, and describes fundamental GRASP patterns that assign responsibilities to experts, creators, or controllers to achieve high cohesion and low coupling.
This chapter introduces activity diagrams and discusses where they are used. Activity diagrams can model workflows, operations, and dynamic aspects of a system. They contain activities, transitions, synchronization bars, and decision activities. Activity diagrams are suitable for analyzing use cases, understanding workflow, and modeling multithreaded applications. They are not suitable for showing object collaboration or lifetime behavior.
This chapter discusses dynamic modeling techniques used to describe the behavior of object-oriented systems. It introduces sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams, which show how objects interact and communicate through messages. Sequence diagrams focus on the time-ordering of messages while collaboration diagrams emphasize the relationships between objects. The chapter also covers different types of messages and events that can be depicted in dynamic models.
This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts of nested and concurrent states.
Class diagrams using UML can model the static view of a system by showing how classes are related through relationships like association and generalization. The chapter introduces class diagram notation and discusses how to identify problem domain classes and the different relationships that can exist between classes like association, aggregation, composition, and generalization. It also covers how to model classes, attributes, operations, and relationships in UML class diagrams.
Design and Implementation patterns have changed in object-oriented languages such as C# with the introduction of new language features, advances in object-oriented design, and the inclusion of functional language aspects. This session will explore the impact this has on design and implementation patterns and how they can be leveraged to build more elegant systems.
The document discusses aspect-oriented programming (AOP) which aims to modularize crosscutting concerns in software. It defines aspects as modular units that crosscut other modular units. Aspects can encapsulate concerns like synchronization, failure handling, etc. that crosscut multiple components. AspectJ is presented as an AOP extension to Java that allows defining aspects separately from classes and composing them using pointcuts and advice. Some challenges and open issues with AOP are also discussed.
This chapter introduces OpenGL and provides an overview of its capabilities. It presents a simple OpenGL program to draw a pyramid and explains the basic program structure. The chapter describes how to build up geometric models from primitives like points, lines and polygons. It notes that OpenGL rendering becomes more realistic as objects are lit and textures are added. The color plates provide examples of increasing complexity from wireframe to lit objects with textures.
This chapter discusses software design patterns, including why they evolved to capture recurring design solutions, defines a design pattern as describing communicating objects and classes that solve general problems, and describes fundamental GRASP patterns that assign responsibilities to experts, creators, or controllers to achieve high cohesion and low coupling.
This chapter introduces activity diagrams and discusses where they are used. Activity diagrams can model workflows, operations, and dynamic aspects of a system. They contain activities, transitions, synchronization bars, and decision activities. Activity diagrams are suitable for analyzing use cases, understanding workflow, and modeling multithreaded applications. They are not suitable for showing object collaboration or lifetime behavior.
This chapter discusses dynamic modeling techniques used to describe the behavior of object-oriented systems. It introduces sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams, which show how objects interact and communicate through messages. Sequence diagrams focus on the time-ordering of messages while collaboration diagrams emphasize the relationships between objects. The chapter also covers different types of messages and events that can be depicted in dynamic models.
This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts of nested and concurrent states.
Class diagrams using UML can model the static view of a system by showing how classes are related through relationships like association and generalization. The chapter introduces class diagram notation and discusses how to identify problem domain classes and the different relationships that can exist between classes like association, aggregation, composition, and generalization. It also covers how to model classes, attributes, operations, and relationships in UML class diagrams.
Design and Implementation patterns have changed in object-oriented languages such as C# with the introduction of new language features, advances in object-oriented design, and the inclusion of functional language aspects. This session will explore the impact this has on design and implementation patterns and how they can be leveraged to build more elegant systems.
The document discusses aspect-oriented programming (AOP) which aims to modularize crosscutting concerns in software. It defines aspects as modular units that crosscut other modular units. Aspects can encapsulate concerns like synchronization, failure handling, etc. that crosscut multiple components. AspectJ is presented as an AOP extension to Java that allows defining aspects separately from classes and composing them using pointcuts and advice. Some challenges and open issues with AOP are also discussed.
This chapter introduces OpenGL and provides an overview of its capabilities. It presents a simple OpenGL program to draw a pyramid and explains the basic program structure. The chapter describes how to build up geometric models from primitives like points, lines and polygons. It notes that OpenGL rendering becomes more realistic as objects are lit and textures are added. The color plates provide examples of increasing complexity from wireframe to lit objects with textures.
