Scenario-based Economic Model Approach to evaluate the impact of the Internet...Yasushi Hara
Scenario-based Economic Model Approach to evaluate the impact of the Internet of Things: For the Creation of Policy Options of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy
17. 前方引用と後方引用:
時点 : t
"An Approach to the Study of
Entrepreneurship," THE TASKS OF
ECONOMIC HISTORY (Supplemental
Issue of THE JOURNAL OF
ECONoMIc HISTORY), VI (1946), 1-15
Oscar Lange, "A Note on
Innovations," Review of Economic
Statistics, XXV (1943), 19-25
F. W. Taussig, Inventors and
Money-Makers (New York: The
Macmillan Company, 1915).
Fritz Redlich, The Molding of American
Banking—Men and Ideas (New York: Hafner
Publishing Company, 1947).
Robert A. Gordon, Business
Leadership in the Large Corporation
(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings
Institution, 1945).
F. J. Marquis and S. J. Chapman on the
managerial stratum ,of the Lancashire cotton
industry in the Journal of the Royal Statistical
Society, LXXV, Pt. III (1912). 293-306.
前方引用後方引用
・後方引用からわかること
-- どのような先行研究が活用されたのか
-- いつ公開された先行研究を活用したのか
-- 論文を執筆するにあたり、「科学的源泉」
はいったいなんだったのか
・後方引用からわからないこと
-- 引用されていないけど、重要だった「科学
的源泉」
-- 引用されていないけど、参照された先行研
究 (in context.)
・前方引用からわかること
-- 論文自体の重要性
-- 「巨人の肩の上に立つ (Standing on the
shoulders of the giants) 」
-- 知識の伝播過程
-- 論文自体が「古くなっていない」か
・前方引用からわからないこと
-- ほんとうにその論文は重要な論文なのか
(引用されること自体が, 論文の重要性を示し
ているのか)
-- 後発の論文にとって重要な科学的源泉が,
直接的には引用されていない場合も
2019/5/7 17
25. Osaka Univ.
IL-6
Chugai
Pharmaceutical
B-Cell Immune Analysis
R&D structure of Actemra
Actemra
Humanize
d
Monoclonal
Antibodies
MRC
TOSO
H
Year Main TOPIC
1984 Chugai started to find B-Cell inhibitor
agent drug
1986 Collaboration with Osaka University
initiated
1987 TOSOH joined the collaboration
1990 Collaborate with MRC (Medical Research
Council, UK), establishing humanized
monoclonal antibody
1993 Miss-allocation for genome sequence in
Master Cell Bank (for further production
and clinical study)
1994 Re-establishing MCB (end: 1996)
1996 Decision has been made that developing
as therapeutic drug for Rheumatoid
arthritis
1997 Phase I Clinical Study
2001 Phase II Clinical Study
2003 Phase III Clinical Study
2008 Approved in JP 25
1984-
collaborative
research
agreement
1986-
26. Collaboration summary for R&D process of
Actemra
Type of
Researc
h
Year Collaborator with
Dr. Ohsugi
Details Method of
Collaborative
Research
Basic
Researc
h
1978-1980 Dr. Gershwin
(University of
California, Davis)
B cell
identification
Foreign Study via
Dr. Ohsugi to
analyze B cell
structure
1984-1985 Tokyo University l-BCDF Supplying
Research
facilities by
Chugai (informal
collaboration)
Applied
Researc
h
1986- Dr. Kishimoto
(Osaka
University), Tosoh
Corp.
Discovery of IL-6
inhibitory agent
Detachment of
researcher from
Chugai and
Tosoh. (formal
collaboration)
1990 MRC Generalization of
humanized
monoclonal
antibody.
Detachment of
researcher from
Chugai
262019/5/7
Collaboration process
of Dr. Ohsugi Yoshiyuki,
key corporate scientist
of Actemra
27. Co-authorship analysis with key scientist of Actemra
(1)
Co-author graph of Dr. Ohsugi from 1975-1980
Circulated Data Source: Web of Knowledge
Virtualization: Vantage Point
Ohsugi only interacted with the scientist of
Juntendo University and it is not related to the
discovery process of Ro-Actemra
Co-author graph of Dr. Ohsugi from 1981-1985.
Source: Web of Knowledge, Virtualization: Vantage
Point
In 1978, Ohsugi starts his foreign study in University of
California Davis and yields three papers with Dr. Gershwin
for B-Cell hypothesis. Figure reflects his output of foreign
study.
And, in 1985, the 2nd year of development process of Ro-
Actemra, Ohsugi’s R&D team and Dr. Katagiri, research
associate of Tokyo University started informal
collaborative research and yields one paper 272019/5/7
28. This collaboration could be endorsed
by using patent databases. Dr.
Tadamitsu Kishimoto, main key
researcher of IL-6 in Osaka University,
has 6 patents with Chugai.
