This document summarizes a thesis that examined the experiences of patients in Scottish asylums during World War 1. It finds that distinctions between military and civilian patients were often obscured once patients entered the asylum system. While politicians and the military assumed ex-servicemen would receive privileged treatment, admission records did not reflect this hierarchy and often focused on how a patient's mental breakdown impacted their gender identity. Within asylums, ex-servicemen sometimes demonstrated more tolerance for problematic behavior but overall had a shared experience with other patients. Financial support for ex-servicemen was also irregular and selective. The thesis concludes that privileged status in asylums was more often afforded to elderly/infirm patients rather than any particular group.
Victorian medicine and masculinity at home and abroadLitSciMed .
This document discusses Michael Brown's lecture on the topic of Victorian medicine and masculinity. The first half of the lecture explores how 19th century doctors compared themselves to soldiers and invoked language of war and heroism. This military metaphor became dominant and served political ends by framing medicine as public service. Literature from this time period also portrayed doctors heroically. The Crimean War further conflated medical and martial masculinities. By the 1850s, medical discourse was saturated with war imagery and concepts of martial masculinity, influenced by growing nationalism and imperialism.
American Surgeons At Musgrave Park Hospital In World War II Surgical GiantsScott Faria
Three American Army surgeons - Major Robert Zollinger, Captain Bert Dunphy, and Colonel Richard Warren - provided surgical care at Musgrave Park Hospital in Belfast, Northern Ireland during World War 2. Zollinger and Dunphy had trained under famous surgeons at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and brought their experience to setting up the 5th General Hospital at Musgrave Park by May 1942. Over 7,000 patients were cared for by the hospital during its time in operation. Colonel Bernice Sinclair, Chief Nurse of the 3rd Army, was the only woman on General George Patton's staff and helped oversee medical operations during major battles in Europe.
Standing on the shoulders of the giants stories of 3 pioneersAbdulsalam Taha
This document discusses the pioneering contributions of three cardiac surgeons: Werner Forssmann, Dr. Clarence Walton Lillehei, and Dr. Michael E. DeBakey. It describes Forssmann inserting a catheter into his own heart in 1929, proving catheterization was possible and laying the foundation for modern angiography. It discusses Dr. Lillehei developing the technique of controlled cross-circulation in 1954, allowing the first open-heart surgeries. Finally, it tells the story of Dr. DeBakey diagnosing and undergoing surgery at age 98 for the very aortic dissection he had pioneered the repair for decades earlier. The document honors these surgeons for their courage and innovations that transformed cardiac surgery
The document is an account from an Australian officer describing his varying medical treatment over two years as a prisoner of war in Germany. After being wounded, he was transported by train to a German hospital in Caudry where he received decent care initially. However, after four days he was moved to a "British ward" where conditions were much worse - beds were hard, food limited, and medical attention was negligent, with some men having maggot-infested wounds. Several prisoners died during his time there.
Chapter Oneamerican military medicine faces westOn Jun.docxmccormicknadine86
Chapter One
american military medicine faces west
On June 13, 1900, Captain S. Chase de Krafft, m.d., a volunteer as-sistant surgeon with the American forces in the Philippines, reported
from his post at Balayan the death from ‘‘hemoglobinuric fever’’ of Private
Glenn V. Parke of the 28th Regiment. In January, Parke had fallen out of
a march ‘‘from physical exhaustion’’ and was sent to the hospital in Ma-
nila. When he rejoined his company a few months later he appeared to be
well but soon succumbed to ‘‘malarial fever intermittent.’’ On the long, hot
march to Balayan, Parke had fallen out again and was admitted to the post
hospital with an acute attack of diarrhea. After daily doses of quinine and
thrice-daily strychnine, the soldier soon returned to duty. But his malarial
fever recurred: back in hospital he was ‘‘seized with a severe attack of bili-
ous vomiting,’’ and later his urine was red and scanty. The bilious vomit-
ing, diarrhea, and fever persisted, along with pain over the liver; his entire
body was soon ‘‘saffron-colored.’’ His urine became darker and more con-
centrated. Within a few hours, the patient sank into delirium and then coma,
dying early in the morning. Parke had told the surgeon he was twenty-three
years old, though most suspected he was no more than twenty-one; in any
case, his body was quickly buried in the north side of the cemetery at Balayan.
Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/628881/9780822388081-002.pdf
by University of California Santa Cruz user
on 08 January 2020
14 american military medicine faces west
De Krafft then turned his attention to ensuring the well-being of the re-
maining troops.∞
Tropical disease would take the lives of many U.S. soldiers during the
Philippine-American War. From General Wesley Merritt’s assault on Manila
on July 31, 1898, until the war gradually eased in 1900, more than six hun-
dred soldiers were killed or died from wounds received in battle, and another
seven hundred died of disease.≤ The record of Parke’s clinical course presents
in unusual detail an example of diagnosis and treatment in the medical corps
of the U.S. Army during the first year of the campaign. The army surgeon in
the field was still likely to attribute illness to exhaustion or reckless behavior
and to favor explanations that implied a mismatch between bodily constitu-
tion and circumstance. In his extensive case notes, de Krafft nowhere men-
tions germs, even though the microbial causes of diarrhea and malaria had
been established for many years. Parke’s feces were not cultured for bacteria;
his blood was not examined for the malaria parasite. Instead, the surgeon
carefully described the vitality and appearance of the patient, the strength of
his pulse, the qualities of his dejecta, and the hourly variations in body tem-
perature. The diagnosis was expressed not in terms of any causative organism
but as a type of fever, a bodily response not id ...
Charles Drew was an African American surgeon and researcher who revolutionized blood banking. He established efficient methods for blood storage and developed the world's first large-scale blood bank during World War II. Drew organized the first large-scale blood donation project, collecting over 1,000 donations to send to Britain. He also established the American Red Cross blood bank and trained many young surgeons, making significant contributions to blood banking that saved thousands of lives during World War II.
This document provides a literature review on the historical perspectives of medical care for heat stroke from 1850 through present day. It discusses experiences with heat stroke during the US Civil War and other military conflicts of the 19th century. Treatments for heat stroke during this time included cooling the body, loosening clothing, fanning, and drinking water. The document also outlines advances in understanding heat stroke during the early 20th century based on military experiences. It differentiates between heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. Overall, it traces the evolving understanding and standards of care for heat stroke from the mid-19th century to current evidence-based practices.
Victorian medicine and masculinity at home and abroadLitSciMed .
This document discusses Michael Brown's lecture on the topic of Victorian medicine and masculinity. The first half of the lecture explores how 19th century doctors compared themselves to soldiers and invoked language of war and heroism. This military metaphor became dominant and served political ends by framing medicine as public service. Literature from this time period also portrayed doctors heroically. The Crimean War further conflated medical and martial masculinities. By the 1850s, medical discourse was saturated with war imagery and concepts of martial masculinity, influenced by growing nationalism and imperialism.