This document introduces a module on programming concepts in C++. The module will cover object-oriented programming principles, C++ basics, classes, inheritance, pointers, and more. Students will learn to apply OOP to model real-world systems. Their knowledge will be assessed through a final exam and group project, both testing their ability to explain and apply core OOP concepts and develop class structures.
The document describes a system for recommending related pages based on structure and frequency analysis. It parses pages to extract features, stems terms, filters by frequency, and forms queries to search for and return related pages. Key components include a parser, stemmer, frequency filter, query formulator, and search engine.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
Flow charts show the steps of a process or task using standard symbols. They break down activities into a logical order with a start and end point. Process boxes represent each step connected by arrows showing the direction of flow. Decision symbols allow for multiple flow lines depending on options. Flow charts are useful for communicating and documenting processes but require understanding symbols and may need redrawing for alterations.
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
ERP software consists of several functional modules that mimic major areas of an organization. Common modules include production planning, purchasing, inventory control, sales, marketing, finance, and human resources. These modules streamline processes like procurement, order tracking, accounting, and employee management. When combined, the modules provide a comprehensive, integrated system for planning, tracking, and optimizing resources across an entire organization.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
This document provides an introduction to a course on interactive application development using .NET Framework and C#. It outlines the course objectives, which are to develop interactive and GUI applications. The document discusses the prerequisites for the course, the lecture plan, grading scheme, and languages and tools that will be used, including Visual Studio IDE and C#. It provides an overview of .NET Framework, its architecture including Common Language Runtime and class library. It also discusses some basic concepts like arrays in C# with examples.
The document provides an overview of the .NET framework. It explains that .NET is not an operating system or programming language, but rather a programming model and framework introduced by Microsoft. The .NET framework includes a common language runtime (CLR) and class libraries that provide core features like simplified programming, security, and language interoperability. It also supports multiple programming languages and architectures like single-tier, two-tier, and three-tier. Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) used to develop applications on the .NET platform.
The .NET Framework is a development platform introduced by Microsoft that includes a common language runtime and class libraries. It allows programming languages to be used across different operating systems. The .NET Framework uses assemblies which are the building blocks of applications. Assemblies can be private, used only by one application, or shared and stored in the global assembly cache to be used by multiple programs.
The .NET Framework is a software framework developed by Microsoft that includes a large class library (FCL) and provides language interoperability across programming languages. Programs written for .NET execute using the Common Language Runtime (CLR) virtual machine, which handles tasks like memory management. The FCL and CLR together make up the .NET Framework. The Framework Class Library provides functionality for user interfaces, data access, cryptography and more. Visual Studio is an integrated development environment created by Microsoft for building .NET applications.
The .NET Framework includes a large class library (FCL) and provides language interoperability across programming languages. Programs written for .NET execute using the Common Language Runtime (CLR) virtual machine. The CLR provides services like memory management and security. The FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework. The Framework is intended for most new Windows applications and Visual Studio is the integrated development environment for .NET software.
Quontra Solutions provides .NET training by Real time Industry experts. .NET is having good demand in the market. Our .NET online training Instructors are very much experienced and highly qualified and dedicated.
Our .NET online training program is job oriented. After completion of .NET training with us you should be able to work on any kind of project. After completion of .NET online training our dedicated team will be supporting you.
Please call us for demo on .NET. Quontra Solutions is the best .NET online training Institute in USA.
asp.net using c# notes sem 5 ( we-it tutorials ).
Review of .NET frameworks, Introduction to C#, Variables and expressions, flow controls, functions, debugging and error handling, OOPs with C#, Defining classes and class members.
Assembly, Components of Assembly, Private and Shared Assembly, Garbage Collector, JIT compiler. Namespaces Collections, Delegates and Events. Introduction to ASP.NET 4: Microsoft.NET framework, ASP.NET lifecycle. CSS: Need of CSS, Introduction to CSS, Working with CSS with visual developer.
ASP.NET server controls: Introduction, How to work with button controls, Textboxes, Labels, checkboxes and radio buttons, list controls and other web server controls, web.config and global.asax files. Programming ASP.NET web pages: Introduction, data types and variables, statements, organizing code, object oriented basics.
