The document is a notification from the Arunachal Pradesh State Electricity Regulatory Commission regarding the Renewable Power Purchase Obligation and its Compliance Regulation 2012. Some key points:
- It mandates that distribution licensees and certain consumers purchase a minimum percentage of their total electricity consumption from renewable sources each year, with targets increasing annually from 4.2% in 2012-13 to 7% in 2014-15.
- The purchase obligation can be met through power purchase agreements with renewable generators or by purchasing renewable energy certificates issued by the Central Agency in accordance with Central Commission regulations.
- The Arunachal Pradesh Energy Development Agency is designated as the State Agency responsible for accrediting renewable projects and
Practice directions rts net metering regulations 2015Jay Ranvir
CONNECTIVITY FOR ‘CHANGE-OVER’ CONSUMERS
PRACTICE DIRECTIONS Meter reading, energy accounting and settlement with the Consumer shall be
undertaken by the Supply Licensee as per the terms of the Regulations. The Supply
Licensee shall pay the Wheeling Charges, as approved by the Commission for a
particular financial year and corresponding to the unadjusted net credited Units of
electricity at the end of that year, to the Wires Licensee. Such payment will be taken
into account by the Commission while determining the respective Aggregate Revenue
Requirements.
This document is a draft power purchase agreement between a generating company and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL). It outlines the responsibilities of both parties regarding the generation facilities, evacuation system, and interfacing with the grid. The key points are:
1) The generating company will own, operate, and maintain the generating station and dedicated transmission line. UPCL will provide connectivity to its substation within 10km and required equipment.
2) The generating company can opt to construct the evacuation system itself or have UPCL/STU do it, in which case it must pay estimated costs.
3) Responsibilities for maintenance of equipment are assigned based on ownership of terminals and lines.
DERC Renewable energy Net Metering Regulations 2014Headway Solar
Delhi Net Metering Regulations 2014 released by Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
This document outlines draft regulations for rooftop solar PV grid interactive systems and net/gross metering in Jharkhand, India. It defines key terms related to rooftop solar systems and metering arrangements. It establishes the scope and general principles, including that eligible consumers can install rooftop solar systems up to 100% of their sanctioned load under net or gross metering. It also outlines procedures for applying, feasibility analysis, approval and registration of rooftop solar projects. The key responsibilities of distribution licensees and consumers are provided.
The Electricity Act of 2003 consolidates laws relating to electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use in India. It aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests in the electricity industry. Key objectives include ensuring transparent subsidy policies, promoting efficient and environmentally friendly policies, and establishing regulatory authorities like the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions.
The document is the Electricity Act of 2003 from India. It consolidates laws related to electricity generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use. The key goals are to promote competition in the electricity industry, protect consumer interests, ensure universal access to electricity, rationalize tariffs, promote transparency in subsidies and promote environmentally friendly policies. It establishes the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to regulate the electricity sector and the Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals.
This document discusses captive power plants under the Electricity Act of 2003. Key points include: captive plants must use 51% of generated power for their own use and stakeholders must have at least 26% ownership. Surplus power can be supplied to third parties through the grid or dedicated transmission lines. Some courts have ruled dedicated lines require a distribution license, while others disagree finding no such requirement in the Act. The document argues the Act does not intend to impose licensing on captive plants' dedicated lines based on principles of statutory interpretation.
The Electricity Act of 2003 consolidates laws relating to electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use in India. It aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests in the electricity industry. Key aspects covered include establishing the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to regulate tariffs and policies, and setting up an Appellate Tribunal to handle disputes. The Act defines important terms related to electricity supply and regulates various areas of the industry including generation, transmission, distribution and trading of power.
Practice directions rts net metering regulations 2015Jay Ranvir
CONNECTIVITY FOR ‘CHANGE-OVER’ CONSUMERS
PRACTICE DIRECTIONS Meter reading, energy accounting and settlement with the Consumer shall be
undertaken by the Supply Licensee as per the terms of the Regulations. The Supply
Licensee shall pay the Wheeling Charges, as approved by the Commission for a
particular financial year and corresponding to the unadjusted net credited Units of
electricity at the end of that year, to the Wires Licensee. Such payment will be taken
into account by the Commission while determining the respective Aggregate Revenue
Requirements.
This document is a draft power purchase agreement between a generating company and Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL). It outlines the responsibilities of both parties regarding the generation facilities, evacuation system, and interfacing with the grid. The key points are:
1) The generating company will own, operate, and maintain the generating station and dedicated transmission line. UPCL will provide connectivity to its substation within 10km and required equipment.
2) The generating company can opt to construct the evacuation system itself or have UPCL/STU do it, in which case it must pay estimated costs.
3) Responsibilities for maintenance of equipment are assigned based on ownership of terminals and lines.
DERC Renewable energy Net Metering Regulations 2014Headway Solar
Delhi Net Metering Regulations 2014 released by Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
This document outlines draft regulations for rooftop solar PV grid interactive systems and net/gross metering in Jharkhand, India. It defines key terms related to rooftop solar systems and metering arrangements. It establishes the scope and general principles, including that eligible consumers can install rooftop solar systems up to 100% of their sanctioned load under net or gross metering. It also outlines procedures for applying, feasibility analysis, approval and registration of rooftop solar projects. The key responsibilities of distribution licensees and consumers are provided.
The Electricity Act of 2003 consolidates laws relating to electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use in India. It aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests in the electricity industry. Key objectives include ensuring transparent subsidy policies, promoting efficient and environmentally friendly policies, and establishing regulatory authorities like the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions.
