This document describes an automatic soil color sensing and identification system using an ARM processor and color sensor. The system aims to address drawbacks of conventional soil color measurement using Munsell soil color charts, which can vary based on human perception. The system works by collecting color sensor output in the form of pulse frequencies, counting pulses for a set time period, comparing the frequency to stored reference values corresponding to hue, value and chroma, and displaying the soil color on an LCD screen. The system is intended to provide more accurate and objective soil color readings than visual inspection with charts.
The document discusses speech compression using GSM RPE-LTP encoding. It begins with an introduction to GSM standards and architecture. It then describes how speech is generated and modeled in the GSM 6.10 vocoder using the RPE-LTP algorithm. The algorithm compresses speech by analyzing the signal to determine if it is voiced or unvoiced, encoding the periodicity of voiced sounds, and transmitting the filter parameters. At the receiver, the decoder uses these parameters to reconstruct the speech signal through linear predictive coding, long term prediction synthesis filtering, and residual pulse decoding.
El documento expresa los sentimientos encontrados de amor y odio hacia una persona. A pesar de las diferencias y el dolor, la persona le da su amor y vida. Reconoce que no son perfectos pero que son polos opuestos atraídos el uno por el otro.
EPIC RESEARCH SINGAPORE - Daily SGX Singapore report of 10 August 2016Nicole Chan
Epic Research Singapore have best technical research team, Our research team provide Daily report on SGX Singapore and SGX Exchange, You can get Daily Favorable Tips & future Strategy for SGX Stocks Market.
Cyber security and resilience of intelligent public transportAndrey Apuhtin
The document discusses cyber security and resilience in intelligent public transport systems. It provides an overview of intelligent public transport environments, the threats, vulnerabilities and risks they face from a cyber security perspective. It then outlines good practices for securing intelligent public transport, including technical, policy and organizational recommendations. Finally, it identifies gaps in cyber security for intelligent public transport and provides recommendations to decision makers, transport operators, and manufacturers/solution providers to help address these gaps.
Administración de impresión le ayuda a supervisar las colas de impresión y recibir notificaciones cuando las colas de impresión interrumpen el procesamiento de los trabajos de impresión. Además permite migrar los servidores de impresión e implementar conexiones de impresora con directivas de grupo.
Tietotalon webinaari 2.11.2016
- Miksi käyttäjäkokemuksella on liiketoiminnallista merkitystä?
- Miten hyödyntää muotoiluosaamista liiketoiminnassa?
- Millaisia trendejä pinnalla käyttäjäkokemuksen saralla?
To convince others of the true value of HR it is useful to have a roadmap for your own organisation. I thought I'd share these slides as they may provide a reasonable starting point.
The document discusses speech compression using GSM RPE-LTP encoding. It begins with an introduction to GSM standards and architecture. It then describes how speech is generated and modeled in the GSM 6.10 vocoder using the RPE-LTP algorithm. The algorithm compresses speech by analyzing the signal to determine if it is voiced or unvoiced, encoding the periodicity of voiced sounds, and transmitting the filter parameters. At the receiver, the decoder uses these parameters to reconstruct the speech signal through linear predictive coding, long term prediction synthesis filtering, and residual pulse decoding.
El documento expresa los sentimientos encontrados de amor y odio hacia una persona. A pesar de las diferencias y el dolor, la persona le da su amor y vida. Reconoce que no son perfectos pero que son polos opuestos atraídos el uno por el otro.
EPIC RESEARCH SINGAPORE - Daily SGX Singapore report of 10 August 2016Nicole Chan
Epic Research Singapore have best technical research team, Our research team provide Daily report on SGX Singapore and SGX Exchange, You can get Daily Favorable Tips & future Strategy for SGX Stocks Market.
Cyber security and resilience of intelligent public transportAndrey Apuhtin
The document discusses cyber security and resilience in intelligent public transport systems. It provides an overview of intelligent public transport environments, the threats, vulnerabilities and risks they face from a cyber security perspective. It then outlines good practices for securing intelligent public transport, including technical, policy and organizational recommendations. Finally, it identifies gaps in cyber security for intelligent public transport and provides recommendations to decision makers, transport operators, and manufacturers/solution providers to help address these gaps.
Administración de impresión le ayuda a supervisar las colas de impresión y recibir notificaciones cuando las colas de impresión interrumpen el procesamiento de los trabajos de impresión. Además permite migrar los servidores de impresión e implementar conexiones de impresora con directivas de grupo.
Tietotalon webinaari 2.11.2016
- Miksi käyttäjäkokemuksella on liiketoiminnallista merkitystä?
- Miten hyödyntää muotoiluosaamista liiketoiminnassa?
- Millaisia trendejä pinnalla käyttäjäkokemuksen saralla?
To convince others of the true value of HR it is useful to have a roadmap for your own organisation. I thought I'd share these slides as they may provide a reasonable starting point.
