The document outlines the key components of risk assessment:
1. It defines risk assessment as the determination of health effects caused by human activities, with "health effects" meaning changes to human anatomy or function.
2. The main components of risk assessment are discussed in more detail, including hazard evaluation, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and risk characterization.
3. Hazard evaluation involves determining whether a substance is harmful using various types of studies including human epidemiological studies and animal toxicology studies.
4. Exposure assessment examines how much of a substance people are exposed to, from what sources, and other exposure factors.
The document summarizes arguments against animal testing from multiple perspectives. It notes that animal testing rests on a logical contradiction, as experimenters provide contradictory justifications for why they experiment on animals. It also discusses how the benefits of animal testing remain unproven despite increased data, how many studies on animals fail to be predictive for humans, and how funding bodies and the drug industry are decreasing reliance on animal research due to high costs of translational failures. Overall, the document argues that much animal testing is unnecessary and impossible to justify given alternative experimental techniques and questions around the validity and relevance of results for human medicine.
This document summarizes Paolo Vineis' presentation on measuring the exposome. It discusses:
1. Defining the exposome as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, including measuring internal exposures through biomarkers in biological samples.
2. Challenges in exposome research like limited biobanked samples, single spot samples, lack of life-course cohorts, and feasibility of extensive exposure assessment and omics measurements.
3. The "meet-in-the-middle" approach which integrates epidemiology, exposure assessment, omics, and bioinformatics to study cancer risk factors using samples from existing cohorts.
On Dec. 20th 2016, the HRB published their "Health Research In Action" booklet that detailed a small selection of recent success stories from their research funding portfolio which "...really show health research in action".
The corneal-limbal stem cell research work carried out at NICB (by Finbarr O’Sullivan and Prof. Martin Clynes) and which led to the first corneal-limbal stem cell transplant in Ireland (carried out by Mr. William Power of the RVEEH) on June 7th, 2016 got an honorable mention (Page 17)
COMPLETE GUIDE ON HOW TO DEBATE ABOUT ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATIONLauren Bradshaw
How to get ready for a debate about animal experimentation? Which facts should you choose? Find answers to all your questions in this full guide by CustomWritings.com.
The document is a notification that an abstract titled "Topography in Cancer Science" has been accepted for poster presentation at the International Conference and Exhibition of Cancer & Therapeutics (ICECT) in London from July 6-8, 2020. The abstract discusses how cancer topography, or distribution within organs and bodies, can provide insight into pathogenic processes, risk factors, and local conditions that may influence cancer development and presentation in certain areas over others. Analyzing literature on cancer epidemiology, topography, and local factors could help verify relationships between gradients, kinetics, pathogenesis, and time-related toxic conditions to better understand cancer etiology.
The document discusses research involving animals containing human material (ACHM). It notes that ACHM have been used for decades in biomedical research, but are becoming more sophisticated due to new technologies. ACHM are useful for studying human biology and disease when other models are not possible or ethical. Examples mentioned include mice modified to study HIV and cancer, and goats producing human blood clotting factors. While public acceptance of animal research is mixed, the document's public dialogue found acceptance of ACHM research if well-regulated and could benefit medical understanding. However, some areas may require additional oversight, such as extensive humanization of animal brains or development of human gametes in animals. With continued advancement, regulation needs to ensure
Red meat, ancestral diet and environment are not to be solved with prohibitions. I describe in this opinion the biases of observational studies and the mistakes in environment issues.
Olfactory Detection of Human Cancer by Dogs. A Review of Research and ResultsNaomi O'Donoghue
This document reviews 9 studies that examined whether dogs can detect human cancer through scent. The studies tested dogs' ability to detect various cancers including melanoma, bladder, breast, lung, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancer using samples like tissues, breath, urine, blood, and stool. The results were mixed, with some studies showing dogs could detect cancer at high rates of sensitivity and specificity, while others showed poor detection rates. Factors like training methodology and sample selection varied between studies and may have impacted results. Overall, the best studies incorporated rigorous training and controls, suggesting certain cancers may have distinguishing odour signatures that dogs can learn to detect.
