Glaucoma and management
•
2 likes•348 views
A lecture on glaucoma from Penang Medical College
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Lacrimal system disorders
This document discusses various diseases and conditions of the eyelids, lacrimal system, and orbit. It covers eyelid malpositions like entropion, ectropion, ptosis, and lagophthalmos. It also discusses eyelid inflammation conditions like blepharitis. Non-neoplastic lid lesions, benign and malignant lid tumors are described. The lacrimal system anatomy and tear production/drainage is briefly explained. Finally, it discusses orbital diseases like thyroid eye disease which can cause proptosis, double vision, and restricted eye movements.
Glaucoma RCSI
Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve, often due to increased intraocular pressure. The most common type, primary open-angle glaucoma, has no symptoms until late stages and is a leading cause of blindness. It is diagnosed through visual field testing and examination of the optic disc for cupping. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eyedrops or surgery and stop further nerve damage, though past damage cannot be reversed. Acute angle closure glaucoma requires emergency care for severe symptoms including eye pain and blurred vision to prevent vision loss.
Paediatric ophthalmology
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus
This document discusses the anatomy and innervation of the extraocular muscles, as well as some common pediatric ophthalmological conditions. It describes the origins and insertions of the six extraocular muscles, and provides their actions and nerve supply. It then covers topics such as cranial nerve palsies, examining visual acuity in children, amblyopia, squints, leucocoria, retinopathy of prematurity, congenital defects, and infections.
Cataract and refractive surgery
This document provides information about cataracts and cataract surgery. It defines a cataract as any opacity of the crystalline lens. It describes the anatomy of the normal lens and how it changes with age. It discusses the various types of cataracts and their causes. Symptoms include glare, reduced vision, and changes in refractive error. Examination involves evaluating the red reflex and examining the lens under a slit lamp. Treatment is typically phacoemulsification surgery, which uses ultrasound to break up and remove the cloudy lens. The cloudy lens is replaced with an intraocular lens. Post-operative care involves eye drops and follow up visits to monitor healing and vision.
Neuro-ophthalmology
This document discusses neuro-ophthalmology and is presented by Dr. Lee Ming Yueh. It covers various topics including visual pathway and visual field defects, the optic disc, pupils, and cranial nerve palsies with eye manifestations. For visual field defects, it describes different testing methods and lesion locations that can cause specific defect patterns. The optic disc section discusses conditions like edema, atrophy, and swelling. Pupils are described in terms of innervation, size, shape, and defects. Finally, different cranial nerve palsies are outlined, focusing on causes, clinical features, investigations, and management considerations for nerves III-VII.
Systemic Eye Diseases
This document discusses several systemic diseases that can affect the eyes, including:
- Hypertensive retinopathy, which can damage the retina, choroid and optic nerve due to high blood pressure. It is classified based on the severity of retinal vascular changes.
- Dysthyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which is associated with thyroid disease and causes proptosis, lid retraction, and inflammation of extraocular muscles and orbital fat. It can also lead to intraocular issues like choroidal folds.
- Uveitis, which is inflammation of the uveal tract that can be anterior, intermediate, or posterior based on location. It has various causes and presentations.
Recommended
Lacrimal system disorders
This document discusses various diseases and conditions of the eyelids, lacrimal system, and orbit. It covers eyelid malpositions like entropion, ectropion, ptosis, and lagophthalmos. It also discusses eyelid inflammation conditions like blepharitis. Non-neoplastic lid lesions, benign and malignant lid tumors are described. The lacrimal system anatomy and tear production/drainage is briefly explained. Finally, it discusses orbital diseases like thyroid eye disease which can cause proptosis, double vision, and restricted eye movements.
Glaucoma RCSI
Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders that cause damage to the optic nerve, often due to increased intraocular pressure. The most common type, primary open-angle glaucoma, has no symptoms until late stages and is a leading cause of blindness. It is diagnosed through visual field testing and examination of the optic disc for cupping. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eyedrops or surgery and stop further nerve damage, though past damage cannot be reversed. Acute angle closure glaucoma requires emergency care for severe symptoms including eye pain and blurred vision to prevent vision loss.