Validation Control: Introduction, basic validation controls, validation techniques, using advanced validation controls. State Management: Using view state, using session state, using application state, using cookies and URL encoding. Master Pages: Creating master pages, content pages, nesting master pages, accessing master page controls from a content page. Navigation: Introduction to use the site navigation, using site navigation controls.
Databases: Introduction, using SQL data sources, GridView Control, DetailsView and FormView Controls, ListView and DataPager controls, Using object datasources. ASP.NET Security: Authentication, Authorization, Impersonation, ASP.NET provider model
LINQ: Operators, implementations, LINQ to objects,XML,ADO.NET, Query Syntax. ASP.NET Ajax: Introducing AJAX, Working of AJAX, Using ASP.NET AJAX
server controls. JQuery: Introduction to JQuery, JQuery UI Library, Working of JQuery
The document discusses the introduction and history of .NET technology and Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET). It provides details on:
- The .NET framework which provides a development framework for building applications and web services.
- VB.NET which is a programming language that targets the .NET framework and is a successor to Visual Basic 6. It discusses the various versions of VB.NET released.
- Features of .NET such as interoperability, common language runtime, language independence, security and portability.
- The evolution of software development approaches from procedure-oriented to structure-oriented to object-oriented.
.NET is a development framework created by Microsoft that allows developers to easily create applications. It provides libraries and functionality that developers commonly use. .NET supports multiple programming languages and allows programs written in different languages to interact. Code written for .NET executes within the Common Language Runtime (CLR) environment, which handles tasks like memory management, security, and interoperability to make development easier.
The document provides an introduction to C++ programming and the Visual Studio IDE. It discusses key C++ concepts like headers, namespaces, I/O operators, and sample programs. It also covers setting up and debugging projects in Visual Studio, including adding breakpoints and stepping through code. The lab session aims to familiarize students with C++ programming and Visual Studio to lay the foundation for object-oriented concepts covered in subsequent labs.
The document provides an overview of Microsoft .NET and compares it to Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE). It defines .NET as a set of Microsoft technologies for connecting information. The architecture of .NET is described, including its common language runtime (CLR) and core class libraries. Several .NET languages are mentioned, with an emphasis on C# as combining the safety of Java, ease of Visual Basic, and power of C++. The document then contrasts .NET and J2EE, noting that .NET is Windows-centric while J2EE is platform-neutral, and that .NET includes integrated products while J2EE relies on third-party application servers.
This document provides an introduction to computers, programming languages, and the history of the internet and world wide web. It discusses the basic components of a computer and how they work together. It describes the different types of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages like C. It outlines the history and purposes of various programming languages including Fortran, COBOL, Pascal, Ada, and C. It also summarizes the history of the internet and world wide web and how they have changed communication globally.
This document provides an overview and summary of an introduction to programming course using C# that will be taught by Gülşen Demiröz. The course will cover object oriented programming concepts and developing programs using the C# language on the .NET platform. Students will learn about classes, methods, control statements, inheritance and more. The course will be taught on Thursdays and Saturdays and include exams, homework assignments, and lectures notes available online.
This document introduces a module on programming concepts in C++. The module will cover object-oriented programming principles, C++ basics, classes, inheritance, pointers, and more. Students will learn to apply OOP to model real-world systems. Their knowledge will be assessed through a final exam and group project, both testing their ability to explain and apply core OOP concepts and develop class structures.
The document describes a system for recommending related pages based on structure and frequency analysis. It parses pages to extract features, stems terms, filters by frequency, and forms queries to search for and return related pages. Key components include a parser, stemmer, frequency filter, query formulator, and search engine.
This document defines and explains the key elements of a sequence diagram:
- Sequence diagrams show the interactions between objects through messages over time.
- Objects are represented by vertical lifelines and may send/receive synchronous, asynchronous, reflexive, return, create, and destroy messages.
- Activation bars on lifelines indicate when an object is active.
- Time progresses downward on the diagram, showing the order of messages.
- Events mark specific points of interaction like sending and receiving messages.
Flow charts show the steps of a process or task using standard symbols. They break down activities into a logical order with a start and end point. Process boxes represent each step connected by arrows showing the direction of flow. Decision symbols allow for multiple flow lines depending on options. Flow charts are useful for communicating and documenting processes but require understanding symbols and may need redrawing for alterations.
The document discusses software design and key concepts related to software design including:
1) Software design is the process of planning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other characteristics of a software system.