American Surgeons At Musgrave Park Hospital In World War II Surgical GiantsScott Faria
Three American Army surgeons - Major Robert Zollinger, Captain Bert Dunphy, and Colonel Richard Warren - provided surgical care at Musgrave Park Hospital in Belfast, Northern Ireland during World War 2. Zollinger and Dunphy had trained under famous surgeons at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and brought their experience to setting up the 5th General Hospital at Musgrave Park by May 1942. Over 7,000 patients were cared for by the hospital during its time in operation. Colonel Bernice Sinclair, Chief Nurse of the 3rd Army, was the only woman on General George Patton's staff and helped oversee medical operations during major battles in Europe.
Standing on the shoulders of the giants stories of 3 pioneersAbdulsalam Taha
This document discusses the pioneering contributions of three cardiac surgeons: Werner Forssmann, Dr. Clarence Walton Lillehei, and Dr. Michael E. DeBakey. It describes Forssmann inserting a catheter into his own heart in 1929, proving catheterization was possible and laying the foundation for modern angiography. It discusses Dr. Lillehei developing the technique of controlled cross-circulation in 1954, allowing the first open-heart surgeries. Finally, it tells the story of Dr. DeBakey diagnosing and undergoing surgery at age 98 for the very aortic dissection he had pioneered the repair for decades earlier. The document honors these surgeons for their courage and innovations that transformed cardiac surgery
The document is an account from an Australian officer describing his varying medical treatment over two years as a prisoner of war in Germany. After being wounded, he was transported by train to a German hospital in Caudry where he received decent care initially. However, after four days he was moved to a "British ward" where conditions were much worse - beds were hard, food limited, and medical attention was negligent, with some men having maggot-infested wounds. Several prisoners died during his time there.
Chapter Oneamerican military medicine faces westOn Jun.docxmccormicknadine86
Chapter One
american military medicine faces west
On June 13, 1900, Captain S. Chase de Krafft, m.d., a volunteer as-sistant surgeon with the American forces in the Philippines, reported
from his post at Balayan the death from ‘‘hemoglobinuric fever’’ of Private
Glenn V. Parke of the 28th Regiment. In January, Parke had fallen out of
a march ‘‘from physical exhaustion’’ and was sent to the hospital in Ma-
nila. When he rejoined his company a few months later he appeared to be
well but soon succumbed to ‘‘malarial fever intermittent.’’ On the long, hot
march to Balayan, Parke had fallen out again and was admitted to the post
hospital with an acute attack of diarrhea. After daily doses of quinine and
thrice-daily strychnine, the soldier soon returned to duty. But his malarial
fever recurred: back in hospital he was ‘‘seized with a severe attack of bili-
ous vomiting,’’ and later his urine was red and scanty. The bilious vomit-
ing, diarrhea, and fever persisted, along with pain over the liver; his entire
body was soon ‘‘saffron-colored.’’ His urine became darker and more con-
centrated. Within a few hours, the patient sank into delirium and then coma,
dying early in the morning. Parke had told the surgeon he was twenty-three
years old, though most suspected he was no more than twenty-one; in any
case, his body was quickly buried in the north side of the cemetery at Balayan.
Downloaded from https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/chapter-pdf/628881/9780822388081-002.pdf
by University of California Santa Cruz user
on 08 January 2020
14 american military medicine faces west
De Krafft then turned his attention to ensuring the well-being of the re-
maining troops.∞
Tropical disease would take the lives of many U.S. soldiers during the
Philippine-American War. From General Wesley Merritt’s assault on Manila
on July 31, 1898, until the war gradually eased in 1900, more than six hun-
dred soldiers were killed or died from wounds received in battle, and another
seven hundred died of disease.≤ The record of Parke’s clinical course presents
in unusual detail an example of diagnosis and treatment in the medical corps
of the U.S. Army during the first year of the campaign. The army surgeon in
the field was still likely to attribute illness to exhaustion or reckless behavior
and to favor explanations that implied a mismatch between bodily constitu-
tion and circumstance. In his extensive case notes, de Krafft nowhere men-
tions germs, even though the microbial causes of diarrhea and malaria had
been established for many years. Parke’s feces were not cultured for bacteria;
his blood was not examined for the malaria parasite. Instead, the surgeon
carefully described the vitality and appearance of the patient, the strength of
his pulse, the qualities of his dejecta, and the hourly variations in body tem-
perature. The diagnosis was expressed not in terms of any causative organism
but as a type of fever, a bodily response not id ...
Charles Drew was an African American surgeon and researcher who revolutionized blood banking. He established efficient methods for blood storage and developed the world's first large-scale blood bank during World War II. Drew organized the first large-scale blood donation project, collecting over 1,000 donations to send to Britain. He also established the American Red Cross blood bank and trained many young surgeons, making significant contributions to blood banking that saved thousands of lives during World War II.
This document provides a literature review on the historical perspectives of medical care for heat stroke from 1850 through present day. It discusses experiences with heat stroke during the US Civil War and other military conflicts of the 19th century. Treatments for heat stroke during this time included cooling the body, loosening clothing, fanning, and drinking water. The document also outlines advances in understanding heat stroke during the early 20th century based on military experiences. It differentiates between heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. Overall, it traces the evolving understanding and standards of care for heat stroke from the mid-19th century to current evidence-based practices.
This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics. It discusses early expressions like the Hippocratic Oath. Unethical experiments on humans without consent like those by Dr. Neisser and the Little Albert experiment highlighted the need for standards. The atrocious Nazi human experiments led to the Nuremberg Code. The Declaration of Helsinki addressed clinical research. The unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Study resulted in guidelines like the Belmont Report to protect subjects. Over time, various declarations and guidelines like the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights established international standards for ethical research involving human subjects.
This document summarizes the development and use of blood transfusions during World War I. It describes how blood transfusions were reintroduced in the early 20th century but were not widely adopted by British surgeons. During WWI, the complexity of transfusions was simplified, allowing them to be performed more easily at medical stations near the front lines. Canadian doctor Lawrence Bruce Robertson helped promote the use of transfusions to the British after observing their effectiveness. While still risky, transfusions began saving lives and helped reduce mortality rates among severely wounded soldiers.
Health and Social normaility and the body.docx4934bk
1. The prompt discusses caesarean section rates in the UK and asks students to analyze this sociologically by drawing on concepts of medicalization and unnecessary medical intervention.
2. The second part of the prompt asks students to write a comparative essay about the experiences of soldiers on the Western Front during World War 1. Students are to discuss similarities and differences between Allied and German forces based on historical examples and sources.
3. The prompt provides requirements for the essay such as a 2500 word limit, Chicago citation style, bibliography, and mandatory sources to incorporate which were used in class or suggested by the instructor.