Paediatric ophthalmology
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus
This document discusses the anatomy and innervation of the extraocular muscles, as well as some common pediatric ophthalmological conditions. It describes the origins and insertions of the six extraocular muscles, and provides their actions and nerve supply. It then covers topics such as cranial nerve palsies, examining visual acuity in children, amblyopia, squints, leucocoria, retinopathy of prematurity, congenital defects, and infections.
Cataract and refractive surgery
This document provides information about cataracts and cataract surgery. It defines a cataract as any opacity of the crystalline lens. It describes the anatomy of the normal lens and how it changes with age. It discusses the various types of cataracts and their causes. Symptoms include glare, reduced vision, and changes in refractive error. Examination involves evaluating the red reflex and examining the lens under a slit lamp. Treatment is typically phacoemulsification surgery, which uses ultrasound to break up and remove the cloudy lens. The cloudy lens is replaced with an intraocular lens. Post-operative care involves eye drops and follow up visits to monitor healing and vision.
Neuro-ophthalmology
This document discusses neuro-ophthalmology and is presented by Dr. Lee Ming Yueh. It covers various topics including visual pathway and visual field defects, the optic disc, pupils, and cranial nerve palsies with eye manifestations. For visual field defects, it describes different testing methods and lesion locations that can cause specific defect patterns. The optic disc section discusses conditions like edema, atrophy, and swelling. Pupils are described in terms of innervation, size, shape, and defects. Finally, different cranial nerve palsies are outlined, focusing on causes, clinical features, investigations, and management considerations for nerves III-VII.
Systemic Eye Diseases
This document discusses several systemic diseases that can affect the eyes, including:
- Hypertensive retinopathy, which can damage the retina, choroid and optic nerve due to high blood pressure. It is classified based on the severity of retinal vascular changes.
- Dysthyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which is associated with thyroid disease and causes proptosis, lid retraction, and inflammation of extraocular muscles and orbital fat. It can also lead to intraocular issues like choroidal folds.
- Uveitis, which is inflammation of the uveal tract that can be anterior, intermediate, or posterior based on location. It has various causes and presentations.
Corneal pachymetry by ben okeeffe
Corneal pachymetry uses ultrasound to measure the thickness of the cornea, known as central corneal thickness. It is useful for assessing risk for corneal refractive surgery, transplant, and glaucoma. Ultrasound pachymetry is the preferred method as it is easy to perform, reproducible, and precise. The measurement aids in screening and management of conditions that affect corneal thickness like glaucoma, transplant rejection, and keratoconus.
Intraocular Tumours
This document discusses different types of intraocular tumours:
1) Uveal tract tumours including iris melanomas, ciliary body melanomas, and choroidal melanomas. Choroidal melanomas are the most common type of uveal melanoma.
2) Retinal tumours such as retinoblastoma, which is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour in childhood.
3) Metastatic tumours, which are more common than primary intraocular malignancies and spread from primary cancers such as breast and lung cancers.
Neuro ophthalmology RCSI
This document provides an overview of neuro-ophthalmology topics including pupillary disorders, neuro-motility disorders, optic nerve disease, and visual field defects. It describes the anatomy and physiology related to these topics and discusses various conditions that can cause abnormalities, such as third nerve palsy, Horner's syndrome, optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, papilledema, and visual field defects including arcuate scotomas. The document provides details on clinical features, causes, and treatments for these various neuro-ophthalmological conditions.
Vitreoretinal Disease
This document provides an overview of vitreoretinal diseases and the anatomy of the vitreous and retina. It discusses examination of the normal eye, symptoms of vitreoretinal disorders, and abnormal fundus features seen on examination. Specific conditions covered include retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and effects of systemic diseases like hypertension and AIDS. Management approaches for various vitreoretinal diseases are also summarized.