2) Good software design aims for high cohesion and loose coupling between modules. It involves conceptual design, technical design, and refinement of the design.
3) Modularity, coupling, and cohesion are important design principles. Modularity enhances manageability while loose coupling and high cohesion are design goals.
ERP software consists of several functional modules that mimic major areas of an organization. Common modules include production planning, purchasing, inventory control, sales, marketing, finance, and human resources. These modules streamline processes like procurement, order tracking, accounting, and employee management. When combined, the modules provide a comprehensive, integrated system for planning, tracking, and optimizing resources across an entire organization.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
This document provides an introduction to a course on interactive application development using .NET Framework and C#. It outlines the course objectives, which are to develop interactive and GUI applications. The document discusses the prerequisites for the course, the lecture plan, grading scheme, and languages and tools that will be used, including Visual Studio IDE and C#. It provides an overview of .NET Framework, its architecture including Common Language Runtime and class library. It also discusses some basic concepts like arrays in C# with examples.
The document provides an overview of the .NET framework. It explains that .NET is not an operating system or programming language, but rather a programming model and framework introduced by Microsoft. The .NET framework includes a common language runtime (CLR) and class libraries that provide core features like simplified programming, security, and language interoperability. It also supports multiple programming languages and architectures like single-tier, two-tier, and three-tier. Visual Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) used to develop applications on the .NET platform.
The .NET Framework is a development platform introduced by Microsoft that includes a common language runtime and class libraries. It allows programming languages to be used across different operating systems. The .NET Framework uses assemblies which are the building blocks of applications. Assemblies can be private, used only by one application, or shared and stored in the global assembly cache to be used by multiple programs.
The .NET Framework is a software framework developed by Microsoft that includes a large class library (FCL) and provides language interoperability across programming languages. Programs written for .NET execute using the Common Language Runtime (CLR) virtual machine, which handles tasks like memory management. The FCL and CLR together make up the .NET Framework. The Framework Class Library provides functionality for user interfaces, data access, cryptography and more. Visual Studio is an integrated development environment created by Microsoft for building .NET applications.
The .NET Framework includes a large class library (FCL) and provides language interoperability across programming languages. Programs written for .NET execute using the Common Language Runtime (CLR) virtual machine. The CLR provides services like memory management and security. The FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework. The Framework is intended for most new Windows applications and Visual Studio is the integrated development environment for .NET software.
Quontra Solutions provides .NET training by Real time Industry experts. .NET is having good demand in the market. Our .NET online training Instructors are very much experienced and highly qualified and dedicated.
Our .NET online training program is job oriented. After completion of .NET training with us you should be able to work on any kind of project. After completion of .NET online training our dedicated team will be supporting you.
Please call us for demo on .NET. Quontra Solutions is the best .NET online training Institute in USA.
asp.net using c# notes sem 5 ( we-it tutorials ).
Review of .NET frameworks, Introduction to C#, Variables and expressions, flow controls, functions, debugging and error handling, OOPs with C#, Defining classes and class members.
Assembly, Components of Assembly, Private and Shared Assembly, Garbage Collector, JIT compiler. Namespaces Collections, Delegates and Events. Introduction to ASP.NET 4: Microsoft.NET framework, ASP.NET lifecycle. CSS: Need of CSS, Introduction to CSS, Working with CSS with visual developer.
ASP.NET server controls: Introduction, How to work with button controls, Textboxes, Labels, checkboxes and radio buttons, list controls and other web server controls, web.config and global.asax files. Programming ASP.NET web pages: Introduction, data types and variables, statements, organizing code, object oriented basics.
Validation Control: Introduction, basic validation controls, validation techniques, using advanced validation controls. State Management: Using view state, using session state, using application state, using cookies and URL encoding. Master Pages: Creating master pages, content pages, nesting master pages, accessing master page controls from a content page. Navigation: Introduction to use the site navigation, using site navigation controls.
Databases: Introduction, using SQL data sources, GridView Control, DetailsView and FormView Controls, ListView and DataPager controls, Using object datasources. ASP.NET Security: Authentication, Authorization, Impersonation, ASP.NET provider model
LINQ: Operators, implementations, LINQ to objects,XML,ADO.NET, Query Syntax. ASP.NET Ajax: Introducing AJAX, Working of AJAX, Using ASP.NET AJAX
server controls. JQuery: Introduction to JQuery, JQuery UI Library, Working of JQuery
The document discusses the introduction and history of .NET technology and Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET). It provides details on:
- The .NET framework which provides a development framework for building applications and web services.