Kevin Brown has written several books on the history of health, medicine, and disease. This document provides details on the books he has authored, including Penicillin Man, which describes Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin and the antibiotic revolution. It also summarizes books on the history of syphilis and gonorrhea titled The Pox, and a book on health and medicine during the 20th century's wars called Fighting Fit. Brown has also written Poxed and Scurvied about sickness and health at sea, and has a new book in progress on emigrant ship experiences.
William Stewart Halsted was a pioneering American surgeon who helped establish modern surgical practices and training in the late 19th century. He performed some of the first operations to remove gallstones and blood transfusions in the US. At Johns Hopkins Hospital, Halsted started the first formal surgical residency program and trained many influential surgeons. However, he also struggled with addictions to cocaine and morphine for decades after becoming addicted while experimenting with cocaine as a local anesthetic. Despite this, Halsted made major advances in techniques such as hemostasis and wound healing and helped transition medicine from an unscientific practice to a data-driven field.
This thesis examines the history of Fulbourn Hospital in Cambridgeshire from 1953 to 1995 through oral histories and documents. It explores how models of mental illness and therapeutic practices changed over this period. The appointment of Dr. David Clark in 1953 initiated reforms implementing a social model of psychiatry. This transformed the hospital. However, the appointment of Professor Sir Martin Roth in 1976 shifted the focus back to a medical model. Later, care moved to community settings through group homes and mental health teams. While psychiatrists abandoned the social model, elements were absorbed into nursing practices. The study illustrates how professional boundaries shifted with changing models of practice.
The document provides an overview of antipsychiatry, beginning with its introduction and definitions. It then discusses the historical background, noting the mistreatment of mentally ill patients in the 19th century and abuses that occurred in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and elsewhere. Key figures in the development of antipsychiatry are presented, including Michel Foucault, R.D. Laing, Thomas Szasz, and Franco Basaglia. Their common belief was that psychiatry imposed definitions of normalcy on personal realities. The document outlines controversies such as the Rosenhan experiment and the removal of homosexuality from the DSM. Finally, it notes the decline of antipsychiatry in the 1980s as biological
This document contains a summary of three letters written by Nell Armstrong, a Red Cross nurse serving in Serbia during World War I. In her letters, Nell describes the grueling work of nurses on the front lines, which included 14-hour work days cleaning, dressing wounds, feeding, and comforting soldiers. She vividly recounts instances of dying soldiers suffering from wounds and disease. Nell provides a first-hand perspective of the horrific reality of life on the war front, which contrasted sharply with the glorified portrayals in the media at the time.
Sir William Osler was a renowned Canadian physician known as the "Father of Modern Medicine". He studied medicine in Canada and Europe, making early observations of platelets in blood. He taught at McGill University, the University of Pennsylvania, and helped establish the Johns Hopkins medical school. Osler revolutionized clinical teaching by having students study patients at the bedside. He authored influential medical textbooks and helped establish evidence-based medicine. Osler remained a prolific writer and advocate for compassionate, scientific medical practice until his death in Oxford, England in 1919.
A german doctor_at_the_front-dr_wilhelm_his-241pgs-1933-polRareBooksnRecords
Wilhelm His, a German doctor, was not originally part of the German military at the outbreak of WWI due to his Swiss citizenship. However, he reported to serve and was assigned to a garrison hospital in Berlin. Unable to find satisfying work there, he requested a field assignment. He was eventually deployed to Dirschau in East Prussia as a consulting internist to support the medical inspection services. His role was a new position created to utilize experienced medical experts to support the army.
The document summarizes the history of hospitals in Washington D.C. from their origins in the early 19th century through the Civil War period. It notes that the first hospital, Washington Infirmary, was established in 1806 to serve the poor. During the Civil War, the influx of wounded soldiers led to the conversion of buildings like the Patent Office and Capitol into temporary hospitals. Notable hospitals discussed include Freedmen's Hospital, established in 1862 to care for freed slaves, and Saint Elizabeths Hospital, founded in 1852 to provide more humane treatment for the mentally ill. The document highlights how the Civil War dramatically increased Washington D.C.'s population and need for hospitals.
Irritable Heart: Smithsonian National Museum of American History Colloquium S...Ashley Bowen
This document provides an overview of a presentation given by Ashley Bowen-Murphy titled "Soldier’s Heart, Irritable Heart: The Psychological and Physiological Origins of Civil War Trauma." The presentation discusses the origins and terminology of "soldier's heart," revisits the diagnosis and the work of Dr. Jacob Da Costa, examines the symptoms and diagnostic techniques, explores causes and examples of cases, and considers modern interpretations and the importance of understanding this condition. It provides historical context and discusses future directions of research.
Nursing: An Historical Perspective (Dr. Hall, rev 6-27-13)University of Miami
The document provides a historical overview of the nursing profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses how nursing was originally dominated by men but became a predominantly female profession in the 19th and 20th centuries due to the need for nurses in wars. It notes pioneers from various backgrounds who contributed to the development of nursing. The document emphasizes the importance of diversity and having a nursing workforce that reflects the populations served.
From field hospital_to_lunatic_asylum(1)Ellen Brown
The document describes the experiences of Dr. Harvey Black and Dr. John Apperson, two physicians from Southwest Virginia, as they pursued medical careers before, during, and after the Civil War, detailing their work as surgeons in field hospitals and later in asylums as well as their lives after the war ended. It provides biographical details and excerpts from letters and diaries that offer a glimpse into 19th century medical practices and the hardships of serving as a doctor during wartime.
The unconscious conscience, Dr.Hani Al-Qadhihumanitiesoman
A talk organized by the humanities and medicine interest group and SCOME in SQU college of medicine, given by Dr.Hani A-lQadhi a very well renowned teacher and mentor in our college.
A glimpse about the speaker:
-A senior consultant trauma surgeon at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital
-Deputy Head of Department of Surgery at College of Medicine and health sciences, SQU
-Program director of General Surgery Training program at the Oman Medical Specialty board
-Certified from the Royal College of Surgeons, Canada. Finished his residency training in general surgery at the University of British Columbia, Canada.
In this very enlightening presentation he speaks about how politics can influence ethical practice and how doctors should be humans and not political propaganda tools.
The document summarizes the history of hospice care from its origins in the 11th century to modern developments. It traces the establishment of early hospice homes in the 19th century France, Ireland, and US focused on caring for the dying poor. The modern hospice movement began in the UK and US in the 1960s-70s led by pioneers like Cicely Saunders and Florence Wald who established principles of palliative care, education, and research. The Medicare hospice benefit in 1982 expanded access across the US. The philosophy of hospice is to relieve suffering and bring peace and dignity to the end of life.