Uveitis
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. It can be classified anatomically as affecting the anterior, intermediate, or posterior segments of the eye. Common causes include autoimmune disorders, infections, and neoplasms. Symptoms and signs depend on the location and severity of inflammation. Treatment involves topical or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications. Complications can include vision loss if uveitis is not properly treated.
Cornea
This document summarizes key information about corneal anatomy, diseases, and treatments. It describes the five layers of the cornea and its nerve supply. It then discusses various corneal diseases including drug-induced keratopathy, trauma, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan), allergic disease, autoimmune disorders, dystrophies, and the indications for corneal transplantation and refractive surgery. Specific conditions like herpes simplex virus keratitis, fungal keratitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis, dry eye, and keratoconus are explained. Treatment options for conditions are provided.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is the transparent mucous membrane that covers the sclera of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. It has three parts - palpebral, forniceal, and bulbar. The conjunctiva is prone to infectious, inflammatory, allergic, neoplastic, and degenerative diseases. Common infectious causes are bacterial and viral conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is usually IgE-mediated and presents with itchy, watery eyes and papillae. Neoplasms include benign growths like papillomas and malignant tumors. Degenerative conditions involve pinguecula and pterygium, which are growths on the conjunctiva.
History taking in ophthalmology
This document discusses the importance of taking a thorough history in ophthalmology. It notes that a good history can often lead to a diagnosis, helps focus the examination, and indicates what investigations may be needed. It provides details on what should be included in a thorough history, such as the presenting complaint, past ocular and medical history, medications, allergies, family history, and social history. Common presenting complaints, past medical conditions to inquire about, and other relevant history topics are outlined.
Refractive Errors
This document discusses refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines key terms like diopter, focal length, refractive index and explains how the eye's refractive power and axial length relate. Causes and corrections of refractive errors like glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery are covered. Development of refractive errors and amblyopia over lifetime are summarized.
Ocular emergencies
This document provides an overview of various ocular emergencies, including physical injuries, chemical injuries, infections, sudden vision loss, glaucoma, uveitis, and cranial nerve palsy. It describes the typical symptoms, important signs to look for, and recommended management approaches for each condition. Physical exams and sometimes urgent medical or surgical intervention are often needed to properly diagnose and treat ocular emergencies. Proper history taking regarding vision changes, eye pain, and other symptoms can provide clues to identifying the underlying cause.
Glaucoma
This document provides information about glaucoma, including definitions, classifications, risk factors, clinical features, examination findings, and management strategies. It discusses primary open angle glaucoma as the most common type, which can cause progressive, painless vision loss if intraocular pressure is not controlled. It also covers primary angle closure glaucoma and congenital glaucoma. Surgical treatments like trabeculectomy may be used if medical therapy with eye drops is insufficient to stop disease progression. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent irreversible vision loss from this sight-threatening condition.
Common problems in paediatric ophthalmology
This document discusses several common pediatric ophthalmic problems including congenital cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity, squint, refractive error, allergic conjunctivitis, retinoblastoma, and ocular infections. It provides details on causes, presentations, investigations, and management of each condition. Congenital cataract surgery in children poses unique challenges due to the small eye and intense inflammation. Retinopathy of prematurity screening and timely laser treatment can help reduce vision loss in preterm infants.
Eye Infections
This document discusses various eye infections and their treatment. It covers topics such as styes, internal hordeolums, chalazions, blepharitis, preseptal and orbital cellulitis, canaliculitis, dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and Acanthamoeba, and their associated signs, symptoms and treatments. The document is authored by Dr. Banumathi Gurusamy from Hospital Pulau Pinang and contains detailed information on clinical features and management of different eye infections.
Cataract
Cataract is defined as opacity of the lens that causes loss of transparency. It is caused by hydration and denaturation of lens proteins. The lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris composed of 65% water and 35% proteins. Cataracts can be classified by cause (e.g. senile, traumatic, metabolic), location (e.g. cortical, nuclear), or maturity (e.g. immature, mature, hypermature). Surgical removal and intraocular lens implantation is the standard treatment for visually significant cataracts. Common techniques include extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification, with the latter using ultrasonic energy through a smaller incision.