- VB.NET which is a programming language that targets the .NET framework and is a successor to Visual Basic 6. It discusses the various versions of VB.NET released.
- Features of .NET such as interoperability, common language runtime, language independence, security and portability.
- The evolution of software development approaches from procedure-oriented to structure-oriented to object-oriented.
.NET is a development framework created by Microsoft that allows developers to easily create applications. It provides libraries and functionality that developers commonly use. .NET supports multiple programming languages and allows programs written in different languages to interact. Code written for .NET executes within the Common Language Runtime (CLR) environment, which handles tasks like memory management, security, and interoperability to make development easier.
The document provides an introduction to C++ programming and the Visual Studio IDE. It discusses key C++ concepts like headers, namespaces, I/O operators, and sample programs. It also covers setting up and debugging projects in Visual Studio, including adding breakpoints and stepping through code. The lab session aims to familiarize students with C++ programming and Visual Studio to lay the foundation for object-oriented concepts covered in subsequent labs.
The document provides an overview of Microsoft .NET and compares it to Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE). It defines .NET as a set of Microsoft technologies for connecting information. The architecture of .NET is described, including its common language runtime (CLR) and core class libraries. Several .NET languages are mentioned, with an emphasis on C# as combining the safety of Java, ease of Visual Basic, and power of C++. The document then contrasts .NET and J2EE, noting that .NET is Windows-centric while J2EE is platform-neutral, and that .NET includes integrated products while J2EE relies on third-party application servers.
This document provides an introduction to computers, programming languages, and the history of the internet and world wide web. It discusses the basic components of a computer and how they work together. It describes the different types of programming languages from machine language to high-level languages like C. It outlines the history and purposes of various programming languages including Fortran, COBOL, Pascal, Ada, and C. It also summarizes the history of the internet and world wide web and how they have changed communication globally.
This document provides an overview and summary of an introduction to programming course using C# that will be taught by Gülşen Demiröz. The course will cover object oriented programming concepts and developing programs using the C# language on the .NET platform. Students will learn about classes, methods, control statements, inheritance and more. The course will be taught on Thursdays and Saturdays and include exams, homework assignments, and lectures notes available online.
This document provides an overview of ASP.NET controls. It defines server controls and how they maintain state. It describes the different types of controls in the toolbox, including web form controls, HTML controls, validation controls, list controls, components, and data controls. Server controls allow events to be handled on the server and maintain their state through the viewstate hidden field. This allows controls to retain entered values between posts backs.
C# is an object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft for building robust and durable applications. Some key points about C#:
- It was designed for the .NET framework and combines features from C++, Java, and Visual Basic. C# simplifies C++ and is more modern and type-safe.
- C# is suitable for developing web applications and uses automatic garbage collection. It was introduced as the main language for building components on the .NET platform.
- The .NET framework provides a runtime environment and class libraries. It allows programs written in multiple .NET languages to interoperate. The Common Language Runtime handles memory management, type safety, and exception handling for all .NET programs.
The document provides an overview of the C# programming language. It discusses that C# is an object-oriented language developed by Microsoft for building applications on the .NET platform. Some key points covered include:
- C# is derived from C/C++ but simplifies aspects of these languages. It supports features like automatic memory management, events, delegates, and object-oriented programming principles.
- The .NET Framework provides the runtime environment for C# and other .NET languages. It includes the Common Language Runtime (CLR) for memory management, security, and other services.
- C# code is compiled to an intermediate language (IL) that is executed by the CLR on any .NET-compatible platform.
LECTURE 1 - Introduction to Programming.pptxAOmaAli
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer programming concepts using C# and .NET. It defines computer programming and the software development process. It then discusses C# as a programming language, the .NET Framework platform, using Visual Studio as an integrated development environment, and MSDN Library for documentation and references. Key topics covered include writing a first C# program, compiling and debugging code, and the components of the .NET Framework like the common language runtime and framework class library.