The document is the Electricity Act of 2003 from India. It consolidates laws related to electricity generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use. The key goals are to promote competition in the electricity industry, protect consumer interests, ensure universal access to electricity, rationalize tariffs, promote transparency in subsidies and promote environmentally friendly policies. It establishes the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to regulate the electricity sector and the Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals.
This document discusses captive power plants under the Electricity Act of 2003. Key points include: captive plants must use 51% of generated power for their own use and stakeholders must have at least 26% ownership. Surplus power can be supplied to third parties through the grid or dedicated transmission lines. Some courts have ruled dedicated lines require a distribution license, while others disagree finding no such requirement in the Act. The document argues the Act does not intend to impose licensing on captive plants' dedicated lines based on principles of statutory interpretation.
The Electricity Act of 2003 consolidates laws relating to electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use in India. It aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests in the electricity industry. Key aspects covered include establishing the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to regulate tariffs and policies, and setting up an Appellate Tribunal to handle disputes. The Act defines important terms related to electricity supply and regulates various areas of the industry including generation, transmission, distribution and trading of power.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of electrical system design and Indian electricity regulations. It discusses the objectives of electrical system design courses and outlines various modules that will be covered, including general safety precautions, electrical accessories and devices, wiring diagrams, and earthing systems. It also summarizes important elements of the Indian Electricity Act and Rules, including the roles of regulatory commissions, rural electrification efforts, open access provisions, and measures to prevent electricity theft.
Utility Issues and the Site Selection Process WebinarJoe Russo
The document provides a history of utilities in the United States. It discusses how utilities originally had independent generators and distributors that competed for customers, but then began consolidating in the 1920s under large holding companies. Abuses by these holding companies led to regulations being passed in the 1930s establishing the regulatory compact between utilities and government regulators. The document then covers the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state public service commissions in regulating utilities today.
This document is the Republic Act No 9136, also known as the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001. It establishes policies for restructuring the electric power industry in the Philippines, including total electrification of the country, ensuring affordable and reliable electricity supply, and enhancing private sector participation and competition through privatization and regulatory reforms. It defines key terms, establishes the framework for transitioning to a competitive structure, and assigns roles and responsibilities to government agencies and private entities in the reformed industry.
The document summarizes key legal provisions related to IPPs in the Income Tax Ordinance 2001, Sales Tax Act 1990, WPPF, and WWF Ordinance. It discusses tax exemptions for electric power generation projects, accelerated depreciation allowances for alternative energy projects, and special sales tax rules for the supply of electric power by IPPs. It outlines sales tax collection responsibilities, determination of tax liability, input tax adjustments, and record-keeping requirements for IPPs, WAPDA, and KESC. Non-compliance with these provisions can result in penalties under relevant tax laws.
This document proposes a photovoltaic (PV) based single-phase dynamic voltage restoration (DVR) device, it eliminates both sag and swell voltage and compensates for power. The proposed system requires a power source to compensate for the sag/swell voltage. This system has found a simple topology for the DVR that uses PV with two DC-DC boosts converters as the DC power source for the dynamic voltage conservator. The DC/DC boost converter powered by the PV generator is used to increase the voltage to meet the DC bus voltage requirements of the single-branch voltage source inverter (VSI). This system uses renewable energy; saves energy accordingly and supplies power to critical/sensitive loads. The control method used in this work is a Sliding Mode Control (SMC) method and relies on a phase locked loop (PLL) used to control the active filter. The effectiveness of the suggested method is confirmed by the MATLAB/Simulink® simulation results and some prototype experiments. These results show the capacity of the proposed DC link control.
This document is the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001, which aims to restructure the Philippine electric power industry. It establishes the following key points:
1. It declares the state's policy to ensure reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable electricity supply through privatization, competition and an independent regulator.
2. It creates the Energy Regulatory Commission as an independent body to regulate the electric power industry and protect consumers.
3. It defines terms related to industry participants like generators, transmitters, distributors and consumers and outlines the transition to open access and competition between private entities.
Net Metering is essential for a Rooftop Solar & many Indian states have their own set of guidelines towards it.
The document helps to summarise the Net Metering Regulations in various Indian states.
This document outlines draft regulations for a renewable energy feed-in tariff (REFIT) program in Nigeria. The REFIT aims to boost renewable energy generation through long-term power purchase agreements between generators and buyers that provide guaranteed pricing. Key points include:
- The REFIT will apply to renewable projects between 1-30MW and targets 2000MW of capacity by 2020 from solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.
- Standardized PPAs and grid connection will be required for projects up to 30MW, while larger projects will require negotiated PPAs.
- Tariffs will be technology-specific and calculated using a long run marginal cost methodology to provide reasonable returns over 20-year PPAs.
- Cap
The document discusses open access regulation and grant of connectivity regulation in India. It provides definitions of open access, objectives of open access such as increasing competition and reducing losses. It describes the working process of open access involving generators, utilities, traders and consumers. It also outlines the types of open access transactions and various regulations issued over time in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2013 and 2014 that govern open access.
Solving Nigeria's Incessant power cuts through Small scale Captive Power Plants, Embedded Power Plant, renewable ENergy and the use of LNG regasification plants in Load centres. by Olumuyiwa Abiodun.
The presentation throws light on the commercial aspects of developing a solar project in Maharashtra with a view to supply power to a third party through open access.
Specifically, it probes into the spectrum of open access charges that are applicable while the generated power traverses through the state transmission and local distribution grid, starting from the plant end to the consumer end.