McKinsey on Organization CHROs and talent managementPeter Allen
This document discusses the future of performance management in organizations. It begins by noting that traditional annual performance evaluations are widely disliked but still commonly used. It then outlines some emerging trends in how top companies are rethinking performance management, such as focusing only on top and low performers rather than trying to differentiate average ones, providing continuous feedback instead of annual reviews, and basing compensation more on team performance and skills development than individual ratings. The document suggests the changes signal performance management practices are overdue for an update to better suit modern job roles and business needs.
Pragmatic Introduction to React — Maayan Glikser500Tech
We will learn the basics of React, with some practical examples, and bad jokes. By the end of the talk you will get a good understanding on React's approach to components, state management, data-flow, and how to easily get started.
El documento lista diferentes efectos y filtros que se pueden aplicar en GIMP, incluyendo efectos de iluminación como luces y sombras, destellos con degradados y supernovas; filtros de ruido como esparcir ruido RGB; detectar bordes usando aristas y diferencia de Gaussianas; combinar imágenes como películas; efectos artísticos como aplicar lienzo, fotocopia y pintura al óleo; añadir bordes decorativos, difuminar bordes y hacer esquinas redondeadas; crear mapas con baldosas
Geometría Descriptiva. Axonometría Y Caballeradibutec
Este documento describe los fundamentos del sistema axonométrico para la representación de objetos en dibujo técnico. Explica los tipos de axonometrías como isométrica, dimétrica y trimétrica, y los sistemas de perspectiva caballera. También cubre el cálculo de coeficientes de reducción y la construcción de escalas gráficas para la representación axonométrica.
El documento explica los fundamentos del sistema axonométrico en dibujo técnico, incluyendo las variantes isométrica, dimétrica y trimétrica. También describe cómo proyectar un punto en el sistema, el coeficiente de reducción isométrico, y tres métodos para representar una pieza en perspectiva axonométrica a partir de sus vistas diédricas.
The document discusses SIM cards, including their history and technology. Some key points:
- SIM cards were first produced in 1991 and allow users to switch phones without re-registering. They contain identification information and network authentication data.
- SIM card sizes have decreased over time from mini to micro to nano. Standards like GSM and CDMA use different SIM card technologies.
- SIM cards allow flexibility for prepaid or postpaid service plans. A survey found that most users prefer Airtel network and prepaid plans.
Judith McGarry is an experienced IT and technical recruiter with over 15 years of experience in staffing. She has a proven track record of successfully recruiting candidates for a variety of IT positions, including software engineers, programmers, and security analysts. McGarry has worked for several recruiting firms and independently, demonstrating the ability to find qualified candidates through various recruiting methods and systems. She maintains relevant training and certifications.
Mint ismeretes, idén áprilisban civil kezdeményezésre petíció indult az anyanyelvi írás-olvasás elsajátítására szánt magyarórák és a szabadon választható órák növelése, valamint a magyar történelem oktatása érdekében. A 26 452 aláírást tartalmazó petíciót május 28-án adták át a kezdeményezők a minisztériumnak. A minisztérium július 16-i keltezésű válasza, amelyet Anna Havránková, az ellenőrzési osztály igazgatója írt alá, pénteken érkezett meg. A tárca indokolatlannak minősíti és elutasítja a petíció mindhárom pontját.
This document provides an overview of colour spaces and colour theory. It begins by explaining how colour is perceived by the human visual system using three colour-sensitive cone cells that detect red, green and blue light. It then defines various colour attributes such as hue, brightness, saturation. It introduces the concept of a colour space as a method to specify colours using three parameters. It discusses several common colour spaces including RGB, CMYK, HSL, CIE-based spaces. It covers the gamma function used to correct for the nonlinear response of displays. It also summarizes Grassmann's laws of colour mixing and defines colour gamuts. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to fundamental concepts in colour science.
1. The document discusses colour television systems and colour signal transmission.
2. It describes the NTSC, PAL and SECAM colour systems and how they modulate and transmit the colour difference signals.
3. Frequency interleaving is used to transmit the colour information by modulating the colour difference signals with a colour subcarrier frequency placed between harmonics of the line frequency.
Similarity and Variance of Color Difference Based DemosaicingRadita Apriana
The aim of the project is to find the missing color samples at each pixel location by the
combination of similarity algorithm and the variance of colour difference algorithm. Many demosaicing
algorithms find edges in horizontal and vertical directions, which are not suitable for other directions.
Hence using the similarity algorithm the edges are found in different directions. But in this similarity
algorithm sometimes the horizontal and vertical directions are mislead. Hence this problem can be rectified
using the variance of colour difference algorithm. It is proved experimentally that this new demosaicing
algorithm based on similarity and variance of colouyr difference has better colour peak signal to noise ratio
(CPSNR). It has better o0bjective and subjective performance. It is an analysis study of both similarity and
colour variance algorithms.