Blood banking has evolved significantly over centuries. Early practices included drinking blood for health benefits. The first recorded transfusion was in 1492 but resulted in deaths. Successful animal-to-animal transfusions were performed in the 1600s. Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups in 1900, greatly advancing safety. During World Wars I and II, innovations like citrate preservation and plastic bags established blood as a transfusion resource. Today, components like plasma and cryoprecipitate are extracted to treat specific conditions. National policies now regulate blood banking in India to ensure safety and availability.
Sir William Osler was a Canadian physician known as the "Father of Modern Medicine". He made seminal contributions to medical education by insisting students learn from direct observation of patients at bedside. He established the first residency program and reduced reliance on lectures, prioritizing hands-on clinical training. Osler also authored influential medical textbooks and essays, and helped found Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine, revolutionizing medical research and teaching standards in North America. His emphasis on thorough physical exams, compassionate care, and equanimity continue to guide physicians over a century later.
The Doctor, shows a GP on a home visit. He is watching over a worker’s sick child; the bed is makeshift, two non-matching chairs pushed together. The main figure is the doctor, gazing intently at his patient, while in the background the father stands worried with his hand on the shoulders of his tearful wife.
Movie Review Example Review Essay, Essay, EssSabrina Baloi
1. The Shirley cards were color reference cards used in photography to calibrate skin tones, shadows, and lights. They featured a Caucasian woman who was photographed with consistent facial expressions and positioning.
2. Over time, the Shirley cards evolved to include more diverse models as perceptions of beauty standards changed. Companies started using cards with Caucasian, Black, Asian, and Latina models to better represent different skin tones.
3. The concept of the Shirley cards influenced mass media by promoting a standardized image of beauty based on the featured models. This standard evolved to be more inclusive as society changed.
Oh, The Places YouLl Go By Dr Seuss - Activity SheetsSabrina Baloi
This document summarizes the steps to request assignment writing help from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and valid email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attaching a sample if wanting the writer to imitate your style.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit to start the assignment.
4. Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize full payment, or request free revisions if needed. HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
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This document provides a historical overview of the development of research ethics. It discusses early expressions like the Hippocratic Oath. Unethical experiments on humans without consent like those by Dr. Neisser and the Little Albert experiment highlighted the need for standards. The atrocious Nazi human experiments led to the Nuremberg Code. The Declaration of Helsinki addressed clinical research. The unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Study resulted in guidelines like the Belmont Report to protect subjects. Over time, various declarations and guidelines like the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights established international standards for ethical research involving human subjects.
This document summarizes the development and use of blood transfusions during World War I. It describes how blood transfusions were reintroduced in the early 20th century but were not widely adopted by British surgeons. During WWI, the complexity of transfusions was simplified, allowing them to be performed more easily at medical stations near the front lines. Canadian doctor Lawrence Bruce Robertson helped promote the use of transfusions to the British after observing their effectiveness. While still risky, transfusions began saving lives and helped reduce mortality rates among severely wounded soldiers.
Health and Social normaility and the body.docx4934bk
1. The prompt discusses caesarean section rates in the UK and asks students to analyze this sociologically by drawing on concepts of medicalization and unnecessary medical intervention.
2. The second part of the prompt asks students to write a comparative essay about the experiences of soldiers on the Western Front during World War 1. Students are to discuss similarities and differences between Allied and German forces based on historical examples and sources.
3. The prompt provides requirements for the essay such as a 2500 word limit, Chicago citation style, bibliography, and mandatory sources to incorporate which were used in class or suggested by the instructor.
Kevin Brown has written several books on the history of health, medicine, and disease. This document provides details on the books he has authored, including Penicillin Man, which describes Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin and the antibiotic revolution. It also summarizes books on the history of syphilis and gonorrhea titled The Pox, and a book on health and medicine during the 20th century's wars called Fighting Fit. Brown has also written Poxed and Scurvied about sickness and health at sea, and has a new book in progress on emigrant ship experiences.
William Stewart Halsted was a pioneering American surgeon who helped establish modern surgical practices and training in the late 19th century. He performed some of the first operations to remove gallstones and blood transfusions in the US. At Johns Hopkins Hospital, Halsted started the first formal surgical residency program and trained many influential surgeons. However, he also struggled with addictions to cocaine and morphine for decades after becoming addicted while experimenting with cocaine as a local anesthetic. Despite this, Halsted made major advances in techniques such as hemostasis and wound healing and helped transition medicine from an unscientific practice to a data-driven field.
This thesis examines the history of Fulbourn Hospital in Cambridgeshire from 1953 to 1995 through oral histories and documents. It explores how models of mental illness and therapeutic practices changed over this period. The appointment of Dr. David Clark in 1953 initiated reforms implementing a social model of psychiatry. This transformed the hospital. However, the appointment of Professor Sir Martin Roth in 1976 shifted the focus back to a medical model. Later, care moved to community settings through group homes and mental health teams. While psychiatrists abandoned the social model, elements were absorbed into nursing practices. The study illustrates how professional boundaries shifted with changing models of practice.
The document provides an overview of antipsychiatry, beginning with its introduction and definitions. It then discusses the historical background, noting the mistreatment of mentally ill patients in the 19th century and abuses that occurred in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and elsewhere. Key figures in the development of antipsychiatry are presented, including Michel Foucault, R.D. Laing, Thomas Szasz, and Franco Basaglia. Their common belief was that psychiatry imposed definitions of normalcy on personal realities. The document outlines controversies such as the Rosenhan experiment and the removal of homosexuality from the DSM. Finally, it notes the decline of antipsychiatry in the 1980s as biological
This document contains a summary of three letters written by Nell Armstrong, a Red Cross nurse serving in Serbia during World War I. In her letters, Nell describes the grueling work of nurses on the front lines, which included 14-hour work days cleaning, dressing wounds, feeding, and comforting soldiers. She vividly recounts instances of dying soldiers suffering from wounds and disease. Nell provides a first-hand perspective of the horrific reality of life on the war front, which contrasted sharply with the glorified portrayals in the media at the time.
Sir William Osler was a renowned Canadian physician known as the "Father of Modern Medicine". He studied medicine in Canada and Europe, making early observations of platelets in blood. He taught at McGill University, the University of Pennsylvania, and helped establish the Johns Hopkins medical school. Osler revolutionized clinical teaching by having students study patients at the bedside. He authored influential medical textbooks and helped establish evidence-based medicine. Osler remained a prolific writer and advocate for compassionate, scientific medical practice until his death in Oxford, England in 1919.
A german doctor_at_the_front-dr_wilhelm_his-241pgs-1933-polRareBooksnRecords
Wilhelm His, a German doctor, was not originally part of the German military at the outbreak of WWI due to his Swiss citizenship. However, he reported to serve and was assigned to a garrison hospital in Berlin. Unable to find satisfying work there, he requested a field assignment. He was eventually deployed to Dirschau in East Prussia as a consulting internist to support the medical inspection services. His role was a new position created to utilize experienced medical experts to support the army.