After 10 years of implementing the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001:
1) Power rates have more than doubled, with residential electricity prices rising 112.5% and NAPOCOR generation charges jumping 95%. EPIRA led to privatization that benefited private corporations over consumers.
2) Energy security remains precarious as the country relies on private investors and IPPs to build power capacity only when profitable, threatening an adequate supply. The 2010 power shortage in Mindanao illustrates this risk.
3) NAPOCOR remains deeply in debt despite paying billions to service obligations, as EPIRA legitimized passing on costs of inefficient contracts to consumers through rate adjustments like the
This document outlines regulations established by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission of India regarding the development of a market for power from non-conventional energy sources through the issuance of transferable and saleable renewable energy certificates. Key points include:
- The regulations define renewable energy certificates and establish two categories - solar certificates and non-solar certificates.
- Generating companies engaged in renewable energy generation can apply for registration and issuance of certificates if they meet specified eligibility criteria including obtaining accreditation and not having a power purchase agreement at a preferential tariff.
- The Central Agency will be designated to undertake functions related to registration of eligible entities, issuance and maintenance of accounts for certificates, and acting as a
1. Nigeria has struggled with adequate electricity supply for over a century despite reforms to privatize the electricity sector. The sector remains challenged by lack of sufficient generation capacity and distribution issues.
2. Current available generation capacity is only 4,996MW, enough for 40% of the population. Estimates suggest 12,490MW to 15,000MW of capacity is needed to provide electricity for all 170 million Nigerians.
3. Reforms have led to increased investment and 82 generation licenses totaling 26,437MW of potential capacity. However, distribution companies remain insolvent, hindering purchases from generators. Expanding and strengthening the electricity sector remains a work in progress.
Wind Force Newsletter July, Edition, 2012rupeshsingh_1
This document summarizes regulatory developments related to wind power projects in India. It discusses changes to transmission tariffs in Maharashtra and retail tariffs in Gujarat that impact project viability. It also outlines draft wind power tariffs in Rajasthan and issues raised in stakeholder hearings in Tamil Nadu regarding banking of electricity and tariff rates. The document provides an overview of guidelines from MNRE on installing prototype wind turbines and a new methodology from the Ministry of Power for rating distribution companies that includes RPO fulfillment as a criteria.
Chronology of Indian Power Sector's DevelopmentAmitava Nag
The document provides a chronological overview of the development of the Indian power sector from 1879 to 2018. It outlines key milestones such as the enactment of early electricity acts in the late 1800s, the establishment of state electricity boards in the 1940s-1950s, the introduction of policies promoting private sector participation in the 1990s-2000s, and the enactment of the Electricity Act of 2003 which restructured the sector. Major events covered include the expansion of generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure across India over this period.
The document discusses key provisions and issues related to captive power plants in India. The Electricity Act of 2003 legally enables the establishment of captive power plants. National policies also aim to promote captive power by ensuring cost-effective and reliable electricity. However, challenges remain around open access for selling surplus power to the grid and high transmission costs. Further development of captive power could help industries and support renewable energy growth.
1) The document discusses various news agencies and press laws in Pakistan. It provides details on the history and operations of major international news agencies like AFP, Reuters, AP, as well as Pakistani agencies like APP, PPI, and private news agencies.
2) It outlines the various press laws introduced by military rulers in Pakistan over the years, starting from the Press and Publication Ordinance of 1962 introduced by Ayub Khan, which empowered authorities to censor newspapers.
3) Further amendments were made by Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s to curb press freedom. Musharraf partially liberalized media in 2002 by allowing private broadcasters, but military still exerted some control over content.
This document lists 4 websites: www.cpne.webs.com for the Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors, www.daily10minutes.webs.com for Daily 10 Minutes, www.mennonitechurchpakistan.webs.com for the First Mennonite Church of Pakistan, and www.thesportsplus.webs.com for The Sports Plus. All of these websites appear to be hosted on the webs.com domain and based in or related to Pakistan.
The document outlines the Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance from 2002. It establishes a Press Council of Pakistan to implement an Ethical Code of Practice for newspapers and news agencies. The Council will be composed of 19 members including a Chairman appointed by the President. It will receive complaints about violations of the ethical code and appoint inquiry commissions. The Council aims to preserve press freedom while maintaining high professional standards and ethics in the industry. It is granted powers to regulate the press and undertake research related to newspapers.
The spiral of silence theory describes how minority viewpoints disappear from public discourse. It posits that individuals decide whether to voice their opinions based on their perception of what the majority opinion is. The media plays a key role in shaping societal norms and determining what views are considered normal. As a result, people with minority views often remain silent for fear of isolation, allowing the majority viewpoint to reinforce itself in a spiral-like pattern. Critics argue the theory is too broad and that other factors beyond public opinion, such as religion and culture, also influence whether individuals publicly express their views.
Benazir Bhutto promised greater press freedom when she became Prime Minister in 1988, but her government violated those promises and curtailed press freedom. Journalists faced threats, attacks on newspaper offices, and some were killed during her 1988-1991 term. Press freedom declined further during her second term from 1993-1996, which saw increased violence against journalists, including murders. Nawaz Sharif's governments from 1990-1993 and 1997 also imposed restrictions on the press through intimidation, corruption of journalists, and other coercive measures. Violence against the press remained high during military rule as well.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of electrical system design and Indian electricity regulations. It discusses the objectives of electrical system design courses and outlines various modules that will be covered, including general safety precautions, electrical accessories and devices, wiring diagrams, and earthing systems. It also summarizes important elements of the Indian Electricity Act and Rules, including the roles of regulatory commissions, rural electrification efforts, open access provisions, and measures to prevent electricity theft.