The document discusses the seven pillars of ASP.NET that differentiate it from previous web development platforms. These pillars include: 1) ASP.NET being integrated with the .NET Framework; 2) ASP.NET being compiled rather than interpreted; 3) ASP.NET being multilanguage; 4) ASP.NET being hosted by the Common Language Runtime; 5) ASP.NET being object-oriented; and 6) ASP.NET supporting all browsers. The document provides details on each pillar to explain the advantages ASP.NET provides to web developers.
This document provides an overview of the .NET platform and C# programming language. It discusses the limitations of previous programming models such as C/Windows API, C++/MFC, Visual Basic 6.0, Java/J2EE, and COM. It then introduces the key components of the .NET platform including the CLR, CTS, and CLS which address these limitations and provide language independence and interoperability. The document also summarizes features of the C# programming language and how it has evolved with new .NET releases.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the C# programming language compared to Java and Objective-C. It discusses how C# is a simple, modern, object-oriented language that is immediately familiar to C/C++ and Java programmers. The document provides a high-level overview of key C# concepts like classes, structs, delegates, events and garbage collection. It also gives the perspectives of Java and Objective-C programmers in understanding C#. The document aims to help readers gain an understanding of C# and how it compares to other languages.
The document summarizes a chapter about use case modeling. It describes use cases and actors, relationships between use cases, and use case descriptions. Use case modeling involves identifying functional requirements, drawing diagrams showing actors and use cases, and writing use case descriptions in a conversational style to document interactions between actors and the system. Relationships like include, extend, and generalization are used to show how use cases relate to each other.
This document introduces a module on programming concepts in C++. The module will cover object-oriented programming principles, C++ basics, classes and objects, inheritance, pointers, and more. Students will learn to apply OOP to model real-world systems. Their knowledge will be assessed through a final exam and group coursework assignments focusing on programming and class design.
This document discusses aggregation and collection classes in Java. It introduces the concept of the "has-a" relationship between classes, where one class contains instances of other classes. It provides examples of classes like Employee that have attributes represented by other classes like PersonalDetails and JobDescription. It discusses encapsulation and exposing functionality through wrapper methods. It also introduces the concepts of ownership and aggregation vs composition. Finally, it discusses using arrays and collections to store and access groups of objects in a 1-to-many relationship.
This document discusses reading from and writing to files in Java programs. It explains how to open a file using a Scanner or PrintWriter object, read/write data using methods like next() and println(), and close the file when finished. It recommends storing file data in memory structures, processing it, then writing the results back to improve efficiency over sequential file access. Proper file handling and exception handling are also emphasized.
This document introduces GUI development in Java using the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) and Java Foundation Classes (JFC). It discusses containers, layout managers, events, and event handling. The key GUI components introduced are JFrame for top-level windows, JPanel for grouping components, and using layout managers like BorderLayout and GridLayout to position components. It also covers adding event listeners to components to handle user interactions.
The document discusses exception handling in Java. It defines an exception as an event that disrupts normal program flow, such as dividing by zero. Exceptions are handled using try, catch, and finally blocks. Catch blocks handle specific exception types. Checked exceptions must be handled, while unchecked exceptions do not require handling but can cause program termination. The document provides examples of exception handling for input/output errors and file processing.
This document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It introduces abstract classes using a drawing package example, showing how abstract classes like Shape can be extended by classes like Rectangle and Circle. Interfaces are also introduced, explaining that they specify what an object can do without defining how. Classes can implement multiple interfaces to take on those required behaviors.
This lecture introduces Java programming and covers: the Java Virtual Machine; object oriented concepts like classes and instances; the structure of a Java program; and using the Scanner class for input/output. Key topics are compiling Java code, executing bytecode on the JVM, and the basics of classes, methods, and objects.
The document summarizes and compares several major object-oriented programming languages: Smalltalk, C++, Eiffel, and Java. Smalltalk was designed for interactive use and has a fully integrated development environment, while C++ was designed for production use and has less integration. Eiffel focuses on ensuring code correctness but has not been widely adopted. Java became very popular and may become the main language for web programming due to its portability.
This document introduces multi-threading in Java. It discusses that threads allow a program to have multiple paths of execution. Threads can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. The key method for threads is run, which contains the logic to be executed. The document covers starting threads, potential problems with threads accessing shared resources, and techniques for thread synchronization like synchronized methods, waits and notifies.
This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts like substates, concurrent state diagrams, and ways for orthogonal components to communicate in concurrent state models.