The document summarizes the history of hospitals in Washington D.C. from their origins in the early 19th century through the Civil War period. It notes that the first hospital, Washington Infirmary, was established in 1806 to serve the poor. During the Civil War, the influx of wounded soldiers led to the conversion of buildings like the Patent Office and Capitol into temporary hospitals. Notable hospitals discussed include Freedmen's Hospital, established in 1862 to care for freed slaves, and Saint Elizabeths Hospital, founded in 1852 to provide more humane treatment for the mentally ill. The document highlights how the Civil War dramatically increased Washington D.C.'s population and need for hospitals.
Irritable Heart: Smithsonian National Museum of American History Colloquium S...Ashley Bowen
This document provides an overview of a presentation given by Ashley Bowen-Murphy titled "Soldier’s Heart, Irritable Heart: The Psychological and Physiological Origins of Civil War Trauma." The presentation discusses the origins and terminology of "soldier's heart," revisits the diagnosis and the work of Dr. Jacob Da Costa, examines the symptoms and diagnostic techniques, explores causes and examples of cases, and considers modern interpretations and the importance of understanding this condition. It provides historical context and discusses future directions of research.
Nursing: An Historical Perspective (Dr. Hall, rev 6-27-13)University of Miami
The document provides a historical overview of the nursing profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses how nursing was originally dominated by men but became a predominantly female profession in the 19th and 20th centuries due to the need for nurses in wars. It notes pioneers from various backgrounds who contributed to the development of nursing. The document emphasizes the importance of diversity and having a nursing workforce that reflects the populations served.
From field hospital_to_lunatic_asylum(1)Ellen Brown
The document describes the experiences of Dr. Harvey Black and Dr. John Apperson, two physicians from Southwest Virginia, as they pursued medical careers before, during, and after the Civil War, detailing their work as surgeons in field hospitals and later in asylums as well as their lives after the war ended. It provides biographical details and excerpts from letters and diaries that offer a glimpse into 19th century medical practices and the hardships of serving as a doctor during wartime.
The unconscious conscience, Dr.Hani Al-Qadhihumanitiesoman
A talk organized by the humanities and medicine interest group and SCOME in SQU college of medicine, given by Dr.Hani A-lQadhi a very well renowned teacher and mentor in our college.
A glimpse about the speaker:
-A senior consultant trauma surgeon at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital
-Deputy Head of Department of Surgery at College of Medicine and health sciences, SQU
-Program director of General Surgery Training program at the Oman Medical Specialty board
-Certified from the Royal College of Surgeons, Canada. Finished his residency training in general surgery at the University of British Columbia, Canada.
In this very enlightening presentation he speaks about how politics can influence ethical practice and how doctors should be humans and not political propaganda tools.
The document summarizes the history of hospice care from its origins in the 11th century to modern developments. It traces the establishment of early hospice homes in the 19th century France, Ireland, and US focused on caring for the dying poor. The modern hospice movement began in the UK and US in the 1960s-70s led by pioneers like Cicely Saunders and Florence Wald who established principles of palliative care, education, and research. The Medicare hospice benefit in 1982 expanded access across the US. The philosophy of hospice is to relieve suffering and bring peace and dignity to the end of life.
Blood banking has evolved significantly over centuries. Early practices included drinking blood for health benefits. The first recorded transfusion was in 1492 but resulted in deaths. Successful animal-to-animal transfusions were performed in the 1600s. Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups in 1900, greatly advancing safety. During World Wars I and II, innovations like citrate preservation and plastic bags established blood as a transfusion resource. Today, components like plasma and cryoprecipitate are extracted to treat specific conditions. National policies now regulate blood banking in India to ensure safety and availability.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Chapter 6
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Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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7. Thesis conclusion and bibliography.pdf
1. 227
7.
CONCLUSION
Name: Robert D.
Age: 19
Occupation: Soldier
Diagnosis: Dementia Praecox
Cause: Always a nervous lad and the excitement of his new life as a soldier.
May 16. In bed in the admission… Dull, slow in response. He does not converse
much.
May 27. Getting up all day. Weak mentally.
July 6. Marked improvement. Got on very well. Played in a cricket match a
fortnight ago and was alert and mentally much alive.
July 27. Kept well and was today transferred to some English asylum.872
Robert is an important man. By age nineteen, he had answered the call for duty and
enlisted into the army. He was later discharged from military service when his mental health
had broken down and was admitted to Edinburgh District Asylum at Bangour. Robert
encountered the military again as they commissioned Bangour Asylum as Edinburgh War
Hospital. In May 1915, he was removed from that institution to make room for his former
brothers-in-arms. He was transferred to nearby Midlothian and Peebles District Asylum at
Rosslynlee.
Robert was an important man, but a forgotten one. He was an ex-serviceman ousted
from military healthcare services, a war hospital migrant patient ousted for military
patients, and a resident in a civilian asylum demoted in the priorities of national healthcare
872
Extracts from case notes for Robert D., Case Books. No. 28, MPDA, (14th
May 1915), p. 36, ref. LHB33/12/28.
2. 228
boards in favour of military hospitals. Robert therefore reflects the patient bodies who were
marginalised by the First World War.
*
This thesis set out to find an answer to two questions. First, what happened to the
patients cast out of Scotland’s new war hospitals? Second, how privileged were service
patients, really?
This research was inspired by the forgotten narratives of mental health in wartime
that were being rediscovered, first by Crammer, and later Barham, Reid, Jones and Wessely,
Loughran, and Meyer, and emerging in the field, Brumby and Walker, to name but a few.873
Whether attributed to compassion fatigue or the wider trend of finding voices for those
who have hitherto remained voiceless, research has veered away from the shell shocked
and the soldier, and has mined the archives to reveal what was happening away from these
semi-public figures and diagnoses. To contribute to these emerging narratives, this project
had initially intended to focus on the lives of those patients who were forced from their
home institutions as the War Office commandeered asylums and transformed them into
‘war hospitals’. Both contemporary reports and historical research shed light on life,
treatment regimes, and patient demographics inside these war hospitals. Yet little has been
said about the patients who were transferred to other asylums to make room for military
patients. The scene of their departure was a favourite recollection of asylum doctors. Each
inpatient seemed to have faced their imminent move differently, despite the effort of some
published reports to suggest otherwise. Doctors liked to stress how the parting was equally
difficult for themselves and for their patients, yet they embraced the new challenge before
them, treating service patients. They anticipated that their reputation and the profile of
their institutions would only benefit from their association with the military, and their
contribution towards the war effort. It was a benefit that did not come to light. We know
873
J. L. Crammer, ‘Extraordinary deaths of asylum inpatients’, Medical History, 36(2), (October, 1992); Peter
Barham, Forgotten lunatics, (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2004); Fiona Reid, Broken men, (Continuum,
London, New York, 2010); Edgar Jones, Simon Wessely, From shell shock to PTSD, (Psychology Press, New York,
2005); Tracey Loughran, ‘Hysteria and neurasthenia in pre-1914 British medical discourse and in histories of
shell-shock’, History of Psychiatry, 19(1), (February, 2008); Tracey Loughran, ‘A crisis of masculinity? Re-writing
the history of shell-shock and gender in First World War Britain’, History Compass, 11(9), (September, 2013);
Jessica Meyer, Men of war: masculinity and the First World War in Britain, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Alice
Brumby, ‘A painful and disagreeable position’, First World War Studies, 6(1), (June, 2015); Simon Walker, A
different existence altogether': constructing, conditioning and controlling the British soldier's body in the First
World War, PhD thesis, (University of Strathclyde, 2018).