Utility Issues and the Site Selection Process WebinarJoe Russo
The document provides a history of utilities in the United States. It discusses how utilities originally had independent generators and distributors that competed for customers, but then began consolidating in the 1920s under large holding companies. Abuses by these holding companies led to regulations being passed in the 1930s establishing the regulatory compact between utilities and government regulators. The document then covers the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state public service commissions in regulating utilities today.
This document is the Republic Act No 9136, also known as the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001. It establishes policies for restructuring the electric power industry in the Philippines, including total electrification of the country, ensuring affordable and reliable electricity supply, and enhancing private sector participation and competition through privatization and regulatory reforms. It defines key terms, establishes the framework for transitioning to a competitive structure, and assigns roles and responsibilities to government agencies and private entities in the reformed industry.
The document summarizes key legal provisions related to IPPs in the Income Tax Ordinance 2001, Sales Tax Act 1990, WPPF, and WWF Ordinance. It discusses tax exemptions for electric power generation projects, accelerated depreciation allowances for alternative energy projects, and special sales tax rules for the supply of electric power by IPPs. It outlines sales tax collection responsibilities, determination of tax liability, input tax adjustments, and record-keeping requirements for IPPs, WAPDA, and KESC. Non-compliance with these provisions can result in penalties under relevant tax laws.
This document proposes a photovoltaic (PV) based single-phase dynamic voltage restoration (DVR) device, it eliminates both sag and swell voltage and compensates for power. The proposed system requires a power source to compensate for the sag/swell voltage. This system has found a simple topology for the DVR that uses PV with two DC-DC boosts converters as the DC power source for the dynamic voltage conservator. The DC/DC boost converter powered by the PV generator is used to increase the voltage to meet the DC bus voltage requirements of the single-branch voltage source inverter (VSI). This system uses renewable energy; saves energy accordingly and supplies power to critical/sensitive loads. The control method used in this work is a Sliding Mode Control (SMC) method and relies on a phase locked loop (PLL) used to control the active filter. The effectiveness of the suggested method is confirmed by the MATLAB/Simulink® simulation results and some prototype experiments. These results show the capacity of the proposed DC link control.
This document is the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001, which aims to restructure the Philippine electric power industry. It establishes the following key points:
1. It declares the state's policy to ensure reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable electricity supply through privatization, competition and an independent regulator.
2. It creates the Energy Regulatory Commission as an independent body to regulate the electric power industry and protect consumers.
3. It defines terms related to industry participants like generators, transmitters, distributors and consumers and outlines the transition to open access and competition between private entities.
Net Metering is essential for a Rooftop Solar & many Indian states have their own set of guidelines towards it.
The document helps to summarise the Net Metering Regulations in various Indian states.
This document outlines draft regulations for a renewable energy feed-in tariff (REFIT) program in Nigeria. The REFIT aims to boost renewable energy generation through long-term power purchase agreements between generators and buyers that provide guaranteed pricing. Key points include:
- The REFIT will apply to renewable projects between 1-30MW and targets 2000MW of capacity by 2020 from solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.
- Standardized PPAs and grid connection will be required for projects up to 30MW, while larger projects will require negotiated PPAs.
- Tariffs will be technology-specific and calculated using a long run marginal cost methodology to provide reasonable returns over 20-year PPAs.
- Cap
The document discusses open access regulation and grant of connectivity regulation in India. It provides definitions of open access, objectives of open access such as increasing competition and reducing losses. It describes the working process of open access involving generators, utilities, traders and consumers. It also outlines the types of open access transactions and various regulations issued over time in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2013 and 2014 that govern open access.
Solving Nigeria's Incessant power cuts through Small scale Captive Power Plants, Embedded Power Plant, renewable ENergy and the use of LNG regasification plants in Load centres. by Olumuyiwa Abiodun.
The presentation throws light on the commercial aspects of developing a solar project in Maharashtra with a view to supply power to a third party through open access.
Specifically, it probes into the spectrum of open access charges that are applicable while the generated power traverses through the state transmission and local distribution grid, starting from the plant end to the consumer end.
After 10 years of implementing the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001:
1) Power rates have more than doubled, with residential electricity prices rising 112.5% and NAPOCOR generation charges jumping 95%. EPIRA led to privatization that benefited private corporations over consumers.
2) Energy security remains precarious as the country relies on private investors and IPPs to build power capacity only when profitable, threatening an adequate supply. The 2010 power shortage in Mindanao illustrates this risk.
3) NAPOCOR remains deeply in debt despite paying billions to service obligations, as EPIRA legitimized passing on costs of inefficient contracts to consumers through rate adjustments like the
This document outlines regulations established by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission of India regarding the development of a market for power from non-conventional energy sources through the issuance of transferable and saleable renewable energy certificates. Key points include:
- The regulations define renewable energy certificates and establish two categories - solar certificates and non-solar certificates.
- Generating companies engaged in renewable energy generation can apply for registration and issuance of certificates if they meet specified eligibility criteria including obtaining accreditation and not having a power purchase agreement at a preferential tariff.
- The Central Agency will be designated to undertake functions related to registration of eligible entities, issuance and maintenance of accounts for certificates, and acting as a
1. Nigeria has struggled with adequate electricity supply for over a century despite reforms to privatize the electricity sector. The sector remains challenged by lack of sufficient generation capacity and distribution issues.