The document discusses color science and human color perception. It explains that color depends on the wavelength of light and how the eye perceives different wavelengths. The eye contains three types of cones that are most sensitive to red, green, and blue light. Combinations of these primary colors can reproduce any color visible to humans. Common color models used in devices include RGB used in computer monitors, CMYK used in printing, and YUV/YCbCr used in video and television.
Multiscale Gradient Based – Directional CFA Interpolation with RefinementIJTET Journal
Abstract—Single sensor digital cameras capture only one color value for every pixel location. The process of reconstructing a full color image from these incomplete color samples output from an image sensor overlaid with a color filter array (CFA) is called demosaicing or Color Filter Array (CFA) interpolation. The most commonly used CFA configuration is the Bayer filter. The proposed demosaicing method makes use of multiscale color gradients to adaptively combine color difference estimates from horizontal and vertical directions and determine the contribution of each direction to the green channel interpolation. This method does not require any thresholds and is non iterative. The red and blue channels are then refined using structural approximation.
Color sorting machine using color light to frequency converterAssiaHAMZA
In our daily life, our vision and actions are influenced by an abundance of geometry and color information
to identify a technical apparatus for identification. Only by analyzing color information do we
subsequently decide whether we are to continue.
In the industry, color processing is gaining a greater importance in digital signal processing.
With technological advancement optical sensors for reading operations in the visible spectrum with integrated
electronic readout circuits are getting affordable, that’s why we chose to use a low cost color light to
frequency converter to build a color sorting machine.
Our project was made in for pedagogical use but a further development using robust materials and components
could lead to an industrial color sorting machine for a use in the color sorting industry of recyclable
materials.
The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The RGB color space is a cube with these three colors forming the axes and all combinations of red, green, and blue light at each point inside the cube producing a different color. The RGB color model is based on how human vision perceives color using three types of color receptors in the eyes. It is used to represent color digitally for monitors, cameras, and other devices.
With the improvements in Image acquisition systems there is an increasing concentration in the direction of
High Dynamic Range (HDR) images where the amount of intensity levels varies among 2 to 10,000. With these
numerous intensity levels the exact representation of luminance variations is entirely possible. But, because the
normal display devices are shaped to exhibit Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images, there is necessary to translate
HDR images to LDR images without down significant image structures in HDR images. In this paper four TMOs
like Reinhard, Gamma and color correction TMOs are evaluated .In this paper two novel TMOs are projected.
Keywords — HDR, LDR, Tone mapping, Gamma correction.
Visual thinking colin_ware_lectures_2013_5_color theory and color for informa...Elsa von Licy
This document discusses principles of using color for information display. It covers color theory, physiology of color vision, and applications of color coding. The key points are: (1) luminance is important for perceiving detail and shape, while color helps with coding and segmentation; (2) a small number of distinguishable colors should be used for coding; and (3) color sequences work best when they vary a single color dimension like hue or lightness rather than using the full color spectrum.
Graph coloring is the assignment of colors to the graph vertices and edges in the graph theory. We can
divide the graph coloring in two types. The first is vertex coloring and the second is edge coloring. The
condition which we follow in graph coloring is that the incident vertices/edges have not the same color.
There are some algorithms which solve the problem of graph coloring. Some are offline algorithm and
others are online algorithm. Where offline means the graph is known in advance and the online means that
the edges of the graph are arrive one by one as an input, and We need to color each edge as soon as it is
added to the graph and the main issue is that we want to minimize the number of colors. We cannot change
the color of an edge after colored in an online algorithm. In this paper, we improve the online algorithm
for edge coloring. There is also a theorem which proves that if the maximum degree of a graph is Δ, then it
is possible to color its edges, in polynomial time, using at most Δ+ 1 color. The algorithm provided by
Vizing is offline, i.e., it assumes the whole graph is known in advance. In online algorithm edges arrive one
by one in a random permutation. This online algorithm is inspired by a distributed offline algorithm of
Panconesi and Srinivasan, referred as PS algorithm, works on 2-rounds which we extend by reusing colors
online in multiple rounds.
A Simple Method to Build a Paper-Based Color Check Print of Colored Fabrics b...CSCJournals
An open loop color management system is implemented to reproduce an analog color of a set of colored fabrics by a digital inkjet printer. A tetrahedral interpolation technique is designed for mapping between device-dependent (RGB) and device-independent (CIELAB) color spaces. A set of 3164 color patches are used as training set in 3-D LookUp Table (LUT) to characterize the color printer. Then, the designed color management system is examined by the colorimetric reproduction of a set of 30 colored fabrics using the conventional inkjet printer. The performance of the system is numerically evaluated by measuring the color difference values between the original and the reproduced samples. The results showed that the color reproduction system appropriately works for both groups of samples located inside the color gamut of output device, i.e. printer, and those out of gamut samples while the later logically leads to greater errors.