The document summarizes arguments against animal testing from multiple perspectives. It notes that animal testing rests on a logical contradiction, as experimenters provide contradictory justifications for why they experiment on animals. It also discusses how the benefits of animal testing remain unproven despite increased data, how many studies on animals fail to be predictive for humans, and how funding bodies and the drug industry are decreasing reliance on animal research due to high costs of translational failures. Overall, the document argues that much animal testing is unnecessary and impossible to justify given alternative experimental techniques and questions around the validity and relevance of results for human medicine.
This document summarizes Paolo Vineis' presentation on measuring the exposome. It discusses:
1. Defining the exposome as the totality of environmental exposures from conception onward, including measuring internal exposures through biomarkers in biological samples.
2. Challenges in exposome research like limited biobanked samples, single spot samples, lack of life-course cohorts, and feasibility of extensive exposure assessment and omics measurements.
3. The "meet-in-the-middle" approach which integrates epidemiology, exposure assessment, omics, and bioinformatics to study cancer risk factors using samples from existing cohorts.
On Dec. 20th 2016, the HRB published their "Health Research In Action" booklet that detailed a small selection of recent success stories from their research funding portfolio which "...really show health research in action".
The corneal-limbal stem cell research work carried out at NICB (by Finbarr O’Sullivan and Prof. Martin Clynes) and which led to the first corneal-limbal stem cell transplant in Ireland (carried out by Mr. William Power of the RVEEH) on June 7th, 2016 got an honorable mention (Page 17)
COMPLETE GUIDE ON HOW TO DEBATE ABOUT ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATIONLauren Bradshaw
How to get ready for a debate about animal experimentation? Which facts should you choose? Find answers to all your questions in this full guide by CustomWritings.com.
The document is a notification that an abstract titled "Topography in Cancer Science" has been accepted for poster presentation at the International Conference and Exhibition of Cancer & Therapeutics (ICECT) in London from July 6-8, 2020. The abstract discusses how cancer topography, or distribution within organs and bodies, can provide insight into pathogenic processes, risk factors, and local conditions that may influence cancer development and presentation in certain areas over others. Analyzing literature on cancer epidemiology, topography, and local factors could help verify relationships between gradients, kinetics, pathogenesis, and time-related toxic conditions to better understand cancer etiology.
The document discusses research involving animals containing human material (ACHM). It notes that ACHM have been used for decades in biomedical research, but are becoming more sophisticated due to new technologies. ACHM are useful for studying human biology and disease when other models are not possible or ethical. Examples mentioned include mice modified to study HIV and cancer, and goats producing human blood clotting factors. While public acceptance of animal research is mixed, the document's public dialogue found acceptance of ACHM research if well-regulated and could benefit medical understanding. However, some areas may require additional oversight, such as extensive humanization of animal brains or development of human gametes in animals. With continued advancement, regulation needs to ensure
Red meat, ancestral diet and environment are not to be solved with prohibitions. I describe in this opinion the biases of observational studies and the mistakes in environment issues.
Olfactory Detection of Human Cancer by Dogs. A Review of Research and ResultsNaomi O'Donoghue
This document reviews 9 studies that examined whether dogs can detect human cancer through scent. The studies tested dogs' ability to detect various cancers including melanoma, bladder, breast, lung, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancer using samples like tissues, breath, urine, blood, and stool. The results were mixed, with some studies showing dogs could detect cancer at high rates of sensitivity and specificity, while others showed poor detection rates. Factors like training methodology and sample selection varied between studies and may have impacted results. Overall, the best studies incorporated rigorous training and controls, suggesting certain cancers may have distinguishing odour signatures that dogs can learn to detect.
The document outlines the Modello Generale framework used by the National Academy of Science and IARC to evaluate carcinogenic risks. It involves identifying risk factors, defining dose-response relationships, assessing exposure levels, and characterizing risks. Risk management then evaluates economic, social, health and policy consequences to develop regulatory options.
Periodontal disease is a widely prevalent disease worldwide which often gets unnoticed or it often ignored due to its slowly progressive nature. It is of concern since it can cause irrepairable damage to tooth supporting structures if not early diagnosed or treated.
Cohort study design.ppt Epidemiology medicalSoravSorout
This document describes prospective and retrospective cohort studies. A prospective cohort study follows groups of exposed and unexposed individuals over time to see who develops a disease in the future. A retrospective cohort study identifies exposed and unexposed groups based on past exposure and disease occurrence data collected from medical records. Cohort studies aim to calculate the relative risk of disease between exposed and unexposed groups to determine the strength of association between an exposure and disease.