3. 229
much of what happened inside the war hospitals once the civilian insane had been moved
on, but of those men and women themselves, we know very little. No comprehensive study
of their experiences once they left the new war hospitals exists.
Meanwhile, certain assumptions have remained relatively unchallenged in the
history of mental healthcare and the First World War, primarily that servicemen were a
privileged patient group granted distinct identities, who experienced asylum life in markedly
different ways than civilians.874 Outside of the asylum, servicemen were placed at the top of
a socio-political hierarchy. The physical and mental breakdown of servicemen was
prioritised over the breakdown of civilians. There were conscious, legislative measures to
protect servicemen from the long-standing stigma of the asylum, and to make their lives
inside the asylum easier.875 However, there did seem to have been an assumption at the
time that these measures were going to be implemented. There was some recognition by
contemporaries and by researchers today, that all was not as it seemed with the treatment
of servicemen in asylums. One of the distinctions servicemen were afforded was a uniform,
or some sort of visual marker that distinguished them from the civilian insane. Yet Frederick
Mott on his visit to London Count Mental Hospital, Hanwell, noted that there was barely a
uniform to be seen.876 Through a longitudinal study, Barham recorded the mobility of
servicemen through healthcare systems. If they enjoyed these supposedly privileged
positions, they did not necessarily stay there. Instead, servicemen journeyed through civil
and military care, and navigated routes back into the armed forces, and often back out of it
again.877 Historians have begun to recognise that institutional archives do not reflect the
privileged position carved out for servicemen. The histories of civilian inpatients of district
874
GBCS, The fourth annual report of the General Board of Control for Scotland, (HMSO, Edinburgh, 1917) p.
xxvii; Ian M. Beech, ‘The universal khaki. The impact of the Asylum War Hospitals Scheme on Cardiff City
Mental Hospital, 1915-1920’, Llafur. Journal of the Welsh People, 9(2), (2005), p. 4.
875
The Asylum War Hospitals Scheme which originated in England, came with a strict set of rules and
guidelines which set out how the conversion of asylums or military purposes was to be managed,
administered, and how the patients were to be treated. See EDBC, Report of Bangour Village, 1914-1923,
(William R. Duff & Co., Leith, 1923); EDBC Special Committee, Meeting minutes, (27th
April, 1915); House of
Commons debates, (14th
June, 1915), vol. 72, cc491-3; (10th June 1915), vol. 72 cc367-9; (19th May, 1915), vol.
71, cc2331.
876
Peter Barham, Forgotten lunatics, (Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 185-6.
877
Ibid.
4. 230
asylums seems to have been taken for granted, despite studies into the impact of the First
World War on British public health.878
In the early stages of this thesis project, the typical scoping exercises were carried
out in the archives, assessing the available records and the feasibility of the study. These
exercises quickly revealed how War hospital migrant patients and ex-servicemen removed
from military care, quickly became assimilated into the rank and file, civilian patient
population of Scotland’s district asylums. The carefully constructed distinctions between
servicemen and civilians were obscured. Whilst the initial questions proposed by this study
still stood therefore, it grew to consider one more: was there a shared inpatient experience
inside Scotland’s district asylums during the First World War?
AN ASSUMED PRIVILEGE: EX-SERVICEMEN IN THE ASYLUM
Despite the best efforts of politicians and military authorities, ex-servicemen were
not protected from the stigma of the mental health institution. Although there was an
extensive programme of therapeutic and architectural conversion that turned asylums into
‘hospitals’, military authorities were still ill-equipped, unprepared and ill-suited to care for
the mental injuries of ex-servicemen. Asylum conversions prioritised physical injury and
illness over mental conditions, as they were reserved for those asylums being transformed
into medical hospitals, as opposed to military psychiatric units. This was a hierarchy that
was reflected as early as the soldier’s journey home, as there were far fewer opportunities
to diagnose mental illness, and therefore to provide emergency, immediate care. It was not
only medical voices that prioritised the care of servicemen. District Lunacy Boards produced
a patriotic rhetoric that handed over control to their institutions with little complaint.
However, this was often at odds with those on the ground – the asylum superintendents
and commissioners who were tasked with organising and implementing these changes in
select institutions across Scotland. Superintendents like Dr Hotchkiss at Renfrew District
Asylum, Dykebar, were conflicted in performing the duties ascribed to them by district
boards and the war office, and their duties and responsibilities to their patients, and putting
their welfare first.
878
J. M. Winter, The Great War and the British people, (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, New York, 2003).
5. 231
This hierarchy – with ex-servicemen at the top and civilians at the bottom – was
mostly relevant outside the asylum. The surviving admission records, and by extension the
narratives which followed a patient into the Scottish district asylum, did not often reflect
the same discourses taking place amongst military authorities, lunacy boards, politicians and
doctors. In fact, they were almost entirely absent. The voices who constructed these
documents – laymen, families, employers, landlords, general practitioners and other
medical examiners, Inspectors of the Poor – did not construct a privileged position for
patients entering the asylum with a military background. Instead, they reflected ex-
servicemen who were subject to a process of marginalisation, just like war hospital migrant
patients and all other men and women admitted to district asylums between 1914 and
1934. Ex-servicemen were considered unfit and unable to serve their country and were
removed from active duty. They then ‘failed’ to recover quickly enough in military
healthcare systems and removed from military care altogether. They were seen as
‘hopeless’ cases and assimilated into the civilian ‘rank and file’ in the non-militarised district
asylum. Far from focusing on their experiences in the army, or their distinct rank as a
serviceman, admission documents of ex-servicemen mostly focused on the implications
their admission, and the events leading to it, had on the gender identity of ex-servicemen
and those around them.