Colour Detector and Separator Based on Microcontrollerijtsrd
Sorting of objects is one of the most important tasks in the industries. Sorting machines can be made by using the sensor, camera, microcontroller and image processing system, etc., based on colour, size and shape of the objects. Among these systems, colour sorting machines are widely used in most industries to sort various coloured objects. This thesis describes the design and implementation of colour detection and sorting machine by using Arduino, colour sensor and two servo motors. In this system, a top servo motor is used for placing the object to the colour sensor which detects the RGB values of the object and then sends the information to Arduino. Then bottom servo motor will move according to the angle of respective degree which is command in the code depending on the RGB values of the object and then the object which is over the slider drops into the container. Servo motor is used to substitute the human operator and Arduino is used to controlling the overall process. Ni Ni San Hlaing | Hay Man Oo | Thin Thin Oo "Colour Detector and Separator Based on Microcontroller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26633.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26633/colour-detector-and-separator-based-on-microcontroller/ni-ni-san-hlaing
McKinsey on Organization CHROs and talent managementPeter Allen
This document discusses the future of performance management in organizations. It begins by noting that traditional annual performance evaluations are widely disliked but still commonly used. It then outlines some emerging trends in how top companies are rethinking performance management, such as focusing only on top and low performers rather than trying to differentiate average ones, providing continuous feedback instead of annual reviews, and basing compensation more on team performance and skills development than individual ratings. The document suggests the changes signal performance management practices are overdue for an update to better suit modern job roles and business needs.
Pragmatic Introduction to React — Maayan Glikser500Tech
We will learn the basics of React, with some practical examples, and bad jokes. By the end of the talk you will get a good understanding on React's approach to components, state management, data-flow, and how to easily get started.
El documento lista diferentes efectos y filtros que se pueden aplicar en GIMP, incluyendo efectos de iluminación como luces y sombras, destellos con degradados y supernovas; filtros de ruido como esparcir ruido RGB; detectar bordes usando aristas y diferencia de Gaussianas; combinar imágenes como películas; efectos artísticos como aplicar lienzo, fotocopia y pintura al óleo; añadir bordes decorativos, difuminar bordes y hacer esquinas redondeadas; crear mapas con baldosas
Geometría Descriptiva. Axonometría Y Caballeradibutec
Este documento describe los fundamentos del sistema axonométrico para la representación de objetos en dibujo técnico. Explica los tipos de axonometrías como isométrica, dimétrica y trimétrica, y los sistemas de perspectiva caballera. También cubre el cálculo de coeficientes de reducción y la construcción de escalas gráficas para la representación axonométrica.
El documento explica los fundamentos del sistema axonométrico en dibujo técnico, incluyendo las variantes isométrica, dimétrica y trimétrica. También describe cómo proyectar un punto en el sistema, el coeficiente de reducción isométrico, y tres métodos para representar una pieza en perspectiva axonométrica a partir de sus vistas diédricas.
The document discusses SIM cards, including their history and technology. Some key points:
- SIM cards were first produced in 1991 and allow users to switch phones without re-registering. They contain identification information and network authentication data.
- SIM card sizes have decreased over time from mini to micro to nano. Standards like GSM and CDMA use different SIM card technologies.
- SIM cards allow flexibility for prepaid or postpaid service plans. A survey found that most users prefer Airtel network and prepaid plans.
Judith McGarry is an experienced IT and technical recruiter with over 15 years of experience in staffing. She has a proven track record of successfully recruiting candidates for a variety of IT positions, including software engineers, programmers, and security analysts. McGarry has worked for several recruiting firms and independently, demonstrating the ability to find qualified candidates through various recruiting methods and systems. She maintains relevant training and certifications.
Mint ismeretes, idén áprilisban civil kezdeményezésre petíció indult az anyanyelvi írás-olvasás elsajátítására szánt magyarórák és a szabadon választható órák növelése, valamint a magyar történelem oktatása érdekében. A 26 452 aláírást tartalmazó petíciót május 28-án adták át a kezdeményezők a minisztériumnak. A minisztérium július 16-i keltezésű válasza, amelyet Anna Havránková, az ellenőrzési osztály igazgatója írt alá, pénteken érkezett meg. A tárca indokolatlannak minősíti és elutasítja a petíció mindhárom pontját.
This document provides an overview of colour spaces and colour theory. It begins by explaining how colour is perceived by the human visual system using three colour-sensitive cone cells that detect red, green and blue light. It then defines various colour attributes such as hue, brightness, saturation. It introduces the concept of a colour space as a method to specify colours using three parameters. It discusses several common colour spaces including RGB, CMYK, HSL, CIE-based spaces. It covers the gamma function used to correct for the nonlinear response of displays. It also summarizes Grassmann's laws of colour mixing and defines colour gamuts. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to fundamental concepts in colour science.
1. The document discusses colour television systems and colour signal transmission.
2. It describes the NTSC, PAL and SECAM colour systems and how they modulate and transmit the colour difference signals.
3. Frequency interleaving is used to transmit the colour information by modulating the colour difference signals with a colour subcarrier frequency placed between harmonics of the line frequency.
