There are 6 modes of documentaries described by theorist Bill Nichols: poetic, expository, observational, participatory, reflexive, and performative. Each mode has different characteristics in terms of perspective, use of voiceover, level of involvement, and goal. For example, the poetic mode uses selective information to create a biased interpretation, while the observational mode passively documents events without interference. The document discusses examples like High School to illustrate each mode. It notes that modes are not mutually exclusive and documentary films often incorporate elements of multiple approaches.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. What are the Modes?
The different modes are a way of determining the common concepts
and themes of the various documentary styles, Devised by
American documentary theorist Bill Nichols. There are 6 different
suggested modes of documentary: poetic, expository, observational,
participatory, reflexive, and performative. While Nichols' discussion
of modes does progress chronologically with the order of their
appearance in practice, documentary film often returns to themes
and devices from previous modes. Therefore, it is inaccurate to
think of modes as historical punctuation marks in an evolution
towards an ultimate accepted documentary style. Also, modes are
not mutually exclusive. There is often significant overlapping
between modalities within individual documentary features. As
Nichols points out, “the characteristics of a given mode function as a
dominant in a given film…but they do not dictate or determine every
aspect of its organization.”
3. Poetic Mode
The poetic mode is considered a „subjective interpretation of
the subject‟ – essentially meaning its biased.
This mode dictates that a certain tone or mood is depicted
throughout the documentary, which will influence the viewers
understanding and intake of information. This mood is
purposefully created through the leaving out of important
information, such as character descriptions and specific
events, which create a biased view point.
4. Poetic Mode
An example of this happening is „Ross Kemp on Gangs‟,
which is meant to be a factual documentation of gang culture,
but clearly the pictures below, does not show an everyday
occurrence, and is merely constructed to show the severity of
what is considered the stereotype on gang culture.
5. GOOD POINTS – Through the selective incorporation of
information, those who favour that subject are more likely to
instantly agree with the suggested terms. This gives the
documentary an automatic acceptance amongst its audience.
BAD POINTS – Due to this biased view point, those who do
not already favour the matter, will have a negative opinion
and not be interested by the biased opinion, due to the
documentaries lack of counter arguments and knowledge,
which lower acceptance and doesn‟t represent other views.
6. Expository Mode
The expository mode is where the documenter speaks
directly to the viewer, through the use of tools such as voice
over, or subtitles, and through this create an powerful
argument and point of view.
Images are more so used to emphasise the point being
mentioned by the documenter and not to create their own
point, this adds to the extremity of the point being made, and
adds relevant pictorial evidence. Through this use of pictures
being accompanied by direct addressing of the audience, the
audience are strongly directed to view a picture or video in a
specific way.
This is used in historical documentaries to deliver an „un-
problematic and objective‟ account and interpretation of past
events.
7. Expository Mode
An example of this is: America‟s Most Wanted.
The show uses a direct voice over, aimed at the viewers,
which documents the actions of the footage shown. This is
considered a tool used to intopolate the audience.
The narrator‟s, John Walsh‟s, voice is very typical of the
conventions of this mode, as his deep and sonorous voice
and be equated to the „Voice of God‟.
8. GOOD POINTS – As long as you have a charismatic, well
informed and well spoken narrator to document the „facts‟,
the view is more likely to be received positively by the
audience.
BAD POINTS – Some people don‟t necessarily receive the
more spoken element to this type of documentary, and those
who better receive visual elements will not benefit so much
from this documentary, deeming it „boring‟.
9. Observational Mode
Definition : Emphasizing the documentary filmmaker's
engagement in observing the subject's daily life and
circumstances and documenting them with an unobtrusive
camera.
The observational mode uses a more „unbiased‟ method,
through the simple observation of events happening around
the documenter without any direct interference. Conclusions
are then obtained from the events and scenarios witnessed.
This passive way of obtaining facts, creates a more intimate
connection between the audience, by them actually
witnessing real events (such as trauma or injury‟) which can
cause an emotional response from the viewer.