Despite the lack of hierarchical rhetoric in the admission papers, some traces of a
socio-political ranking system favouring ex-servicemen did exist in the case notes
documenting life once inside the asylum. For one, some doctors demonstrated a higher
tolerance for uncooperative or even violent behaviour amongst former soldiers than their
civilian co-residents. Ex-servicemen were also more likely to be discharged from asylums
sooner (within three months) than civilians. The masculine ideals ascribed to soldiers were
valued in the asylum wards, and their case notes emphasised their ‘masculine’ contributions
to the asylum regime, including the work they performed on wards and on the grounds, and
their participation in sporting events. Admittedly, gendered work programmes were a staple
inside the district asylum, and all men and women, regardless of their class, were expected
to contribute in some way. Once they were inside civilian asylums however, ex-servicemen
were able to recover the masculinity military discourse had said they had lost due to their
breakdown during service. Importantly, most of these observations were particular to the
6. 232
north of Scotland, or more specifically to Inverness District Asylum. Elsewhere, at
institutions including Midlothian and Peebles District Asylum, admission and the subsequent
inpatient experience could have been perceived as a sort of ‘demotion’ to ex-servicemen, as
they were transferred from specialised, military-ran, or private institutions that afforded
them privileged status and less stigmatisation than the district asylum.
The financial figures, meanwhile, offered the strongest case in support of a
‘privileged’ ex-servicemen inside the civil asylum. They reflected generous community
engagement, and multiple avenues of support to mitigate the pressures placed upon all
resources during wartime and interwar Scotland. Fundamentally, ex-servicemen who were
formally classed as “service patients” were supported by the Ministry of Pensions. However,
the evidence of pension awards within the institutions themselves is sparse and irregular.
Moreover, the ‘service patient’ class that afforded servicemen their privileged distinction
along with their pension was becoming more and more selective with changes in the
legislation. In practice, privileged status in civil district asylums, in so far as it meant benefits
that increased an inpatient’s comfort, were in fact awarded to the elderly, sick and infirm,
who were typically considered burdens on asylum resources, from beds to staff time. As
they were in parts of the asylum classed as medical hospitals, i.e. the infirmary wards, these
were the patients who were afforded extra food rations for every meal.
Letters did not reflect any particular privilege or distinction either. When ex-
servicemen wrote, they did not often use the opportunity to assert themselves and their
military identities over other patients in the asylum, or even the staff. As a class, ex-
servicemen were fairly aimless in their letter writing, and their letters were extremely
personal. As such it is difficult to find a class-oriented goal, or trend typical in the
expressions of ex-servicemen. To some extent we can argue that ex-servicemen wrote to
reassert their masculinity. Most of the few records of ex-servicemen discussing their military
history offered an account for their actions and health. However, no record existed of an ex-
serviceman in a district asylum reaching out to his former military friends, colleagues,
superiors or even doctors. Although some letters existed from the military authorities
themselves, they were never sent directly to the patient, and reflected the transfer of
responsibility for a man onto civilian authorities.
7. 233
‘UNDISGUISED SATISFACTION AT THE PROSPECT OF A CHANGE OF SCENERY’:
WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE WAR HOSPITAL PATIENTS?
Whatever the resident superintendents of the asylums fashioned as war hospitals
claimed to see when they transferred thousands of patients across the country over the
span of four years, little evidence exists to support or challenge them. Perhaps the reason
why there is such a limited narrative surrounding these patients, is because of the lack of
records which tell their stories. Yet this study has made inroads where it could, and we have
been able to shed a little more light on what happened to war hospital patients, after they
left their home institutions.
There were clear divides drawn between ex-servicemen and civilians in both the
military’s medical and psychiatric hospitals. Yet war hospital patients were separated into
another ‘class’ all their own. Their social and medical marginalisation began when the War
Office decided to commission the institutions that cared for them for military use, and the
General Board of Control and district lunacy boards agreed, if somewhat reluctantly, at least
in the case of the latter. Superintendents in the remaining civilian asylums, (or receiving
hospitals) bartered and negotiated which war hospital patients they had to accommodate.
Each were looking for the most active, best behaved, or least troublesome. The physical
marginalisation of war hospital patients meanwhile, manifested itself as they were herded
out of the war hospitals and put on trains, boats and other means of transportation. Few
staff could be spared to take these men and women to their new homes. Those few men
and women who got to remain at their home institutions after they had assumed their new
military identities, were kept for the explicit purpose of doing kitchen, laundry and other
work that was seen as unsuitable for ex-servicemen to do themselves. Meanwhile, once
those who had been ousted arrived at their respective receiving hospitals, and fully
admitted, they became part of an over-crowded ward community where, as per official
guidance from the GBCS, patients could be sleeping in every available space, including
corridors. There is no evidence to suggest that these impromptu quarters were reserved for
war hospital migrant patients, alone.
Their physical marginalisation also existed in another sense. When compared to ex-
servicemen and civilians, the records that exist detailing the asylum life of war hospital
migrant patients were minimal. Frankly, their experiences were barely documented at all.
8. 234
The staff of district asylums were stretched during wartime and interwar Scotland, because
of political and economic crises and the impact this had on the mental health of Britain’s
men and women. Yet why this ‘silence’ in the asylum records did not extend to ex-
servicemen and other civilian patients to the same extent is unclear. Perhaps, because there
was the understanding that these patients would return to their home institutions as soon
as the military relinquished them, and because superintendents worked so hard to control
who came through the doors of their asylums, the idea that these patients were the
responsibility of the doctors, nurses, and attendants of the receiving hospitals never fully
took hold.
Through the few records we were able to uncover however, including case notes and
letters, a more nuanced story than contemporaries or historians have been able to detail so
far has emerged, despite not being given the same voice as their fellow inpatients. Through
both perfunctory and personal narratives, war hospital migrant patients were able to
reclaim their histories to a degree. These were men and women who were often fully aware
of their transitions through the asylum system, and did not necessarily respond with
‘undisguised satisfaction’.879 Their experiences were very much individual, and whilst one
man could have enjoyed the change of scenery just as his doctors promised him, a woman
from the same war hospital, resident at the same receiving hospital, could have clearly
suffered physically and mentally from her transient experiences, and fought to retain her
agency. In their letters, war hospital patients rarely wrote for any other purpose than
escaping the asylum, though they did also pen complaints about their treatment or issued
threats. War hospital patients therefore, were no more likely to have enjoyed their time in
the asylum as other civilians or ex-servicemen, and they had the same desires for their
freedom, to assert themselves, to undermine the asylum authorities, or to act out and hurt
themselves or others. They were not the silent figures that archives and histories have
inadvertently rendered them.
A SHARED EXPERIENCE?
Can we consider then, the possibility that ex-servicemen and civilians, including
pauper, private, war hospital migrant, voluntary, and boarded out patients in Scotland’s
879
Extract of a report of the clearance of Edinburgh District Asylum and war hospital, The Scotsman, (15th
May,
1915), p. 12.
9. 235
district asylums had a shared inpatient experience between 1914 and 1934? Class, alongside
gender, was a formative component of a man or woman’s experience of mental illness and
mental healthcare. It determined how a person’s mental illness was described, and the
connotations it branded them with. It determined the locus of their care, their treatment
options, and often their likelihood of recovery. We could easily expect therefore, that a
comparative study of mental healthcare experiences between ex-servicemen, war hospital
patients, and other civilian patients, would reflect the same emphasis on class. This turned
out not to be the case.