Similarity and Variance of Color Difference Based DemosaicingRadita Apriana
The aim of the project is to find the missing color samples at each pixel location by the
combination of similarity algorithm and the variance of colour difference algorithm. Many demosaicing
algorithms find edges in horizontal and vertical directions, which are not suitable for other directions.
Hence using the similarity algorithm the edges are found in different directions. But in this similarity
algorithm sometimes the horizontal and vertical directions are mislead. Hence this problem can be rectified
using the variance of colour difference algorithm. It is proved experimentally that this new demosaicing
algorithm based on similarity and variance of colouyr difference has better colour peak signal to noise ratio
(CPSNR). It has better o0bjective and subjective performance. It is an analysis study of both similarity and
colour variance algorithms.
The document discusses color science and human color perception. It explains that color depends on the wavelength of light and how the eye perceives different wavelengths. The eye contains three types of cones that are most sensitive to red, green, and blue light. Combinations of these primary colors can reproduce any color visible to humans. Common color models used in devices include RGB used in computer monitors, CMYK used in printing, and YUV/YCbCr used in video and television.
Multiscale Gradient Based – Directional CFA Interpolation with RefinementIJTET Journal
Abstract—Single sensor digital cameras capture only one color value for every pixel location. The process of reconstructing a full color image from these incomplete color samples output from an image sensor overlaid with a color filter array (CFA) is called demosaicing or Color Filter Array (CFA) interpolation. The most commonly used CFA configuration is the Bayer filter. The proposed demosaicing method makes use of multiscale color gradients to adaptively combine color difference estimates from horizontal and vertical directions and determine the contribution of each direction to the green channel interpolation. This method does not require any thresholds and is non iterative. The red and blue channels are then refined using structural approximation.
Color sorting machine using color light to frequency converterAssiaHAMZA
In our daily life, our vision and actions are influenced by an abundance of geometry and color information
to identify a technical apparatus for identification. Only by analyzing color information do we
subsequently decide whether we are to continue.
In the industry, color processing is gaining a greater importance in digital signal processing.
With technological advancement optical sensors for reading operations in the visible spectrum with integrated
electronic readout circuits are getting affordable, that’s why we chose to use a low cost color light to
frequency converter to build a color sorting machine.
Our project was made in for pedagogical use but a further development using robust materials and components
could lead to an industrial color sorting machine for a use in the color sorting industry of recyclable
materials.
The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The RGB color space is a cube with these three colors forming the axes and all combinations of red, green, and blue light at each point inside the cube producing a different color. The RGB color model is based on how human vision perceives color using three types of color receptors in the eyes. It is used to represent color digitally for monitors, cameras, and other devices.
With the improvements in Image acquisition systems there is an increasing concentration in the direction of
High Dynamic Range (HDR) images where the amount of intensity levels varies among 2 to 10,000. With these
numerous intensity levels the exact representation of luminance variations is entirely possible. But, because the
normal display devices are shaped to exhibit Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images, there is necessary to translate
HDR images to LDR images without down significant image structures in HDR images. In this paper four TMOs
like Reinhard, Gamma and color correction TMOs are evaluated .In this paper two novel TMOs are projected.
Keywords — HDR, LDR, Tone mapping, Gamma correction.
Visual thinking colin_ware_lectures_2013_5_color theory and color for informa...Elsa von Licy
This document discusses principles of using color for information display. It covers color theory, physiology of color vision, and applications of color coding. The key points are: (1) luminance is important for perceiving detail and shape, while color helps with coding and segmentation; (2) a small number of distinguishable colors should be used for coding; and (3) color sequences work best when they vary a single color dimension like hue or lightness rather than using the full color spectrum.
Graph coloring is the assignment of colors to the graph vertices and edges in the graph theory. We can
divide the graph coloring in two types. The first is vertex coloring and the second is edge coloring. The
condition which we follow in graph coloring is that the incident vertices/edges have not the same color.
There are some algorithms which solve the problem of graph coloring. Some are offline algorithm and
others are online algorithm. Where offline means the graph is known in advance and the online means that
the edges of the graph are arrive one by one as an input, and We need to color each edge as soon as it is
added to the graph and the main issue is that we want to minimize the number of colors. We cannot change
the color of an edge after colored in an online algorithm. In this paper, we improve the online algorithm
for edge coloring. There is also a theorem which proves that if the maximum degree of a graph is Δ, then it
is possible to color its edges, in polynomial time, using at most Δ+ 1 color. The algorithm provided by
Vizing is offline, i.e., it assumes the whole graph is known in advance. In online algorithm edges arrive one
by one in a random permutation. This online algorithm is inspired by a distributed offline algorithm of
Panconesi and Srinivasan, referred as PS algorithm, works on 2-rounds which we extend by reusing colors
online in multiple rounds.
