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7 1 rootcrops
- 1. Root and TuberCrops in the Tropics Cassava Cocoyam Potato Sweet Potato Taro Yam
- 2. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Definitions Root (cassava, sweet potato) No leaves or reproductive organs Tuber (potato, yams) Fleshy underground stem Minute scale leaves with buds (eyes) Corm (aroids, cocoyam and taro) Short, bulblike underground upright stem With scale leaves
- 3. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University World Production of Root and Tuber Crops (106 mt) 0 100 200 300 Million mt Potato Cassava SwPotato Yams Taro Cocoyam FAOSTAT, 2003 About half of the potato production is in the temperate zone
- 4. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Food Utilization of Root and Tuber Crops (1996 data) Crop Production (1,000 mt) % in Developing Countries Cassava 92,500 > 99.9% Potato 161,200 40% Sweet potato 70,100 98% Yam 16,000 99% Total 350,900
- 5. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Feed Utilization of Root and Tuber Crops (1996 data) Crop Production (1,000 mt) % in Developing Countries Cassava 31,000 71% Potato 54,900 72% Sweet potato 58,100 >99% Yam 400 100% Total 144,800
- 6. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Origins of Major Root and Tuber Crops Cassava Cocoyam Potato Sweet Potato Taro Yam
- 7. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Cassava - Manihot esculenta Yuca, Mandioca, Tapioca Plant Slender shrub, 5 m Enlarged roots Sweet to bitter White to yellow Palmate leaves Propagation Stem cuttings
- 8. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Cassava - Manihot esculenta Origin South America Distribution Tropics and subtropics Staple food in many tropical regions Excellent carbohydrate source
- 9. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Cocoyam - Xanthosoma sagittifolium Malanga, Tannia, Elephant’s Ear Plant Perennial herb Corms and cormels Propagation Harvest same plant multiple times Portions of central corm
- 10. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Cocoyam - Xanthosoma sagittifolium Malanga, Tannia, Elephant’s Ear Origin West Indies and northern S. America Distribution Tropical regions Common in Indonesia Adaptation Lowland tropics
- 11. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Potato - Solanum tuberosum Plant Herbaceous Subterannean stems Leaves Propagation Eyes from tubers Important staple crop
- 12. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Potato - Solanum tuberosum Origin Highlands of South America Distribution Widely cultivated from highland tropics to temperate zones Adaptation Cool climate adaptation
- 13. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Sweet potato - Ipomoea batatas Plant Creeping herb Enlarged roots vary in shape and color Leaves variable in size, shape, color Propagation Young stem cuttings Important carbohydrate source
- 14. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Sweet potato - Ipomoea batatas Origin Central America Distribution Widely cultivated both in tropics and subtropics Adaptation Tropics to subtropics Below 2200 m altitude
- 15. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Taro - Colocasia esculenta Plant Perennial herb Subterraneous stem Calcium oxalate crystals Heart shaped leaves Propagation Suckers Corm apices with leaf
- 16. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Taro - Colocasia esculenta Origin Southeast Asia Distribution West Africa Caribbean Pacific islands Staple food
- 17. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Yam Dioscorea alata, cayenensis and rotundata (Sixty species cultivated for food and pharmaceuticals) Plant Climbing vine, 10 m Tubers vary in shape Leaves ovate with cordate base Propagation Tubers Staple food in arid regions of Africa
- 18. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Yam Dioscorea alata, cayenensis and rotundata (Sixty species cultivated for food and pharmaceuticals) Origin Asia and West Africa Production Mainly Africa Adaptation Lowland tropics Drought tolerant
- 19. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Plant Characteristics Crop Growth period (mo) Annual or perennial Planting material Cassava 9-24 Perennial Stem cuttings Cocoyam 9-12 Perennial Corms Potato 3-7 Annual Tubers Sweet potato 3-8 Perennial Vine cuttings Taro 6-18 Perennial Corms Yam 8-11 Annual Tubers
- 20. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Plant Adaptation Crop Rain (mm) Temperature (ºC) Drought Cassava 1,000-1,500 25-29 Yes Cocoyam 1,400-2,000 13-29 No Potato 500-750 15-18 No Sweet potato 750-1,000 >24 Yes Taro 2,500 21-27 No Yam 1,150 25-30 Yes
- 21. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Plant Soil Adaptation Crop Fertility needs OM requirement Tolerant of swampy land Cassava Low Low No Cocoyam High High No Potato High High No Sweet potato Low Low No Taro High High Yes Yam High High No
- 22. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Plant Storage Duration Crop Storage time in ground Post harvest storage life Cassava Long Short Cocoyam Long Long Potato Short Long Sweet potato Long Short Taro Moderate Variable Yam Long Long
- 23. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Crops compared for Edible Energy Production Crop Edible energy production MJ/ha/day Potato 216 Yam 182 Maize 159 Sweet potato 152 Rice 151 Wheat 135 Cassava 121
- 24. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Crops compared for Edible Protein Production Crop Edible protein production kg/ha/day Cabbages 2.0 Potato 1.4 Dry peas 1.4 Wheat 1.3 Lentils 1.3 Tomatoes 1.2 Chickpeas 1.1
- 25. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Nutritional aspects of root and tuber crops Crop Starch % FW Protein % FW Vitamin A mg/100g FW Vitamin C mg/100g FW Cassava 27-36 0.5-2.0 17 50 Potato 13-16 2.0 Trace 31 Sweet potato 18-28 1.0-2.5 900 35 Yam 18-25 2.5 117 24 Aroids 19-21 2.0 0-42 9 FW = fresh weight
- 26. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Nutritional Composition of 100 g of Food Crop Percent water Protein (g) Food energy kcal Fats (g) Cassava 68 0.9 124 0.1 Beans 69 7.8 118 0.6 Sweet potato 71 1.7 114 0.4 Rice 73 2.0 109 0.1 Yam (raw) 74 2.1 101 0.2 Potato 80 2.1 76 0.1 Plantains 80 1.3 77 0.1 Maize (grits) 87 1.2 51 0.1
- 27. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Importance of Root and Tuber Crops Important source food and income for the most food insecure households Why? High energy production per ha/day Yield better under adverse conditions than other crops
- 28. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Future Trends for Root and Tuber Crops Increased regional production concentration Sub Saharan Africa, 60% cassava production West Africa, 90% yam production China, 82% of sweet potato production Increased specialization of End Use Increase of processed forms of food Increased use of root/tubers for feed and starch derived products Relative importance remain same 10.5% of agricultural value
- 29. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University International Research Centers involved with Root and Tuber Crops CIAT (Colombia) Cassava for Americas and Asia CIP (Peru) Potato Sweet potato Andean roots and tubers IITA (Nigeria) Cassava for Africa Yam for Africa
- 30. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University International Research Centers involved with Root and Tuber Crops CIAT CIP IITA
- 31. Tropical Horticulture -Texas A&M University Any Questions?