2. Current available generation capacity is only 4,996MW, enough for 40% of the population. Estimates suggest 12,490MW to 15,000MW of capacity is needed to provide electricity for all 170 million Nigerians.
3. Reforms have led to increased investment and 82 generation licenses totaling 26,437MW of potential capacity. However, distribution companies remain insolvent, hindering purchases from generators. Expanding and strengthening the electricity sector remains a work in progress.
Wind Force Newsletter July, Edition, 2012rupeshsingh_1
This document summarizes regulatory developments related to wind power projects in India. It discusses changes to transmission tariffs in Maharashtra and retail tariffs in Gujarat that impact project viability. It also outlines draft wind power tariffs in Rajasthan and issues raised in stakeholder hearings in Tamil Nadu regarding banking of electricity and tariff rates. The document provides an overview of guidelines from MNRE on installing prototype wind turbines and a new methodology from the Ministry of Power for rating distribution companies that includes RPO fulfillment as a criteria.
Chronology of Indian Power Sector's DevelopmentAmitava Nag
The document provides a chronological overview of the development of the Indian power sector from 1879 to 2018. It outlines key milestones such as the enactment of early electricity acts in the late 1800s, the establishment of state electricity boards in the 1940s-1950s, the introduction of policies promoting private sector participation in the 1990s-2000s, and the enactment of the Electricity Act of 2003 which restructured the sector. Major events covered include the expansion of generation, transmission, and distribution infrastructure across India over this period.
The document discusses key provisions and issues related to captive power plants in India. The Electricity Act of 2003 legally enables the establishment of captive power plants. National policies also aim to promote captive power by ensuring cost-effective and reliable electricity. However, challenges remain around open access for selling surplus power to the grid and high transmission costs. Further development of captive power could help industries and support renewable energy growth.
1) The document discusses various news agencies and press laws in Pakistan. It provides details on the history and operations of major international news agencies like AFP, Reuters, AP, as well as Pakistani agencies like APP, PPI, and private news agencies.
2) It outlines the various press laws introduced by military rulers in Pakistan over the years, starting from the Press and Publication Ordinance of 1962 introduced by Ayub Khan, which empowered authorities to censor newspapers.
3) Further amendments were made by Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s to curb press freedom. Musharraf partially liberalized media in 2002 by allowing private broadcasters, but military still exerted some control over content.
This document lists 4 websites: www.cpne.webs.com for the Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors, www.daily10minutes.webs.com for Daily 10 Minutes, www.mennonitechurchpakistan.webs.com for the First Mennonite Church of Pakistan, and www.thesportsplus.webs.com for The Sports Plus. All of these websites appear to be hosted on the webs.com domain and based in or related to Pakistan.
The document outlines the Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance from 2002. It establishes a Press Council of Pakistan to implement an Ethical Code of Practice for newspapers and news agencies. The Council will be composed of 19 members including a Chairman appointed by the President. It will receive complaints about violations of the ethical code and appoint inquiry commissions. The Council aims to preserve press freedom while maintaining high professional standards and ethics in the industry. It is granted powers to regulate the press and undertake research related to newspapers.
The spiral of silence theory describes how minority viewpoints disappear from public discourse. It posits that individuals decide whether to voice their opinions based on their perception of what the majority opinion is. The media plays a key role in shaping societal norms and determining what views are considered normal. As a result, people with minority views often remain silent for fear of isolation, allowing the majority viewpoint to reinforce itself in a spiral-like pattern. Critics argue the theory is too broad and that other factors beyond public opinion, such as religion and culture, also influence whether individuals publicly express their views.
Benazir Bhutto promised greater press freedom when she became Prime Minister in 1988, but her government violated those promises and curtailed press freedom. Journalists faced threats, attacks on newspaper offices, and some were killed during her 1988-1991 term. Press freedom declined further during her second term from 1993-1996, which saw increased violence against journalists, including murders. Nawaz Sharif's governments from 1990-1993 and 1997 also imposed restrictions on the press through intimidation, corruption of journalists, and other coercive measures. Violence against the press remained high during military rule as well.
An overview of the newspaper production process from story idea to publication. Intended as a prompt for introductory discussion about newsroom roles and processes. This is a little dated now, but the basics are still right. Feedback welcome.
The Spiral of Silence Theory argues that individuals are less likely to express opinions that they believe are unpopular for fear of isolation. People perceive the majority opinion through mass media. This theory is relevant to studying public opinion, interpersonal communication, and the influence of mass media. However, questions remain about whether the theory applies universally or is culture-specific, and whether fear of isolation is the primary factor in willingness to express opinions.
The document discusses the two-step flow model of communication, which hypothesizes that ideas from mass media flow first to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the wider population. It was first introduced in 1944 and elaborates that most people are influenced indirectly through opinion leaders who are exposed to media messages and interpret them based on their own opinions before spreading them to others. Opinion leaders tend to be similar demographically or socially to those they influence. The two-step model provides an explanation for why some media campaigns do not change attitudes at a wide scale.
The document outlines the open access charges in Chhattisgarh that were approved and made effective from April 1, 2018. This includes transmission charges, energy losses for transmission and distribution, wheeling charges, operating charges, reactive energy charges, cross subsidy surcharge, and standby charges for consumers availing open access. It also provides details on zero transmission, wheeling and SLDC charges for renewable energy transactions, but a 6% energy loss charge and reduced cross subsidy surcharge of 50% for renewable generators. Standby charges are 1.5-2 times the average tariff depending on drawal within or in excess of contracted capacity during outage.