A Simple Method to Build a Paper-Based Color Check Print of Colored Fabrics b...CSCJournals
An open loop color management system is implemented to reproduce an analog color of a set of colored fabrics by a digital inkjet printer. A tetrahedral interpolation technique is designed for mapping between device-dependent (RGB) and device-independent (CIELAB) color spaces. A set of 3164 color patches are used as training set in 3-D LookUp Table (LUT) to characterize the color printer. Then, the designed color management system is examined by the colorimetric reproduction of a set of 30 colored fabrics using the conventional inkjet printer. The performance of the system is numerically evaluated by measuring the color difference values between the original and the reproduced samples. The results showed that the color reproduction system appropriately works for both groups of samples located inside the color gamut of output device, i.e. printer, and those out of gamut samples while the later logically leads to greater errors.
Colour Detector and Separator Based on Microcontrollerijtsrd
Sorting of objects is one of the most important tasks in the industries. Sorting machines can be made by using the sensor, camera, microcontroller and image processing system, etc., based on colour, size and shape of the objects. Among these systems, colour sorting machines are widely used in most industries to sort various coloured objects. This thesis describes the design and implementation of colour detection and sorting machine by using Arduino, colour sensor and two servo motors. In this system, a top servo motor is used for placing the object to the colour sensor which detects the RGB values of the object and then sends the information to Arduino. Then bottom servo motor will move according to the angle of respective degree which is command in the code depending on the RGB values of the object and then the object which is over the slider drops into the container. Servo motor is used to substitute the human operator and Arduino is used to controlling the overall process. Ni Ni San Hlaing | Hay Man Oo | Thin Thin Oo "Colour Detector and Separator Based on Microcontroller" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26633.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26633/colour-detector-and-separator-based-on-microcontroller/ni-ni-san-hlaing
full color,pseudo color,color fundamentals,Hue saturation Brightness,color model,RGB color model,CMY and CMYK color model,HSI color model,Coverting RGB to HSI, HSI examples
The document summarizes key concepts about color models. It discusses how color is perceived by the human visual system and depends on light wavelength and intensity. Common color models like RGB and CMYK are described. RGB is an additive model used in displays where combinations of red, green, and blue lights create colors. CMYK is a subtractive model where inks absorb colors to create colors by reflecting what is not absorbed. The document also discusses how images are formed through light reflection and the eye's cone receptors, and notes the RGB color model requires around 12 bits per channel to avoid aliasing effects in dark image areas on CRT displays.
Textile application of the color sensitivity of a dye mixtureJavaid Mughal
This technical report discusses color sensitivity of dye mixtures for textile applications. It describes factors that influence dye sensitivity, such as dyeing parameters like temperature, time, liquor ratio, and auxiliaries. It also discusses methods for measuring dye sensitivity in terms of color measurement values and fastness properties. The report outlines the process for determining an optimal dye recipe, including selecting dyes, calculating recipes from calibration data, selecting the best recipe, and modifying it based on dyeing tests until the color match is close enough.
K-M analysis applied to droplet-color variationRobert Cornell
This document discusses using a color science model to simulate the effect of droplet size variation on color output. It presents:
1) A Kubelka-Munk color mixing model adapted for digital halftone printing to simulate spectral response over a range of droplet masses.
2) Results showing mid-tone colors are most affected by droplet mass variation, while saturated colors are less affected.
3) Analysis finding droplet mass needs to be controlled to +/-0.1ng to prevent visible color shifts in mid-tones.
4) Simulations showing temperature control impacts color output, and tighter control is needed to print more of the color gamut.
5) Validation that
This document discusses graph coloring and its applications. It begins by defining graph coloring as assigning labels or colors to elements of a graph such that no two adjacent elements have the same color. It then provides examples of vertex coloring, edge coloring, and face coloring. The document also discusses the chromatic number and chromatic polynomial. It describes several real-world applications of graph coloring, including frequency assignment in cellular networks.
RP BASED OPTIMIZED IMAGE COMPRESSING TECHNIQUEprj_publication
The document describes an optimized technique for compressing color images using colorization-based coding.
[1] Colorization-based coding works by extracting representative pixels (RP) from an original color image that contain color information, and using colorization to restore the full color image at the decoder.
[2] Previous methods obtained redundant RPs and did not remove unnecessary ones. The presented technique formulates RP extraction as an optimization problem (L1 minimization) to obtain a sparse set of high-quality RPs.
[3] A colorization matrix is constructed using multiscale mean-shift clustering of the luminance channel. The RP set is then extracted by solving the optimization problem using this matrix
Pre emphasis on data for an adaptive fingerprint image enhancementIAEME Publication
The document presents a method for pre-emphasis on data for adaptive fingerprint image enhancement. It applies preprocessing using histogram equalization for contrast improvement. Global and local analysis is then performed to estimate the fundamental frequency and extract local spectral features, which are used to design matched directional filters for enhancement. The proposed adaptive approach automatically adjusts local filter parameters based on input fingerprint image characteristics.