Introduction to Eye
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology and the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the key components of the eye including the orbits, eyelids, tear film, eyeball, cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous body, retina, macula, fovea and optic disc. It also covers the functions of ophthalmologists and various eye diseases and conditions treated.
Introduction to Ophthalmology
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology and the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the following key points:
- Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine concerned with the eyes and their diseases and injuries. It involves medical and surgical care of the eyes.
- The eye has three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous. It also contains structures such as the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body and retina which help facilitate vision.
- The retina converts light into nerve impulses which are transmitted through the optic nerve and visual pathway to the brain to form an image.
- Ophthalmology has several subspecialties focused on different parts of the eye and
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdfChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Pollen and Fungal allergy
Presented by Chaloemchai Chumsaengchotsakul, MD.
June 14, 2024Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
More Related Content
More from OphthalmicDocs Chiong
Corneal pachymetry by ben okeeffe
Corneal pachymetry uses ultrasound to measure the thickness of the cornea, known as central corneal thickness. It is useful for assessing risk for corneal refractive surgery, transplant, and glaucoma. Ultrasound pachymetry is the preferred method as it is easy to perform, reproducible, and precise. The measurement aids in screening and management of conditions that affect corneal thickness like glaucoma, transplant rejection, and keratoconus.
Intraocular Tumours
This document discusses different types of intraocular tumours:
1) Uveal tract tumours including iris melanomas, ciliary body melanomas, and choroidal melanomas. Choroidal melanomas are the most common type of uveal melanoma.
2) Retinal tumours such as retinoblastoma, which is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumour in childhood.
3) Metastatic tumours, which are more common than primary intraocular malignancies and spread from primary cancers such as breast and lung cancers.
Neuro ophthalmology RCSI
This document provides an overview of neuro-ophthalmology topics including pupillary disorders, neuro-motility disorders, optic nerve disease, and visual field defects. It describes the anatomy and physiology related to these topics and discusses various conditions that can cause abnormalities, such as third nerve palsy, Horner's syndrome, optic neuritis, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, papilledema, and visual field defects including arcuate scotomas. The document provides details on clinical features, causes, and treatments for these various neuro-ophthalmological conditions.
Vitreoretinal Disease
This document provides an overview of vitreoretinal diseases and the anatomy of the vitreous and retina. It discusses examination of the normal eye, symptoms of vitreoretinal disorders, and abnormal fundus features seen on examination. Specific conditions covered include retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and effects of systemic diseases like hypertension and AIDS. Management approaches for various vitreoretinal diseases are also summarized.
Uveitis
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. It can be classified anatomically as affecting the anterior, intermediate, or posterior segments of the eye. Common causes include autoimmune disorders, infections, and neoplasms. Symptoms and signs depend on the location and severity of inflammation. Treatment involves topical or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications. Complications can include vision loss if uveitis is not properly treated.
Cornea
This document summarizes key information about corneal anatomy, diseases, and treatments. It describes the five layers of the cornea and its nerve supply. It then discusses various corneal diseases including drug-induced keratopathy, trauma, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan), allergic disease, autoimmune disorders, dystrophies, and the indications for corneal transplantation and refractive surgery. Specific conditions like herpes simplex virus keratitis, fungal keratitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis, dry eye, and keratoconus are explained. Treatment options for conditions are provided.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is the transparent mucous membrane that covers the sclera of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. It has three parts - palpebral, forniceal, and bulbar. The conjunctiva is prone to infectious, inflammatory, allergic, neoplastic, and degenerative diseases. Common infectious causes are bacterial and viral conjunctivitis. Allergic conjunctivitis is usually IgE-mediated and presents with itchy, watery eyes and papillae. Neoplasms include benign growths like papillomas and malignant tumors. Degenerative conditions involve pinguecula and pterygium, which are growths on the conjunctiva.