The notification outlines rules established by the Government of India's Ministry of Power regarding various aspects of electricity regulation and governance as authorized by the Electricity Act of 2003. Key points covered include:
- Defining requirements for captive power plants, including minimum ownership and consumption levels.
- Clarifying what systems fall under distribution licenses.
- Specifying obligations of transmission licensees to comply with dispatch center directions and potential consequences for failure to maintain availability.
- Addressing appeals processes, jurisdiction of courts, and procedures for cognizance of offenses.
- Covering tariffs of generating companies, inter-state trading licenses, and other regulatory and administrative details.
This document outlines regulations established by the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission regarding standards of performance for distribution licensees. It defines key terms and sets timelines for licensees to complete inspections, provide cost estimates, and give new electricity connections. Standards are established for reliability of supply, metering, reconnections, and other services. Formulas are provided to calculate reliability indices like SAIDI, SAIFI and CAIDI to measure system interruptions. The regulations also determine the process for consumers to claim compensation if licensees fail to meet the performance standards.
The document provides information on captive power plants under the Electricity Act of 2003 in India. Some key points:
1. A captive power plant is defined as a power plant set up primarily for a person's own use, including for cooperatives or associations for members' use.
2. For a plant to be classified as captive, 26% ownership must be held by captive users and 51% of annual generation must be consumed by captive users.
3. Captive plants are exempt from licensing and can access open transmission lines, subject to availability. They also pay no cross-subsidy surcharges.
4. Group captive plants allow multiple commercial consumers to jointly set up a plant meeting the 26
Rajasthan Net Metering Regulations 2015 released by Rajasthan Regulatory Commission (RERC).
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
Punjab SERC (Forecasting, Scheduling, Deviation Settlement and Related Matte...Das A. K.
This document outlines regulations for forecasting, scheduling, and deviation settlement of solar and wind generation sources in Punjab, India. It defines key terms and establishes requirements for wind and solar generators to register with the state load dispatch center and provide forecasts, schedules, technical data and weather data. Generators must forecast day-ahead and week-ahead and can revise schedules up to 16 times per day. Deviation charges will be paid into a state pool account for errors over 10% between actual and scheduled generation. A qualified coordinating agency can coordinate schedules and settlements on behalf of generators connected to the same pooling station.
This document outlines regulations established by the Uttar Pradesh Electricity Regulatory Commission (UPERC) regarding captive and non-conventional energy generating plants in Uttar Pradesh. The regulations cover topics such as the scope and application of the regulations, obligations and duties of captive generating plants, open access provisions, tariffs, and sale of surplus power. Key points include:
- The regulations apply to all existing and proposed captive generating plants of 1 MW or larger in Uttar Pradesh.
- Captive plants must abide by technical standards and grid discipline. They have rights to open access transmission.
- Captive plants can sell surplus power to distribution licensees via power purchase agreements approved by UPERC
This document provides definitions and terms for a solar net metering agreement between a distribution licensee and solar power generator. It defines key terms like imported energy, exported energy, net exported energy, energy feed-in meter, eligibility criteria, and establishes that the agreement is for a solar power plant of capacity between 1 kWp and 500 kWp installed at the generator's location and connected to the distribution licensee's grid under net metering. The agreement sets out the responsibilities of both parties in accordance with applicable rules and regulations.
Policy on Net Metering for Grid Interactive Roof-Top Solar Photo Voltaic Powe...Headway Solar
Policy on Net Metering for Grid Interactive Roof-Top Solar Photo Voltaic Power Plants Punjab 2014
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
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1.
Th Ar
he runachal Prad
desh Gaze
ette
EXTRAO
ORDINAR
RY
PUBL
LISHED BY AUT
THORITY
Y
No. 7
74
Vol. XIX
X,
Naharla
agun,
Frida
ay,
April 13 2011,
3,
Chaitra 24, 19 (Saka)
C
934
ARUNA
ACHAL PRAD
DESH STATE ELECTRICITY
Y REGULATORY COMMIS
SSION
N
NOTIFICATION
012
The 11th April’20
RE
ENEWABLE P
POWER PURC
CHASE OBLIG
GATION AND
D ITS COMPLIANCE REGUL
LATION 2012
2
No. APSERC/NOTIFICATION/
/8/2012, Da
ated 11th Ap
pril’2012 : In
n exercise of the pow
wers
erred by sub
b‐section (1) of section 1
181 read wit
th sub‐sectio
on (1) of sect
tion 62, sect
tion
confe
66, cl
lauses (a), (b
b) and (e) of
f section 86 and clause (zi) of sub‐se
ection (2) of
f section 181
1 of
the E
Electricity Ac 2003 (36 of 2003) an
ct,
nd all other powers ena
abling it in th behalf, a
his
and
after previous publications, the A
Arunachal Pradesh St
tate Electric
city Regulat
tory
Comm
mission hereby makes the
e following re
egulations:‐
1.
2.
Short titl
le and comm
mencement.‐(1) These
e regulations may be ca
alled the
Arunachal Pradesh State Electr
S
ricity Regula
atory Comm
mission (Ren
newable Pow
wer
Purchase Obligation an
nd its Compli
iance) Regula
ations, 2012.
.
(2) These regulations shall come into force fr
rom the date
e of their pu
ublication in the
Gazette A
Arunachal Pra
adesh.