Principles and methods of epidemiology.pptxsaurabhwilliam
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations. This document discusses the principles and methods of epidemiological studies. It defines epidemiology and outlines its aims, which include identifying disease etiology and informing prevention and treatment priorities. Descriptive studies examine disease distribution and frequency to generate hypotheses, while analytical studies test hypotheses about risk factors. Key analytical study types are case-control, prospective cohort, and retrospective cohort studies, which compare exposures between groups with and without disease. Experimental studies actively allocate exposures to test their effects under controlled conditions.
- Cohort studies examine the association between an exposure and an outcome by following groups over time and comparing their experience.
- This document discusses what a cohort study is, how it differs from other study designs in determining temporal relationships, and provides examples of cohort designs and their analysis.
- Key aspects reviewed include prospectively following groups based on exposure status and comparing disease incidence rates and relative risks between exposed and unexposed groups over time.
The document discusses descriptive epidemiology and provides definitions and examples. Descriptive epidemiology studies the occurrence and distribution of disease. It describes the who, where, and when of diseases. Key terms discussed include:
- Time trends which can be secular (long-term), periodic (interruptions to secular trends), or seasonal (cyclical yearly variations).
- Place patterns looking at geographic distributions of disease.
- Person characteristics of those affected such as age, sex, occupation.
Descriptive studies are the first step in understanding diseases and include case reports, case series, and cross-sectional prevalence studies.
Here are the key points to compare the different research methods:
Cross-sectional study:
- Advantages: Quick, easy, low cost, can study multiple factors at once
- Disadvantages: Cannot determine temporal sequence, prone to biases
- Requirements: Representative sample, standardized data collection
Case-control study:
- Advantages: Efficient to study rare diseases, can study multiple exposures
- Disadvantages: Prone to selection and recall biases, uncertain temporal sequence
- Requirements: Clear case definition, appropriate controls matched to cases
Cohort study:
- Advantages: Directly measures risk, establishes temporal sequence
- Disadvantages: Expensive, long follow up needed
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods used in medical research. It provides examples of quantitative research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies as well as experimental designs like randomized controlled trials. Key aspects of cohort studies are described such as their distinguishing features, examples of different types, and measures used to determine risk like relative risk and attributable risk.
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including descriptive and analytic epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology examines the basic features of disease distribution in terms of time, place and person, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify causes and effects through quantitative analysis. The document also defines other epidemiological terms such as prevalence, incidence, risk, rate, ratio and their uses and calculations. Concepts like endemic, epidemic, pandemic are also explained along with examples.
This chapter discusses environmental toxicology and risk assessment. It defines toxicology as the study of adverse chemical effects on living organisms. Risk assessment involves four main steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazard identification examines the evidence linking a chemical to toxicity. Dose-response assessment measures the relationship between exposure amount and health effects. Exposure assessment identifies exposed populations and describes exposure routes, amounts, frequencies and durations. Risk characterization provides estimates of excess health events expected at different exposure levels.
This document provides an overview of case-control study designs in epidemiology. It defines a case-control study as one that selects participants based on disease status, including cases who have the disease and controls who do not. Exposure is then assessed retrospectively. Key strengths are efficiency and ability to study rare diseases, while weaknesses include vulnerability to selection bias and inability to directly estimate incidence. Measures of association from case-control data estimate incidence odds ratios when cases are incident. Recall bias can also influence odds ratio estimates if differential between cases and controls.
A investigatory project on carcinogens.
A very fatal disease causing bacteria tht can develop cancer cells in body. So as to get rod of cancer cells bacteria there are many therapy that can actually a boon to the patient of the india..
I would choose a case-control study design to test this hypothesis. A case-control study is best suited when:
- The outcome of interest (Pick disease) is rare. It allows efficient investigation of potential risk factors.
- Exposure (high coffee consumption) occurred in the past, which makes a prospective cohort study not feasible. Case-control studies are retrospective.
- There is a long lag time between exposure and outcome. Pick disease may develop decades after youth coffee consumption. Cohort studies would require very long follow-up.