Class diagrams using UML model the static relationships between classes in a system. They show classes, attributes, operations, and relationships like associations and generalizations. Associations describe links between classes, like a customer ordering products. Generalizations define inheritance between superclasses and subclasses, where the subclass inherits structure and behavior from the parent class.
The document discusses the Decorator design pattern, which allows additional responsibilities to be attached to an object dynamically at runtime. It provides examples of how the Decorator pattern can be used to add features like borders and scrolling to views. The Decorator pattern provides a more flexible alternative to inheritance for extending object functionality compared to traditional inheritance which can result in explosion of classes.
1. OO Languages
Chapter 9
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 1
2. Objectives
In this chapter we will:
Introduce some Object Oriented Programming
Languages
Compare some aspects of these languages
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 2
3. Major OOPL
Four of the major Object Oriented Programming
languages are:
C++
Smalltalk
Eiffel
Java
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 3
4. Smalltalk
Smalltalk was for most purposes the first object-
oriented language, although it was based on ideas
first developed in a simulation language called
Simula in the 1960s
Smalltalk was designed to support a (then)
radically new type of user interface - the graphical
user interface
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 4
5. Smalltalk environment
Then Smalltalk was synonymous with GUIs - now
they are commonplace
Smalltalk’s environment is graphical, based on
windows and browsers, and is controlled by a
pointing device
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 5
6. Environment...
The development environment is an integral part
of Smalltalk, and all aspects of it are available for
inspection and change within a running Smalltalk
system, conversely a Smalltalk system can be
extended by writing new classes which are then
available in the environment for immediate use, so
it is possible to add your own code-writing or
debugging tools, although these are already
present in Smalltalk
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 6
7. ...Environment
Smalltalk has several classes of interactive code
writing and debugging tools. They are:
Class Hierarchy Browser
Class Browser
Workspace
System Transcript
Disk Browser
Walkback; Debugger
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 7
8. Environment Classes
System Transcript:
reports events in the system as they occur
Class Hierarchy Browser
allows users to browse, edit, and add new classes to the
running system
Workspace
allows users to edit and evaluate expressions and
displays the results
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 8
9. Debugging
Whenever an error occurs Smalltalk displays a
window containing a “walkback” (=backtrace)
which shows the messages that led to the error
It is possible to resume or to start an interactive
debugging tool to trace messages through the
objects leading up to the error
Objects can also initiate error recovery whenever
a message they send is not understood by the
receiver
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 9
10. Smalltalk Summary
Designed for interactive and extensible use,
therefore:
environment is available for modification and extension
language is semi-compiled then interpreted
has dynamic binding and
dynamic typing
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 10
11. Smalltalk Summary
everything is an object
conceptually consistent
run-time error recovery
well-integrated debugging facilities
“clean” design to support quick learning
automatic garbage collection for ease of use
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 11
12. C++
C++ is not tightly integrated with its development
environment and aspects of the environment are
not usually available to the programmer
Unlike Smalltalk it is compiled, and so is much
less interactive, all changes and evaluations being
made in the traditional edit-compile-execute cycle
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 12
13. C++
C++ was designed as a production software
language, so much of it is designed to be fast at
the expense of simplicity
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 13
14. C++ Programming
C++ is a hybrid of two languages, C and an object-
oriented extension - so it can also accept existing
C programs
C++ has been used to “object-orientize” existing C
programs, a major factor in its popularity
But this means that it is harder to use than
Smalltalk because the language is much more
complex
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 14
15. C++ Error Handling
C++ can handle run-time errors by writing
exception handlers which trap and deal with the
error
They fulfill a role similar to that of the
“doesNotUnderstand” message in Smalltalk,
although in C++ an object can never fail to
understand a message because C++ is statically
typed
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 15
16. C++ Environment
A typical C++ environment contains program
editing, debugging (tracing and breakpointing)
and library facilities
Debugging tools depend on what the vendor can
supply - there is no standard - but many good
debugging and single-stepping tools are available
(e.g. Borland C++)
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 16
17. C++ Environment
Libraries are also non-standard, although many
libraries conform closely to a de-facto standard
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 17
18. C++ Summary
C++ was designed for production programming
and to be compatible with C:
compiled for speed of execution
not very interactive
strong static typing to catch programming errors before
execution
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 18
19. C++ Summary continued