History taking in ophthalmology
This document discusses the importance of taking a thorough history in ophthalmology. It notes that a good history can often lead to a diagnosis, helps focus the examination, and indicates what investigations may be needed. It provides details on what should be included in a thorough history, such as the presenting complaint, past ocular and medical history, medications, allergies, family history, and social history. Common presenting complaints, past medical conditions to inquire about, and other relevant history topics are outlined.
Refractive Errors
This document discusses refractive errors including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It defines key terms like diopter, focal length, refractive index and explains how the eye's refractive power and axial length relate. Causes and corrections of refractive errors like glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery are covered. Development of refractive errors and amblyopia over lifetime are summarized.
Ocular emergencies
This document provides an overview of various ocular emergencies, including physical injuries, chemical injuries, infections, sudden vision loss, glaucoma, uveitis, and cranial nerve palsy. It describes the typical symptoms, important signs to look for, and recommended management approaches for each condition. Physical exams and sometimes urgent medical or surgical intervention are often needed to properly diagnose and treat ocular emergencies. Proper history taking regarding vision changes, eye pain, and other symptoms can provide clues to identifying the underlying cause.
Glaucoma
This document provides information about glaucoma, including definitions, classifications, risk factors, clinical features, examination findings, and management strategies. It discusses primary open angle glaucoma as the most common type, which can cause progressive, painless vision loss if intraocular pressure is not controlled. It also covers primary angle closure glaucoma and congenital glaucoma. Surgical treatments like trabeculectomy may be used if medical therapy with eye drops is insufficient to stop disease progression. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent irreversible vision loss from this sight-threatening condition.
Common problems in paediatric ophthalmology
This document discusses several common pediatric ophthalmic problems including congenital cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity, squint, refractive error, allergic conjunctivitis, retinoblastoma, and ocular infections. It provides details on causes, presentations, investigations, and management of each condition. Congenital cataract surgery in children poses unique challenges due to the small eye and intense inflammation. Retinopathy of prematurity screening and timely laser treatment can help reduce vision loss in preterm infants.
Eye Infections
This document discusses various eye infections and their treatment. It covers topics such as styes, internal hordeolums, chalazions, blepharitis, preseptal and orbital cellulitis, canaliculitis, dacryocystitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and Acanthamoeba, and their associated signs, symptoms and treatments. The document is authored by Dr. Banumathi Gurusamy from Hospital Pulau Pinang and contains detailed information on clinical features and management of different eye infections.
Cataract
Cataract is defined as opacity of the lens that causes loss of transparency. It is caused by hydration and denaturation of lens proteins. The lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris composed of 65% water and 35% proteins. Cataracts can be classified by cause (e.g. senile, traumatic, metabolic), location (e.g. cortical, nuclear), or maturity (e.g. immature, mature, hypermature). Surgical removal and intraocular lens implantation is the standard treatment for visually significant cataracts. Common techniques include extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification, with the latter using ultrasonic energy through a smaller incision.
Introduction to Eye
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology and the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the key components of the eye including the orbits, eyelids, tear film, eyeball, cornea, sclera, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous body, retina, macula, fovea and optic disc. It also covers the functions of ophthalmologists and various eye diseases and conditions treated.
Introduction to Ophthalmology
This document provides an introduction to ophthalmology and the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the following key points:
- Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine concerned with the eyes and their diseases and injuries. It involves medical and surgical care of the eyes.
- The eye has three coats - fibrous, vascular and nervous. It also contains structures such as the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous body and retina which help facilitate vision.
- The retina converts light into nerve impulses which are transmitted through the optic nerve and visual pathway to the brain to form an image.
- Ophthalmology has several subspecialties focused on different parts of the eye and
More from OphthalmicDocs Chiong (16)
Recently uploaded
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdf
Pollen and Fungal allergy: aeroallergy.pdfChulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Pollen and Fungal allergy
Presented by Chaloemchai Chumsaengchotsakul, MD.
June 14, 2024Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Nutritional deficiency disorder in Child
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Recently uploaded (20)
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...