- Multiple exposures can be assessed simultaneously, while cohort studies are generally limited to assessing one main exposure. A case-control study could also look at other lifestyle factors beyond just coffee.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. The aims of epidemiology include describing disease occurrence, assessing disease importance, explaining disease etiology, predicting disease, evaluating prevention and control, and controlling disease distribution. Common epidemiological study designs include cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and occupational studies. Key epidemiological concepts include incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- A brief history of epidemiology from ancient times to the modern era
- Definitions and principles of epidemiology including the epidemiologic triad and models like exposure-outcome
- Research methods used in epidemiology like observational and experimental designs
- The utilization of epidemiology for disease surveillance and evaluating preventive measures
- Relationships between epidemiology and other fields like clinical medicine, statistics and basic sciences
This document provides an introduction to commonly used epidemiological and statistical terms that are important for clinicians. It defines terms like incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and different types of epidemiological studies including observational studies like case reports, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. It also discusses statistical measures used to analyze epidemiological data like relative risk, attributable risk, odds ratio, confidence intervals, p-values, meta-analysis, and correlation coefficients.
The document outlines the Modello Generale framework used by the National Academy of Science and IARC to evaluate carcinogenic risks. It involves identifying risk factors, defining dose-response relationships, assessing exposure levels, and characterizing risks. Risk management then evaluates economic, social, health and policy consequences to develop regulatory options.
Periodontal disease is a widely prevalent disease worldwide which often gets unnoticed or it often ignored due to its slowly progressive nature. It is of concern since it can cause irrepairable damage to tooth supporting structures if not early diagnosed or treated.
Cohort study design.ppt Epidemiology medicalSoravSorout
This document describes prospective and retrospective cohort studies. A prospective cohort study follows groups of exposed and unexposed individuals over time to see who develops a disease in the future. A retrospective cohort study identifies exposed and unexposed groups based on past exposure and disease occurrence data collected from medical records. Cohort studies aim to calculate the relative risk of disease between exposed and unexposed groups to determine the strength of association between an exposure and disease.
Principles and methods of epidemiology.pptxsaurabhwilliam
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations. This document discusses the principles and methods of epidemiological studies. It defines epidemiology and outlines its aims, which include identifying disease etiology and informing prevention and treatment priorities. Descriptive studies examine disease distribution and frequency to generate hypotheses, while analytical studies test hypotheses about risk factors. Key analytical study types are case-control, prospective cohort, and retrospective cohort studies, which compare exposures between groups with and without disease. Experimental studies actively allocate exposures to test their effects under controlled conditions.
- Cohort studies examine the association between an exposure and an outcome by following groups over time and comparing their experience.
- This document discusses what a cohort study is, how it differs from other study designs in determining temporal relationships, and provides examples of cohort designs and their analysis.
- Key aspects reviewed include prospectively following groups based on exposure status and comparing disease incidence rates and relative risks between exposed and unexposed groups over time.
The document discusses descriptive epidemiology and provides definitions and examples. Descriptive epidemiology studies the occurrence and distribution of disease. It describes the who, where, and when of diseases. Key terms discussed include:
- Time trends which can be secular (long-term), periodic (interruptions to secular trends), or seasonal (cyclical yearly variations).
- Place patterns looking at geographic distributions of disease.
- Person characteristics of those affected such as age, sex, occupation.
Descriptive studies are the first step in understanding diseases and include case reports, case series, and cross-sectional prevalence studies.
Here are the key points to compare the different research methods:
Cross-sectional study:
- Advantages: Quick, easy, low cost, can study multiple factors at once
- Disadvantages: Cannot determine temporal sequence, prone to biases
- Requirements: Representative sample, standardized data collection
Case-control study:
- Advantages: Efficient to study rare diseases, can study multiple exposures
- Disadvantages: Prone to selection and recall biases, uncertain temporal sequence
- Requirements: Clear case definition, appropriate controls matched to cases
Cohort study:
- Advantages: Directly measures risk, establishes temporal sequence
- Disadvantages: Expensive, long follow up needed
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods used in medical research. It provides examples of quantitative research designs including observational studies like cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies as well as experimental designs like randomized controlled trials. Key aspects of cohort studies are described such as their distinguishing features, examples of different types, and measures used to determine risk like relative risk and attributable risk.
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology including descriptive and analytic epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology examines the basic features of disease distribution in terms of time, place and person, while analytic epidemiology aims to identify causes and effects through quantitative analysis. The document also defines other epidemiological terms such as prevalence, incidence, risk, rate, ratio and their uses and calculations. Concepts like endemic, epidemic, pandemic are also explained along with examples.