choice of static / dynamic binding for speed => confusion
debugging less well integrated, though often good
special run-time error recovery mechanism = exceptions
“dirty” design to support existing C code + OO
extensions
constructor and destructor functions to speed up object
creation and deletion
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 19
20. Comparison
C++:
edit-compile-execute
compiled (interpreters exist)
language separate from environment
many variations of environment from different vendors
widely ported to different platforms
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 20
21. ...Comparison
Smalltalk:
interactive
interpreted (compilers exist)
language integrated with environment
only one vendor
limited number of hardware platforms
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 21
22. ...Comparison
C++:
statically typed
static or dynamic binding (user chooses)
environment is not part of programs
standardised syntax and semantics
constructor / destructor functions - no garbage collection
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 22
23. ...Comparison
Smalltalk:
dynamically typed (“doesNotUnderstand” message)
dynamic binding always
environment can confuse - part of all programs
standardisation not really a major problem yet (ParcPlace
and Digitalk have produced different versions)
automatic garbage collection
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 23
24. Strengths
C++: Systems Engineering
portable
quick
large libraries
C compatible
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 24
25. ...Strengths
Smalltalk - Rapid Prototyping & Development
interactive
interpreted
easy to understand
easy to learn
highly integrated
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 25
26. Eiffel
Eiffel was designed by Bertrand Meyer as a systems
engineering language
It has a clean, efficient design with many features
to ensure the correctness of code:
pre-conditions
post-conditions
assertions
invariants
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 26
27. ...Eiffel
Eiffel has automatic garbage collection which can
be programmer-controlled
It was designed to be compatible with C library
code, but this feature is never emphasized
Eiffel is a proprietary language and has never had
a good programming environment
Like C++ there is provision for exception handlers
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 27
28. ...Eiffel
Eiffel has failed to make a major impact because:
compatibility with C syntax is low
it’s proprietary
there were to few good environments
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 28
29. Eiffel Summary
Eiffel was designed as a clean systems
engineering language, so:
automatic garbage collection
static typing
dynamic binding (but compiler can optimize to static)
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 29
30. ...Eiffel Summary
checkable assertions
documentation tools
“new” design with no old compatibility features
poor backward compatibility with C
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 30
31. Java
Java is the most trendy computer programming
language ever
Also the only programming language ever to make
the front cover of Time magazine
Likely to become the major WWW programming
language
Could achieve a critical mass for OOP in the as yet
non converted industry
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 31
32. Background
Java comes form the Oak project at Sun
Microsystems to develop embedded applications
and set top boxes for telecommunications
services
Java is a clean OO language designed for wide
scale distribution
Java compiles to ByteCodes which then
interpreted by a Virtual Machine on a host
computer (like Smalltalk 20 years ago)
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 32
33. Language features
Syntax is based on C and C++
“C++ without the guns, knives and clubs”: James Gosling
However it has single inheritance, dynamic linking
and is fully OO, more like Smalltalk than C++
Strongly typed like C++ and Eiffel
No (visible) pointers unlike C++ and like Smalltalk
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 33
34. Immediate Future
Long range predictions are futile
Java will have significant impact
It is still fairly new
Its popularity could cause problems if
expectations can’t be met
Object thinking is more important than language
Look out for C# and .NET
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 34
35. Web
universally employed
first use of Web was relatively static, lacking
component-based infrastructure
could be standards-based infrastructure
diverse object application models that conform to
a core set of standards
ActiveX components, Java and CORBA objects,
Agents
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 35
36. Web object-based developments
IIOP (Internet Inter-ORB Protocol) - a CORBA
standard that defines network interfaces for OO
applications over the Internet
will serve as basis for Netscape ONE (Open
Network Environment)
will provide developers with an open standards-
based framework for building interoperable
Internet applications
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 36
37. Interoperability among diverse platforms
Microsoft is member of OMG in name only so far
never supported their standards
Microsoft now shifting more towards Internet
DCOM (distributed common object model) of
Microsoft
.NET coming
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 37
38. Benefits through Web
support modularity, reusability and integration
together objects plus infrastructure =
improvements
people are becoming object developers
object marketplace has started up quickly
financial services, telecommunications industries
need: rapid deployment, reliability, modularity and
flexibility of OT
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 38
39. Summary
In this chapter we have:
Introduced some Object Oriented Programming
Languages
Compared some aspects of these languages
Object-Oriented Software Systems Engineering – Chapter 9 Slide 39