Definition
ns: In these r
regulations, unless the c
context otherwise requir
res,‐
(a)
“A
Act” means the Electricity
y Act, 2003 (
(36 of 2003);
;
(b)
“C
Central Agency” means th
he agency as
s may be des
signated by t
the Central
Co
ommission under claus (1) of re
se
egulation 3 of the Cen
ntral Electric
city
Re
egulatory Co
ommission (T
Terms and C
Conditions f
for recognition and
iss
suance of Renewable Energy Certificate for Renewable Ene
e
ergy
Ge
eneration) Re
egulations, 2
2010;
(c)
“C
Central Com
mmission” m
means the Central Ele
ectricity Regulatory
Co
ommission re
eferred to in sub‐section (1) of sectio
on 76 of the A
Act;
2. The Arunachal Pradesh Extraordinary Gazette, April 13, 2012 2
(d)
(e)
“Certificate” means the renewable energy certificate issued by the
Central Agency in accordance with the procedures prescribed by it and
under the provisions specified in the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Terms and Conditions for recognition and issuance of
Renewable Energy Certificate for Renewable Energy Generation)
Regulations, 2010”;
“Commission” means the Arunachal Pradesh State Electricity Regulatory
Commission;
(f)
“obligated entity” means the distribution licensee, consumer owning the
captive power plants and open access consumers in the State of Arunachal
Pradesh, which is mandated to fulfill renewable purchase obligation under these
regulations;
(g)
“renewable energy sources” means non‐conventional renewable electricity
generating sources such as mini/micro/small hydro power projects upto
and including 25 MW capacity, wind, solar including its integration with
combined cycle, biomass, bio‐fuel cogeneration, urban or municipal waste
and such other sources as recognized or approved by the MNRE.
(h)
(i)
3.
“State agency” means the agency in the State of Arunachal Pradesh as
may be designated by the Commission to act as the agency for
accreditation and recommending the renewable energy projects for
registration and to undertake such functions as may be specified under
clause (e) of sub‐section (1) of section 86 of the Act; and
the words and expressions used in these regulations and not defined herein
but defined in the Act or the regulations issued by the Central Commission
or any other regulations issued by the Commission, shall have the same
meaning assigned to them respectively in the Act or such regulations
issued by the Central Commission or such other regulations issued by the
Commission.
Applicability of Renewable Power Purchase Obligation (RPPO) .‐ These
regulations shall apply to ‐
(1)
(2)
4.
the distribution licensee;
any other person consuming electricity‐
(i)
generated from Captive Generating Plant having
capacity of 1 MW and above for his own use; and/or
(ii) procured from generation through open access third party
sale.
Quantum of Renewable Power Purchase Obligation (RPPO).‐ (1)(a) The
distribution licensee shall purchase electricity (in kWh) from renewable sources,
at a defined minimum percentage of the total consumption including transmission
and distribution losses, within the area of the distribution licensee, during a year.
3. The Arunachal Pradesh Extraordinary Gazette, April 13, 2012 3
(b) The Captive and Open Access User(s)/ Consumer(s), shall purchase electricity (in
kWh) from renewable sources, at a defined minimum percentage of his total
consumption.
Explanation.‐ For the purpose of this regulation “the defined minimum
percentage” shall be as given in the table below:‐
Table‐ Defined minimum percentages
Year
(1)
Minimum Quantum of purchase
(in %) from renewable sources
(in terms of energy in kWh) of
total consumption
Total
Non‐Solar
Solar
(2)
(3)
(4)
2012‐13
4.2 %
4.1%
0.1%
2013‐14
5.6 %
5.45 %
0.15%
2014‐15
7 %
6.8 %
0.2 %
Provided that the solar power purchase obligation shall be fulfilled from the
generation based on solar sources only:
Provided further that such obligation to purchase renewable energy shall be
inclusive of .‐
(i) purchases from generating stations based on renewable energy
sources,
(ii) purchases from any other distribution licensee, which would
arise from renewable sources,
(iii) the energy generated from its own renewable sources, if any, by
the obligated entity:
Provided further that the power purchases under the power purchase
agreements for the purchase of renewable energy sources already entered
into by the distribution licensees shall continue to be made till their
present validity, even if the total purchases under such agreements exceeds
the percentage as specified hereinbefore.
(2 )
(3)
Keeping in view supply constraints or other factors beyond the control of
the licensee, the Commission may, suo‐motu or at the request of a
licensee, revise the percentage targets for a year as per sub‐regulation (1) of
this regulation.
The RPPO specified for the Financial Year 2014‐15 shall be continued
beyond 2014‐15 till any revision is affected by the Commission in this
regard.
4. The Arunachal Pradesh Extraordinary Gazette, April 13, 2012 4
5. Certificates under the regulations of the Central Commission.‐
(1)
Subject to the terms and conditions contained in these regulations the
Certificates issued under the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Terms
and Conditions for recognition and issuance of Renewable Energy Certificate for
Renewable Energy Generation) Regulations, 2010 shall be the valid instruments
for the discharge of the mandatory obligations set out in these regulations for the
obligated entities to purchase electricity from renewable energy sources:
Provided that in the event of the obligated entity fulfilling the renewable
purchase obligation by purchase of certificates, the obligation to purchase
electricity from generation based on solar as renewable energy source can be
fulfilled by purchase of solar certificates only and the obligation to purchase
electricity from generation based on renewable energy other than solar can be
fulfilled by purchase of non‐solar certificates.
(2) Subject to such direction as the Commission may give, from time to time,
the obligated entity shall act consistent with the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Terms and Conditions for recognition and issuance of Renewable
Energy Certificate for Renewable Energy Generation) Regulations, 2010 notified
by the Central Commission in regard to the procurement of the certificates for
fulfillment of the Renewable Power Purchase Obligation under these regulations.