In admission documents, gender and peaceful cohabitation were the most
transparent frameworks which shaped the experiences of men and women entering the
district asylum in Scotland. Violent, threatening, or atypical behaviour was often the last
straw in caring for mentally ill relatives at home. Protecting women at home was an
especially serious concern, and both men and women were removed to the district asylum if
they were seen to have posed a threat. The language surrounding ex-servicemen was far
more likely to focus on feminine or hereditary attributes, or aggression, than on their
distinct socio-political position. At least in terms of their admission therefore, civilians and
ex-servicemen were held to the same standards of mental wellbeing, and often discussed in
similar terms, few of which were related to their class. Scull’s theory that asylums had a
capitalist function, in that they were used as receptacles for those who could not contribute
to their immediate economies, did not truly seem to apply in Scotland between 1914 and
1934. Instead admissions were framed as a mutually beneficial step between institutions
and families and patients. Little mention of class, employment or finances were ever made.
Importantly, the physical journey to the asylum was an especially unifying experience. It was
something that nearly all patients entering the Scottish district asylum between 1914 and
1934 had in common: when they were taken to the asylum, they were alone. The final
journey onto the asylum was almost always done in the company of strangers.
After the admission process came ward life, and the role that class played in shaping
this part of the inpatient experience again defied expectations. Class was much more
present in the documents that recorded a patient’s daily life – including case notes, account
books, minute accounts from the monthly meetings of district boards, and various registers
(restraint and seclusion, accidents, and escapes etc). In wartime and interwar Scotland, the
10. 236
socio-political hierarchy which prioritised ex-servicemen and marginalised civilians existed,
but to a limited extent. Evidence exists which shows how behaviour which was not tolerated
from civilian men in district asylums, was tolerated amongst ex-service patients. The records
also showed that ex-servicemen were sometimes more likely to be discharged more
frequently and much sooner than their civilian co-residents. By participating in sports and
asylum work regimes, ex-servicemen could also recover the masculinity that the military’s
discourse of mental illness stripped from them. However, the majority of these cases
occurred in one location and during one time period: at Inverness District Asylum during the
First World War. No similar patterns survived the armistice.
For the most part however, this hierarchy was inverted, thanks in large part to
sanctions from the Ministry of Food. From the perspective of patient care, it was the elderly,
the infirm, the sick and the bed-ridden who were arguably the privileged ones, especially
during the First World War. The extra rations provided for civil district asylums were
specifically for patients residing those parts of these institutions that were formally classed
as medical hospitals, i.e. the infirmaries and hospital wards. From a more pragmatic
perspective, private patients were prioritised because of the income they brought to an
institution. Yet in Scotland, the remunerative benefit that the asylums turned war hospital
expected from treating military cases, never manifested inside civil asylums with any
constancy. It was civilian patients that were far more valuable in purely economic terms.
Income from private patients and charges raised for men and women being treated outside
their own districts may have been small, but it was far more reliable. Importantly, it was the
most ‘burdensome’ patients – classed as ‘mental defectives’ – who provided a more stable
income than any other class.
Patient letters too, did not support the hierarchy which prioritised ex-service
patients in healthcare systems. On one hand, war hospital migrants and boarded-out
patients continued to be marginalised and had the most restricted voices of any other class
of patient. On the other, private and ex-service patients did not rally themselves to any
unifying cause as a class. Instead, they joined the ranks of the civilian inpatient population
and, for the most part, used their voices as far as we can tell from the surviving records, to
try and gain their freedom from the Scottish district asylum.
11. 237
Whilst an argument can be made that the admission experience was more of a
shared one than patient hierarchies would perhaps lead us to expect, it is much more
difficult to reach the same conclusion about the inpatient experience after admission. The
impact of the socio-political hierarchy prioritising ex-servicemen was certainly limited, and
only seemed prevalent in a specific environment. However, in the daily life of the asylum,
different hierarchies emerged. It was not the ex-serviceman who became valuable, but the
‘mental defective’. It was not the ex-serviceman who was privileged, but the sick, the bed-
ridden, and the infirm. And although the men and women transferred from the country’s
war hospitals were undoubtedly marginalised and much of their story undocumented, they
did reclaim some of their narratives and did not remain as voiceless as history has assumed.
12. 238
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13. 239
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14. 240
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15. 241
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‘Appointment of superintendent to Riccartsbar Asylum’, Paisley and Renfrewshire Gazette,
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Graham, Dr William, ‘War and decreased insanity: Belfast asylum superintendent’s views’,
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Easterbrook, Dr C. C. ‘The sanitorium treatment of active insanity by rest in bed in
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Mercier, Charles, ‘Diet as a factor in mental disease’, 62(258), (July, 1916).
No author, ‘Accidents’, in ‘Notes and news’, 43(181), (April, 1897).
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17. 243
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18. 244
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19. 245
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PHD THESES
Brumby, Alice, From "Pauper lunatics" to "rate-aided patients": removing the stigma of
mental health care? 1888-1938, PhD thesis, (University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, 2015).
Cranstoun, James G. M., The impact of the Great War on a local community: the case of East
Lothian, PhD thesis, (The Open University, 1992).
Darragh, Alison, ‘Gazetteer of public asylums in Scotland 1781-1930’, PhD Thesis, (University
of St Andrews, 2011).
Darragh, Alison, ‘Prison or palace? Haven or hell? An architectural and social study of the
development of public lunatic asylums in Scotland, 1781-1930’, PhD thesis, (University of St
Andrews, 2011).
Halliday, Emma, Themes in Scottish asylum culture: the hospitalisation of the Scottish asylum
1880-1914, PhD thesis, (University of Stirling, 2003).
Hopkins, John, Problems, politics and personalities in the treatment of mental and nervous
casualties in the British Army 1914-1918, PhD thesis, (University of Leicester, 2002).
Kowalski, Maeghan, Enabling the Great War: ex-servicemen, the mixed economy of welfare
and the social construction of disability, 1899-1930, PhD Thesis, (University of Leeds, 2007).
Matheson, Calum, Ruinous pride: the construction of the Scottish military identity, 1745-
1918, MA Thesis, (University of North Texas, 2011).
Roudebush, M. O., A battle of nerves: hysteria and its treatment in France during World War
One, PhD thesis, (University of California, Berkeley, 1995).
Walker, Simon, 'A different existence altogether': constructing, conditioning and controlling
the British soldier's body in the First World War, PhD thesis, (University of Strathclyde,
Glasgow, 2018).
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Wannell, Louise, Writing the asylum: madness, culture and subjectivity at the York Retreat,
c.1875-c.1940, PhD thesis, (University of York, York, 2005).
York, Sarah, Suicide, lunacy and the asylum in nineteenth-century England, PhD thesis,
(University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 2009).