This chapter discusses environmental toxicology and risk assessment. It defines toxicology as the study of adverse chemical effects on living organisms. Risk assessment involves four main steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazard identification examines the evidence linking a chemical to toxicity. Dose-response assessment measures the relationship between exposure amount and health effects. Exposure assessment identifies exposed populations and describes exposure routes, amounts, frequencies and durations. Risk characterization provides estimates of excess health events expected at different exposure levels.
This document provides an overview of case-control study designs in epidemiology. It defines a case-control study as one that selects participants based on disease status, including cases who have the disease and controls who do not. Exposure is then assessed retrospectively. Key strengths are efficiency and ability to study rare diseases, while weaknesses include vulnerability to selection bias and inability to directly estimate incidence. Measures of association from case-control data estimate incidence odds ratios when cases are incident. Recall bias can also influence odds ratio estimates if differential between cases and controls.
A investigatory project on carcinogens.
A very fatal disease causing bacteria tht can develop cancer cells in body. So as to get rod of cancer cells bacteria there are many therapy that can actually a boon to the patient of the india..
I would choose a case-control study design to test this hypothesis. A case-control study is best suited when:
- The outcome of interest (Pick disease) is rare. It allows efficient investigation of potential risk factors.
- Exposure (high coffee consumption) occurred in the past, which makes a prospective cohort study not feasible. Case-control studies are retrospective.
- There is a long lag time between exposure and outcome. Pick disease may develop decades after youth coffee consumption. Cohort studies would require very long follow-up.
- Multiple exposures can be assessed simultaneously, while cohort studies are generally limited to assessing one main exposure. A case-control study could also look at other lifestyle factors beyond just coffee.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. The aims of epidemiology include describing disease occurrence, assessing disease importance, explaining disease etiology, predicting disease, evaluating prevention and control, and controlling disease distribution. Common epidemiological study designs include cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and occupational studies. Key epidemiological concepts include incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- A brief history of epidemiology from ancient times to the modern era
- Definitions and principles of epidemiology including the epidemiologic triad and models like exposure-outcome
- Research methods used in epidemiology like observational and experimental designs
- The utilization of epidemiology for disease surveillance and evaluating preventive measures
- Relationships between epidemiology and other fields like clinical medicine, statistics and basic sciences
This document provides an introduction to commonly used epidemiological and statistical terms that are important for clinicians. It defines terms like incidence, prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and different types of epidemiological studies including observational studies like case reports, cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies as well as experimental studies like randomized controlled trials. It also discusses statistical measures used to analyze epidemiological data like relative risk, attributable risk, odds ratio, confidence intervals, p-values, meta-analysis, and correlation coefficients.
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
At ASP Cranes, we understand the importance of reliable and efficient crane operations in various industries, from construction and manufacturing to logistics and infrastructure development. That's why we strive to deliver top-notch solutions that enhance productivity, safety, and cost-effectiveness for our clients.
Our services include:
Crane Rental: Whether you need a crawler crane for heavy lifting or a hydraulic crane for versatile operations, we have a diverse fleet of well-maintained cranes available for rent. Our rental options are flexible and can be customized to suit your project requirements.
Crane Sales: Looking to invest in a crane for your business? We offer a wide selection of new and used cranes from leading manufacturers, ensuring you find the perfect equipment to match your needs and budget.
Crane Maintenance and Repair: To ensure optimal performance and safety, regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential for cranes. Our team of skilled technicians provides comprehensive maintenance and repair services to keep your equipment running smoothly and minimize downtime.
Crane Operator Training: Proper training is crucial for safe and efficient crane operation. We offer specialized training programs conducted by certified instructors to equip operators with the skills and knowledge they need to handle cranes effectively.
Custom Solutions: We understand that every project is unique, which is why we offer custom crane solutions tailored to your specific requirements. Whether you need modifications, attachments, or specialized equipment, we can design and implement solutions that meet your needs.
At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt HertensteinForth
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program by Kevin MillerForth
Kevin Miller, Senior Advisor, Business Models of the Joint Office of Energy and Transportation gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat PleinForth
Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
2. Risk Assessment: Lecture Outline
1. Definitions: Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment
(Evaluation) and their components
2. A detailed look at HAZARD EVALUATION
3. Risk Perception, Risk Communication, Risk
Management
4. An example of risk assessment: Mesothelioma
among Quebec asbestos mining area women.