Pre emphasis on data for an adaptive fingerprint image enhancement
70-139928939789-92
1. Proceedings of 8th
IRF International Conference, 04th
May-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-12-4
89
ARM PROCESSOR BASED AUTOMATIC SOIL COLOUR SENSING
AND IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
1
CHAYALAKSHMI C.L1, 2
SHANKAR, 3
VINAY DODMANI, 4
MALLAPPA, 5
PARTH K
1
Faculty, 2
VIII Semester students, 3,4,5Dept. of Instrumentation Technology, Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot
Abstract- Measuring soil colour is important parameter for determining various soil properties. Soil colour although being a
secondary parameter, is essential entityfor the personal of the soil sciences. Soil colour is currently measured using a Munsell
soil colour chart through naked eye observations. This paper deals with the automatic sensing, identification and displaying of
soil colour using embedded system with TCS 3200 colour sensor. An ARM processor is used for processing the data from the
sensor and displays the output on the LCD screen. Embedded C language is used for implementing the automatic sensing and
display algorithm. This system is interfaced to computer data base for future reference and analysis.
Index Terms- Munsell soil colour chart, colour sensor (TCS3200), soil colour.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sensors are a means of gathering information directly
from the process; sensors transform the input into
electrical quantities like voltage or current depending
upon the application and need. This work
demonstrates one of the applications of a color sensor,
which is used for sensing various colors of soil. An
automated system is developed for sensing soil color
for Munsell soil color chart.
Soil colors are most conveniently measured by
comparison with a color chart. The Munsell book of
colors includes nine charts and displays 322 different
standard color chips systematically arranged
according to their Munsell notations on cards carried
in a loose leaf notebook. The Munsell notation for
color consists of separate notations for hue, value, and
chroma, which are combined in that order to form the
color designation. The symbol for hue is the letter
abbreviation of the color of the rainbow[R for red, YR
for yellow-red, Y for yellow] proceeded by numbers
from 0 to 10. Within each letter range, the hue
becomes more yellow and less red as the number
increase. The middle of the letter range is at 5; the zero
point coincides with the 10 point of the next redder
hue. The notation for value consists of number from 0,
for absolute black, to 10, for absolute white. Thus a
color of value 5/ is visually midway between absolute
white and absolute black. One of value 6/ is slightly
less dark, 60 percent of the way from black to white,
and midway between values of 5/ and
1.1 Drawbacks of conventional method
In using the color charts, comparison is obtained by
holding the soil sample directly behind the apertures
separating the closest matching color chips. Rarely the
color of the samples is perfectly matched by any color
in the chart. The probability of having a perfect match
is less than one in hundred ie less than 1%. It should
be evident, however, which colors the sample lies
between, and which is the closest match. The principal
difficulties encountered in using the soil color chart
are as follows:
1] Selection of appropriate hue card.
2] Determination of colors those are intermediate
between the hues in the chart.
3] In distinguishing between value and chroma where
chromas are strong.
In addition, the chart does not include some extreme
dark, strong colors occasionally encountered in moist
soils. This conventional technique is prone to error.
As the readings are based purelyon the naked eye view
the perception may vary from person to person which
in turn reduces the accuracy in measuring the soil
color. Currently there is no device which can directly
determine the color of soil.
1.2 Soil Colour Chart:
Munsell soil color chart is a copyrighted color chart,
which is used for measuring soil color. The color chart
is a book of several pages where each page is a loose
bound book. The present technique used is to compare
the soil color with the colors present in the Munsell
soil color chart and to determine the values of ‘hue’,
‘chroma’ and ‘value’. Soil colors are most
conveniently measured by comparison with a color
chart. The Munsell book of colors includes nine charts
and displays 322 different standard color chips
systematically arranged according to their Munsell
notations on cards carried in a loose leaf notebook.
The arrangement is by the three dimensions that
combine to describe all colors and are known in the
2. ARM Processor Based Automatic Soil Colour Sensing and Identification System
Proceedings of 8th
IRF International Conference, 04th
May-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-12-4
90
Munsell system as Hue, Value and Chroma.
The Hue notation of a color indicates its relation to red,
yellow, green, blue and purple; the value notation
indicates its lightness; and the chroma notation
indicates its strength (or departure from a neutral of
the same lightness). chroma notation is indicated by
the horizontal axis in the chart. The value is indicated
by the vertical axis. And the hue notation is present in
the top rght hand side of the leaf.
The colors displayed on the individual soil color charts
are of constant hue, designated by a symbol in the
upper right hand corner of the card. Vertically, the
colors become successively lighter from the bottom of
the card to the top in visually equal steps; their value
increases. Horizontally they increase in chroma from
left to right.
The value notation of each chip is indicated by the
vertical scale in the far left column of the chart. The
chroma notation is indicated by the horizontal scale
across the bottom of the chart. [1]
II. COLOUR SENSING SYSTEM
A color sensor senses the color of soil and converts it
into frequencyoutput. The output of the color sensor is
compared with the standard values which are stored in
the memory of ARM processor and the values are
taken with Munsell soil color chart as reference,
depending upon the value of colour displayed on the
display device. The working methodology explained
with respect to Fig-1 [2].
