6-ApplicationLayerandis about very many things.ppt
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The document discusses the architecture and components of the World Wide Web. It covers the client side which includes browsers and plugins. The server side includes multithreaded web servers that can be organized into server farms. It describes URLs, HTTP methods and status codes, message headers, and provides an example HTTP usage. Finally, it discusses HTML tags and how they are used to format web pages.
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The data link layer is the protocol layer in a program that handles how data moves in and out of a physical link in a network. The data link layer is Layer 2 in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) architecture model for a set of telecommunication protocols.
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The data link layer is the second layer from the bottom in the OSI (Open System Interconnection) network architecture model. It is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of data. Its major role is to ensure error-free transmission of information. DLL is also responsible for encoding, decode and organizing the outgoing and incoming data. This is considered the most complex layer of the OSI model as it hides all the underlying complexities of the hardware from the other above layers.
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Logical Link Control (LLC)
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
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dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
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ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
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- 1. CSC 450/550 Part 6: The Application Layer Example: The World Wide Web
- 2. CSC 450/550 Summary (1) Architecture (2) The Client Side (3) The Server Side (4) URL (5) HTTP (6) HTML
- 3. CSC 450/550 1. Architectural Overview (1) (a) A Web page (b) The page reached by clicking on Department of Animal Psychology.
- 4. CSC 450/550 1. Architectural Overview (2) The parts of the Web model.
- 5. CSC 450/550 2. The Client Side (a) A browser plug-in. (b) A helper application.
- 6. CSC 450/550 3. The Server Side (1) A multithreaded Web server with a front end and processing modules.
- 7. CSC 450/550 3. The Server Side (2) A server farm.
- 8. CSC 450/550 3. The Server Side (3) (a) Normal request-reply message sequence. (b) Sequence when TCP handoff is used.
- 9. CSC 450/550 4. URLs – Uniform Resource Locaters Some common URLs.
- 10. CSC 450/550 5. HTTP Methods (1) The built-in HTTP request methods.
- 11. CSC 450/550 5. HTTP Methods (2) The status code response groups.
- 12. CSC 450/550 5. HTTP Message Headers (3) Some HTTP message headers.
- 13. CSC 450/550 5. Example HTTP Usage (4) The start of the output of www.ietf.org/rfc.html.
- 14. CSC 450/550 6. HTML – HyperText Markup Language (1) (a) The HTML for a sample Web page. (b) The formatted page. (b)
- 15. CSC 450/550 6. HTML (2) A selection of common HTML tags. some can have additional parameters.
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