5. Risk and the precautionary principle
3. Buzzword Alert!
There are a number of technical
terms in this lecture
Yes, you have to know them!
These terms have precise
meaning, even though you will
often see them MIS-used.
Since risk assessment is (or aims
to be) a scientific activity we must
agree on terminology
4. This is the overall term for all of
Risk Science
It has four elements:
- Risk Assessment (Risk
Evaluation)
- Risk Communication
- Risk Perception
- Risk Management (Risk
Characterization (EPA))
Risk Analysis
5. Definition of Risk
Assessment
Risk Assessment, or risk evaluation,
is a scientific/ mathematical discipline
which is
a substantive, changing and
controversial field
6. Definition of Risk Assessment
at the margin of our understanding of
the health effects of chemicals and
other substances
best defined as the determination of
pathology caused by human
production and activity, with the
understanding that "pathology" is a
change in some aspect of human
anatomical structure or function
7. Risk Assessment: Two Roads
Qualitative
- virtually the same thing as
“hazard evaluation” step of
“Quantitative” Risk
Assessment
- is the material harmful to
humans under any
circumstances
- Codified by agencies,
especially for cancer
Quantitative
A formal process
with four steps
Ends with a
mathematical
estimation of
actual risk,
usually quantified
as deaths per
1,000,000 per
year or less.
10. (in many instances the three further steps are not taken)
Examples: EPA, IARC Cancer Monographs
“Hazard Evaluation” is the equivalent of
Qualitative Risk Assessment.
11. Types of Study Available for Hazard
Evaluation
BEST: Human Evidence
(Epidemiology)
Next best: Whole animal studies
(toxicology; animals exposed to
known dose and allowed to live to
times of sacrifice or natural death)
12. Types of Study Available for Hazard
Evaluation
Other:
In-vitro studies (studies on cells in
culture)
Structure-function relationship
study and similar
Identification of active compounds
in metabolism
13. Study for Hazard Evaluation: Human
Case reports (example: angiosarcoma of
liver)
Case series (example: mesothelioma in
S. Africa)
Descriptive epidemiology (much like
geographic study; ecological fallacy is a
problem)
14. Study for Hazard Evaluation: Human
Analytical epidemiology:
best: cohort studies: following exposed
humans through time
second best: case-referent studies:
comparing “cases” of given disease to
MATCHED referents and noting
differences in exposure.
15. Study for Hazard Evaluation: Animal
Studies of cells (in vitro studies: example
O2-
)
Acute toxicity studies (how much does it
take to kill half of all the animals?)
Chronic toxicity studies:
Best method but very expensive and
time-consuming
Proper design (doses, sacrifice times,
animal selection) a must.
16. Study for Hazard Evaluation: Animal: Problems
Ethical Concerns (see: papers by Peter Singer and
Henry Spira):
e.g. Rack L, Spira H. Animal rights and modern
toxicology Toxicol Ind Health 1989 Jan;5(1):133-43.
Conversely: non-realistic models may be
useless;
e.g. animal intra-tracheal injection versus
inhalation
e.g. use of rats (who do not have the same
respiratory tract structure as humans: HOGS
are best!!!)
17. Study for Hazard Evaluation: Human: Problems
Ethical Concerns
Expense
LATENCY
Practical considerations: for example the
use of questionnaires or interviews in a
case-referent study and:
- sample size, response rate
- selection bias and other bias
18. Hazard Evaluation: Synthesis: IARC Group 1
GROUP 1: AGENT CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS
Assignment to this category is based on a finding
of "sufficient" evidence of carcinogenicity in
humans. This implies a causal relationship
between exposure to a chemical and cancer in
epidemiological studies in which "...chance, bias
and confounding could be ruled out with
reasonable confidence"13
.
19. Hazard Evaluation: Synthesis: IARC 2A
GROUP 2A: AGENT PROBABLY CARCINOGENIC TO
HUMANS
“limited” or inadequate evidence in
epidemiological studies for carcinogenicity:
the agent falls into this category if there is
"sufficient" evidence from experimental animal
work. Causal relationship has been shown in two
or more species of animals OR in two or more
independent studies in one species.