10. Observational Mode
An example for this is Frederick Wiseman‟s
documentary, High School (1968) which takes a „fly on the
wall‟ approach into Northeast High School in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
As this mode is entirely factual it was able to reveal facts
about the school the administration did not wish to become
public, i.e.. The oppression of the students.
Below is a segment from „High School‟
showing this mode of documentary
:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lrdBMR2IEQ
11. GOOD POINTS – The emotional aspect of this mode would
appeal to a more sensitive audience, but even the lesser
connected viewer are still likely to be impacted by the heavily
„real‟ footage of events.
BAD POINTS – The un-biased footage obtained, gives a lack
of control to the documenter, which can lead to an un-factual
and weak argument, which could also potentially leave it
without any factual or visual stimuli.
12. Participatory Mode
The participatory mode believes that the documenter has to have a
certain level of influence on the footage and facts. This allows a certain
level of clear evidence on the documenters presence effecting events.
The incorporation of documenter influence will essentially make the film
entirely biased, as they will create artificial events to create a strong and
evident argument.
13. Participatory Mode
An example of this particular mode is Vertov‟s The Man with a Camera
(1929) where nothing but the lives of Soviet citizens, specifically the
films cameraman and editor, are filmed to display the state of Soviet life.
In this way, there is no story and no „characters‟ to speak of, in addition
to the film being silent, and it is this involvement the film crew take in the
documentary that makes it a strong example of the Participatory Mode.
Below is a segment of „The Man With a Camera:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00ZciIC4JPw
14. GOOD POINTS – Through the use of star vehicles,
commonly associated with the subject matter will create a lot
of renown and expectation.
BAD POINTS – The un-biased footage obtained, gives a lack
of control to the documenter, which can lead to an un-factual
and weak argument, which could also potentially leave it
without any factual or visual stimuli.
15. Reflexive Mode
Definition: The mode uses specific footage and information that will lead
viewers to a specific outcome and therefore essentially make the
decision of their opinions for them.
The reflexive mode essentially highlights constructed scenarios and
does not create the sense of realism intentionally to emphasise the point
of the documentary.
This can highlight extreme cases of events, but these will be considered
normal by the un-aware viewer. This extreme use of suggestion toward
one view point, makes the documentary ecspecially succesful.
16. Reflexive Mode
The example we are going to use is the 1933 documentary :Land
without bread. It shows the reflexive method by simply showing only the
bad points of the society, which highlights only one side of the argument.
The use of language like „strange and barbaric‟ are used to once again
highlight the „different‟ aspects that the society shows, and what the
documenter wants us to believe.
The fact that the majority of the; scripting, narrating and directing was
done by one individual; Luis Bunuel means there is only one opinion
being conveyed to us, the use of hegemony is evident, and the view
point is strongly aimed in one direction.
Below is a segment of „Land Without Bread‟:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unWILZzQ5_Y
17. GOOD POINTS – Able to show the extreme 'Truths‟ that
aren't necessarily able to be witness in an everyday
occurrence, which although takes away from normality, can
increase sensitivity and severity of the events.
BAD POINTS – The narrow-minded elements of this
documentary can often leave out factual points necessary in
making an informed decision on the matter.
18. Performative Mode
The performative mode, which is often confused with participatory,
engages the viewer in a story but can expose them to factual points
during this process.
This type of documentary focuses on the experiences of the filmmaker
themselves, and is deeply personal to them.
This mode is best suited to tell the stories of filmmakers from specific
niche social groups.
19. Performative Mode
An example of the Performative Mode is Alain Resnais‟ Night and Fog
(1955) a subjective, survivor account of the holocaust , recounting a
biased opinion of the events haven taken place.
The controversial content and subject matter of the film causes it
become and emotionally based film, adding the aspects of the
Performative Mode. Also, it follows the typical convention that this mode
is suited more for minorities to give them a voice.
20. GOOD POINTS – The documentaries are fairly easy to
understand due to the „mind of the documenter‟ being directly
portrayed to the viewers.
BAD POINTS – This „self view‟ style of documentary is seen
as pretentious due to the focus solely being on the
documenter. This could also be considered boring due to the
one focus of attention. The niche audience that is attracted to
this mode lowers the potential audience.