(3)
The Certificates purchased by the obligated entities from the power
exchange in terms of the regulation of the Central Commission mentioned in sub‐
regulation (1) shall be deposited by the obligated entities with the Commission in
accordance with the detailed procedure issued by the Central Agency.
6.
State Agency and its Functions
(1)
The Commission designates Arunachal Pradesh Energy Development
Agency (APEDA) as the State Agency for accreditation and recommending the
renewable energy projects for registration with Central Agency and to undertake
following functions under these regulations:
a.
b.
Frame a procedure consistent with the procedure framed by
Central Agency to meet the requirement of these regulations.
Accreditation of eligible entities at State level and recommending
them to Central Agency for registration at the central level,
c.
Maintaining and settling accounts in respect of certificates,
d.
e.
Repository of transactions in certificates, and
Such other functions incidental to the implementation of renewable
energy certificate mechanism as may be assigned by the
Commission from time to time.
5. The Arunachal Pradesh Extraordinary Gazette, April 13, 2012 5
(2)
The State Agency shall function in accordance with the directions issued
by the Commission and shall act consistent with the procedures and rules laid by
Central Agency for discharge of its functions under the Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (Terms and Conditions for recognition and issue of
Renewable Energy Certificate for Renewable Energy Generation) Regulations,
2010.
(3)
The State Agency shall develop the formats for
submission
of
quarterly progress report in respect of compliance of renewable purchase
obligation by the obligated entities and get them approved by the Commission
within 3 months of issuance of these Regulations. State Agency may also suggest
appropriate action to the Commission, if required, for compliance of the
renewable purchase obligation.
(4)
If the Commission is satisfied that the State Agency is not able to
discharge its functions satisfactorily, it may by general or special order, and by
recording reasons in writing, designate any other agency to function as State
Agency as it considers appropriate.
(5)
The Commission shall, either on its own motion or on request of the State
Agency, by an order as deemed appropriate, constitute a co‐ordination committee
for facilitating the implementation of these regulations:
7.
8.
Distribution Licensee‐ (1) Each distribution licensee shall indicate, along with
sufficient proof thereof, the estimated quantum of purchase from renewable
sources for the ensuing year in tariff/annual performance review petition in
accordance with regulations notified by the Commission. The estimated quantum of
purchase shall be in accordance with sub‐ regulation (1) of regulation 4 of these
regulations. If the distribution licensee is unable to fulfil the obligation, the
shortfall of the specified quantum of that year would be added to the specified
quantum for the next year. However, credit for excess renewable power purchase
would not be adjusted in the ensuing year.
(2) Despite availability of energy from renewable sources under the Power
Purchase Agreements or the power exchange mechanism or from its own
renewable sources or purchase of certificates, if the distribution licensee fails to fulfil
the minimum quantum of purchase from renewable sources, it shall be liable to pay
compensation as per regulation 9 of these regulations.
Captive and Open Access User(s)/ Consumer(s).‐(1)The quantum of RPPO
inclusive of transmission and distribution losses mentioned in sub‐regulation (1) of
regulation 4, shall be applicable to captive and open access user(s)/
consumer(s) from the date of this notification in the Official Gazette.
(2) Every Captive and Open access consumer(s)/ user(s) shall have to submit
necessary details regarding total consumption of electricity and power purchase
from Renewable Energy sources for fulfillment of RPPO on yearly basis on or
before the 30th April to the State Agency.
6. The Arunachal Pradesh Extraordinary Gazette, April 13, 2012 6
(3) Captive and Open Access Consumer(s)/ User(s) shall consume renewable
energy as stated in the Table below regulation 4. If the Captive user(s) and Open
Access consumer(s) are unable to fulfill the criteria, the shortfall of the targeted
quantum would attract payment of compensation as per regulation 9 of these
regulations.
(4) Captive/Open Access consumer(s)/ User(s) may fulfill its RPPO through
the renewable energy certificate as provided in regulation 5 of these regulations.
9.
Consequences of default.‐(1) Where the obligated entity does not fulfil the
renewable purchase obligation as provided in these regulations during any year
and also does not purchase the certificates, the Commission may direct the
obligated entity to deposit into a separate fund, to be created and maintained by
such obligated entity, such amount as the Commission may determine on the basis
of the shortfall in units of RPPO and the forbearance price decided by the Central
Commission:
Provided that the fund so created shall be utilised, as may be directed by
the Commission partly for purchase of the certificates and partly for development of
transmission/ sub transmission infrastructure for evacuation of power from
generating stations based on renewable energy sources:
Provided further that the obligated entities shall not be authorized to use
the fund created in pursuance of regulation without prior approval of the
Commission:
Provided further that the Commission may empower an officer of the State
Agency to procure from the Power Exchange the required number of certificates
to the extent of the shortfall in the fulfillment of the obligations, out of the amount
in the fund:
Provided further that the distribution licensee shall be in breach of its
licence conditions if it fails to deposit the amount directed by the Commission
within 15 days of the communication of the direction.
(2) Where any obligated entity fails to comply with the obligation to purchase
the required percentage of power from renewable energy sources or the renewable
energy certificates, it shall also be liable for penalty as may be imposed by the
Commission under section 142 of the Act:
Provided that in case of genuine difficulty in complying with the
renewable power purchase obligation because of non‐availability of certificates, the
obligated entity can approach the Commission to carry forward the
compliance requirement to the next year:
Provided further that where the Commission has consented to carry
forward of compliance requirement, the provision of sub‐regulation (1) or the
provision of section 142 of the Act shall not be invoked.