2.1 Color sensor:
A color sensor is basically a combination of a
photodiode and Current to Frequency converter as
shown in Fig-2.
As the intensity of light falling on the photodiode
varies, the output of the photodiode changes. Current
of the photo diode also varies as the intensity changes
with respect to color.
The color sensor has current to frequency converter
which converts current output of sensor to change in
frequency. The pictorial representation of colour
sensor is shown in Figure-3 [3].
Features of colour sensor:
High-Resolution Conversion of light
Intensity to Frequency
Programmable Color and Full-Scale Output
Frequency
Communicates Directly With a Microcontroller
Single-Supply Operation (2.7 V to 5.5 V)
Power down Feature
Nonlinearity Error Typically 0.2% at 50 kHz
Stable 200 ppm/°C Temperature Coefficient
Low-Profile Lead (Pb) Free and RoHS
2.2 ARM LPC2129:
ARM is an advanced RISC machine with less number
of instruction sets. The ARM processor is the
advancement in the microcontroller family with
enhanced computational ability and performance. The
key philosophy behind the ARM design is simplicity.
The ARM7 is a RISC computer with a small gate
count. This makes it ideal for embedded systems. It
has high performance, low power consumption and it
takes a small amount of the available silicon die area
[4][5].
Features of the ARM LPC2129:
32 bit RISC processor, with high code density
and available with hardware debugtechnology.
Load store architecture.
cycle execution for certain instructions.
Inline barrel shifter.
Thumb 16 bit instruction set.
3. ARM Processor Based Automatic Soil Colour Sensing and Identification System
Proceedings of 8th
IRF International Conference, 04th
May-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-12-4
91
Conditional execution
Enhanced Instructions: DSP
Orthogonal instruction Set
Large 16 x 32 register file.
Fixed op code width of 32 bits to ease decoding
and pipelining.
Powerful indexed addressing modes.
Simple, but fast, 2-priority-level interrupts
subsystem with switched register banks.
2.3 LCD
A 16 × 2 line LCD is used to display the colour of the
soil. LCD requires less power, provides backlight
during lowlight vision. LCD is interfaced with a
microcontroller in byte mode (8-bits of command/data
are transmitted at a time). The data lines D0-D7 of
LCD are connected to P1.0 to P1.7 (P1) and control
lines RS (Register select) and E (Enable) are
connected to P3.4, P2.7 port pins of LPC2129
respectively.
III. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
The following are the steps for identifying the
frequency of the incoming pulses from the colour
sensor.
The sensor is placed inside an enclosed block.
Such that the box has a single opening for the soil
sample insertion.
The sensor gives output in the form of pulses
which are fed as the input to the ARM processor.
The number of pulses is counted for a pre
determined time period for 10 sec.
For example consider the frequency of a certain
colour as 3 kHz, the equivalent count for 10 seconds is
calculated as follows
Time period = 1/frequency
Time period = 1/3 k = 0.33 msec
Pulse Count for 10 sec = 10000 m =
0.33m
Decimal code = 30303.0303
Equivalent HEX code = (765F)h
Referring the hex number colour can be
identified.
Following are a few colours with their frequency and
respective equivalent hue, value, and chroma
notations.
Table 1.1: Various soil colours with their Hue, value and chroma
3.1 Experimental setup of system:
The system is implemented in the laboratory to display
the colour of the soil and subsequent value, hue, and
chroma as V, H and C respectively. The entire set up is
shown in photo snaps as shown in Figure-4 and 5. The
program is developed as per the flow chart shown in
Figure-6.
These values could be used in generation of data base
pertaining to a specific area for the soil characteristic
analysis by the agricultural authorities or for
researchers.
4. ARM Processor Based Automatic Soil Colour Sensing and Identification System
Proceedings of 8th
IRF International Conference, 04th
May-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-12-4
92
Figure- 6: Software flow chart
CONCLUSION
A colour sensor when interfaced with suitable
circuitry can sense and display various colours of soil
samples present on the surface of the earth, with the
reference of the Munsell soil colour chart. This paper
presents a design and implementation of a handy tool
for the professionals of the soil sciences to undermine
the soil colour with unmatched accuracy, which
eliminates the factor of human error. As soil colour is
a basic parameter, with knowledge of this parameter
further research can be done on the soil and steps for
betterment of the soil quality can be found.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.munsell.com
[2] http://www.philips.com/lpc 2119_2129
[3] TAOS-Texas advanced optoelectronic solutions.
[4] http://www.ams.com/eng/products/light-sensors/color-sensor
[5] The insider’s guide to the PHILIPS ARM7-based
microcontrollers- Trevor Martin
[6] http://www.hitex.co.uk/arm