Co-authorship analysis with key scientist of Actemra
(2)
Figure shows initial point of collaborative research
between Chugai and Osaka University started from
1986, and it emphasizes the efforts of Osaka University
and his scientists whom identify IL-6 (interleukin-6) in
1980s which is essential to induce humanized antibody
of (Ro) Actemra. In addition, the graph indicates
another company, Tosoh Corp., had been involved the
collaboration and yields 1 paper with Chugai and 1
paper with Chugai and Osaka University.
28
Co-author graph of Dr.
Ohsugi from 1986-1990.
Source: Web of Knowledge,
Virtualization: Vantage Point
Co-author graph of Dr.
Kishimoto. Source:
Thomson Innovation,
Virtualization: Vantage Point
2019/5/7
29. In 1990, finally Ro-Actemra has been
synthesized as Anti-Human IL-6 Receptor
Monoclonal Antibody with the collaboration
of MRC (Medical Research Council) in
United Kingdom. And the contribution of
MRC could be traced by bibliographic co-
author data.
Total number of issued paper has been
increased rapidly in this window as pre-
clinical study of Ro-Actemra has been
started. Co-authorship with several
university and hospitals could be observed
in the graph. And, there are 2 papers which
MRC and Osaka University has been
involved.
Co-authorship analysis with key scientist of Actemra
(3)
29
Co-author graph of Dr.
Ohsugi from 1991-1995.
Source: Web of Knowledge,
Virtualization: Vantage Point
2019/5/7
30. Co-authorship analysis with key scientist
of Actemra (4)
In early 1990s as Ro-Actemra in
pre-Clinical state, Tosoh has
terminated collaborative
contract with Chugai and Osaka
University mainly due to
enormous clinical cost of Ro-
Actemra, and Figure confirms
the fact. There is no indication
name for Tosoh Corp. And as
the role of Dr. Ohsugi has been
decreased as clinical study of
Ro-Actemra has started in 1996,
total number of paper has been
lowered than previous window.
30
Co-author graph of Dr.
Ohsugi from 1996-2000.
Source: Web of Knowledge,
Virtualization: Vantage Point
2019/5/7
33. 実習1: 論文データベースによってカバー
している情報が違うことを確かめてみる
• “20 Years of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research: It All St
arted with Five Lines” という論文を
• 1. J-Global: http://jglobal.jst.go.jp/
• 2. CiNII : http://ci.nii.ac.jp/
• 3. Web of Science http://apps.webofknowledge.com/
• 4. Scopus http://www.scopus.com/
• 5. Google Scholar https://scholar.google.co.jp/
• 6. Microsoft Academic http://academic.research.microsoft.com/
の5種類の論文データベースで探し, どのような情報が掲載されているの
か確認する.
2019/5/7 33
71. Scopus
• エルゼビアが提供する論文データベー
ス
• “Scopus has twice as many titles
and over 30% more publishers listed
than any other A&I database”
• Journals や Book, Conference Papers
や Patents もカバー
• Scival を用いることで, 研究機関ごと
のパフォーマンスを知ることも可能
• なお、一橋では現時点 (2019年) では
契約していないので使えません
• GRIPSでは利用可能
• 細かな利用方法は Appendix を参照の
こと
2019/5/7 71
72. Web of Knowledge? Scopus? or Google
Scholar?
• (Kulkarni, Aziz, Shams and Busse 2009)
• Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge と
Scopus の Citation 推移を比較
• “Cohort study of 328 articles published
in JAMA, Lancet, or the New England
Journal of Medicine between October 1,
1999, and March 31, 2000. Total citation
counts for each article up to June 2008
were retrieved from Web of Science,
Scopus, and Google Scholar.”
• Findings
• “Compared with Web of Science, Scopus
retrieved more citations from non–English-
language sources (median, 10.2% vs 4.1%) and
reviews (30.8% vs 18.2%), and fewer citations
from articles (57.2% vs 70.5%), editorials (2.1%
vs 5.9%), and letters (0.8% vs 2.6%)
(allP < .001).”
2019/5/7 72
JAMA. 2009;302(10):1092-1096. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1307
73. 現時点での論文データベース利用法
• Web of KnowledgeとScopus, どちらにもデメリットとメリットがある
• Web of Knowledge: データベース全体の構造が複雑, かつノイズデータも多いけど長
い期間をカバーしている
• Scopus: Web of knowledge に比べればデータベース全体の構造は比較的単純.
Author ID や Affiliation ID などを備えているので一見 Name-Matching の手間は省
けそうだけど, やはりノイズデータが含まれている. 今後に期待.
• (高いから比べられないし, だいたいの大学ではひとつしか使えないし)
論文データベースは Web of Knowledge, Scopus のいずれかを使う
• 恐らく, 両データベースの接合を試みるだけでたくさんの Paper が書ける
(けれど大変)
• 指標を使って, クエリを投げてデータを取り出した後, 整合性が取れている
かチェックしていく (別の組織が入っていないか, 別の国が入っていない
か, ダブルカウントしていないか etc…)
2019/5/7 73