20. Hazard Evaluation: Synthesis: IARC 2B
GROUP 2B: AGENT POSSIBLY CARCINOGENIC TO
HUMANS
sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity neither in
humans nor in experimental animals.
a "credible" causal HUMAN relationship is
suggested but bias, chance and confounding
cannot be ruled out AND sufficient animal evidence
OR
"inadequate" evidence in humans but "sufficient"
animal evidence.
21. Hazard Evaluation: Synthesis: IARC 3:
GROUP 3: AGENT NOT CLASSIFIABLE FOR HUMAN
CARCINOGENICITY
category for agents which cannot otherwise be
classified.
Really a “garbage” category scientifically, but
corresponds to some extent to the Precautionary
Principle
GMOs could possibly fit this category
22. Hazard Evaluation: Synthesis: IARC 4
GROUP 4: AGENT "PROBABLY"
NOT CARCINOGENIC TO HUMANS
animal studies in at least two
species showing that the
substance is “not carcinogenic”.
If there is a large body of
negative animal evidence:
the agent will fall into this
category even if there is some,
but "inadequate", epidemiological
23. Exposure Assessment 1
How much of a pollutant do people
inhale/ ingest ?
In what period of time?
How many people will be exposed?
To what? Or which (e.g. PCB)?
From what source(s)?
With what interaction(s) (e.g.
smoking)
24. Exposure Assessment 2
Example: Total suspended
particulates
Sample stacks; sample
environment; sample PEOPLE
Characterize the particles
(carbon? Asbestos?)
25. Exposure Assessment 3
Model the exposure (using for
example wind speed)
Determine the source(s)
Find out anything “special” about
the population
27. Dose-response relationships
"how much is dangerous" ?
Animal data and (preferably) human
occupational data used: example:
BEIR IV
The problem of thresholds
Extrapolation: most common
convention is the use of some
multiple of the upper bound of the
95% confidence interval
28. SLOPE (b) of the lung cancer/ exposure curve:
SMR = 100 + [b times (cumulative exposure)]
Mining: .05
Textile: 1.0
Manufacture
(mixed): 0.2
Slope
(extent per
unit
exposure)
of risk
Degree of exposure ----
32. What Is the Extra Risk to Health?
Maximum Individual Lifetime Cancer Risks:
Risk Characterization/
Management 1
33. What Is the Distribution of Individual Risks?
Risk Characterization/
Management 2
Population
Cancer Risks can
be calculated
from the
Distributed
Individual Risks
This is where
we “do the
math”
34. Risk Perception; Risk
Communication
The balance between “risk” and
“outrage”
High risk/ low outrage: radon and lung
cancer?
Low risk/ high outrage: asbestos in
schools?
The media as an "amplifier"
Voluntary vs. Involuntary Risk
(smoking vs. hazardous waste siting)
Known vs. Unknown Risk (lead pipes;
lead in gas)
35. Risk assessment based
on the
linear exposure-effect
model
Cumulative exposure
1.0
+
background risk
Exposure
assessment
R.A.
Žx
Žy
b = Žx
Žy
Editor's Notes
Before it can be determined in any quantitative way what risk exists, it is necessary to determine whether ANY risk (hazard) exists. This is usually done through a systematic evaluation of the available human and animal studies.
Explanation: For asbestos exposure and lung cancer, for example, there is evidence that INDUSTRIAL PROCESS affects the slope of the risk. Thus, those employed in asbestos mining and milling had measureable, but shallow risk (lower risk at highest exposures), while those who made asbestos textiles had highest risks.
If the black line intersecting zero is “correct”, there is theoretically some “risk” at any level of exposure (although the probability of that risk may be effectively none at zero). This is almost a convention in cancer risk assessment, but may be wrong if the GREEN line is correct, which suggests that there is ZERO theoretical risk below the exposure at which the green line intersects the X (exposure) axis.
The problem is thus that the studies do not actually identify any points which are low on the dose level; whether human or (especially) animal. The resulting PROJECTIONS may be largely either guesswork, convention (as in the linear no-threshold model), or both.
Remember that this is called Risk MANAGEMENT by EPA but Risk CHARACTERIZATION by many others. Since management is a whole other ballgame, I prefer characterization: this is simply a mathematical modelling of risk.
This slide strictly for the mathematically unchallenged!