This document contains a 14-mark chemistry question paper on electricity and chemistry from CIE IGCSE exams. The paper contains multiple choice and short answer questions on topics including reactivity series, electrolysis of tin sulfate and extraction of aluminium. It also asks students to explain observations, complete equations and suggest reasons for experimental procedures.
The document is a chemistry exam paper that covers several topics:
1. Electroplating steel objects involves coating them first with copper then nickel then silver in a 3-step process.
2. Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change. Aluminum extraction and determining metal reactivity use electrolysis.
3. Zinc production from its ore and uses in alloys and batteries are discussed. Dry cells use zinc and manganese oxide with an ammonium chloride electrolyte.
This document is a practice exam paper for the IGCSE CIE exam on thermal physics. It contains 5 questions testing concepts related to thermal properties and temperature. Question 1 asks about heat transfer through metals and relative thermal conductivities. Question 2 defines specific heat capacity and calculates temperature changes. Question 3 compares expansion of ice and water and choosing reinforcement materials for concrete. Question 4 describes construction of a thermocouple. Question 5 defines specific heat capacity and calculates it through an experimental method. The exam paper provides context and questions to assess understanding of key thermal physics concepts.
This thesis developed a numerical model of violin string motion. A physical model was created that considers nonlinear strain in the string and friction between the bow and string dependent on relative speed. The model was coded in MATLAB and validated by comparing results to known analytical solutions for simple cases. The code was then used to study string motion and sound generated during common excitations.
The document is a chemistry exam paper containing multiple questions on topics related to electricity and chemistry. It includes questions about the extraction of zinc from zinc blende, the purification of zinc by electrolysis, corrosion of steel and its prevention, the extraction of iron in the blast furnace, and catalysts in chemical reactions. The questions require students to write word and ionic equations, explain observations, complete descriptions, and suggest explanations.
This document contains a 6-part stoichiometry exam with multiple choice and written response questions. The exam covers topics such as the law of constant composition, balancing chemical equations, empirical and molecular formulas, limiting reagents, percentage yield calculations, and methods for preparing different types of salts.
This document contains a 5-question stoichiometry exam with multiple parts to each question. The exam covers topics such as the law of constant composition, reduction and oxidation reactions, empirical and molecular formulas, limiting reagents, and balanced chemical equations. Students are asked to perform stoichiometric calculations, identify limiting reagents, write balanced equations, and determine empirical formulas from percentage compositions.
This document contains information about alkenes from multiple chemistry question papers. It discusses topics such as:
- Industrial processes used to produce alkenes from petroleum.
- Polymerization of ethene and propene to form polymers.
- Reactions of alkenes to form esters, alcohols, and other products.
- Cracking of alkanes to produce alkenes.
- Addition reactions of alkenes and their use in making pesticides, polymers, and other compounds.
- Oxidation of alkenes to form carboxylic acids.
The document contains chemistry questions and problems relating to alkene structures, reactions, and properties over
This document provides an overview of a lecture on aluminium alloys. It discusses the subjects that will be covered, including the production, properties, and applications of aluminium alloys. The production of aluminium is explained, outlining the Bayer process and Hall–Héroult process. The physical properties of aluminium are presented. Methods of extracting aluminium from bauxite and other sources are summarized.
The document is a chemistry exam paper that covers several topics:
1. Electroplating steel objects involves coating them first with copper then nickel then silver in a 3-step process.
2. Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change. Aluminum extraction and determining metal reactivity use electrolysis.
3. Zinc production from its ore and uses in alloys and batteries are discussed. Dry cells use zinc and manganese oxide with an ammonium chloride electrolyte.
This document is a practice exam paper for the IGCSE CIE exam on thermal physics. It contains 5 questions testing concepts related to thermal properties and temperature. Question 1 asks about heat transfer through metals and relative thermal conductivities. Question 2 defines specific heat capacity and calculates temperature changes. Question 3 compares expansion of ice and water and choosing reinforcement materials for concrete. Question 4 describes construction of a thermocouple. Question 5 defines specific heat capacity and calculates it through an experimental method. The exam paper provides context and questions to assess understanding of key thermal physics concepts.
This thesis developed a numerical model of violin string motion. A physical model was created that considers nonlinear strain in the string and friction between the bow and string dependent on relative speed. The model was coded in MATLAB and validated by comparing results to known analytical solutions for simple cases. The code was then used to study string motion and sound generated during common excitations.
The document is a chemistry exam paper containing multiple questions on topics related to electricity and chemistry. It includes questions about the extraction of zinc from zinc blende, the purification of zinc by electrolysis, corrosion of steel and its prevention, the extraction of iron in the blast furnace, and catalysts in chemical reactions. The questions require students to write word and ionic equations, explain observations, complete descriptions, and suggest explanations.
This document contains a 6-part stoichiometry exam with multiple choice and written response questions. The exam covers topics such as the law of constant composition, balancing chemical equations, empirical and molecular formulas, limiting reagents, percentage yield calculations, and methods for preparing different types of salts.
This document contains a 5-question stoichiometry exam with multiple parts to each question. The exam covers topics such as the law of constant composition, reduction and oxidation reactions, empirical and molecular formulas, limiting reagents, and balanced chemical equations. Students are asked to perform stoichiometric calculations, identify limiting reagents, write balanced equations, and determine empirical formulas from percentage compositions.
This document contains information about alkenes from multiple chemistry question papers. It discusses topics such as:
- Industrial processes used to produce alkenes from petroleum.
- Polymerization of ethene and propene to form polymers.
- Reactions of alkenes to form esters, alcohols, and other products.
- Cracking of alkanes to produce alkenes.
- Addition reactions of alkenes and their use in making pesticides, polymers, and other compounds.
- Oxidation of alkenes to form carboxylic acids.
The document contains chemistry questions and problems relating to alkene structures, reactions, and properties over
This document provides an overview of a lecture on aluminium alloys. It discusses the subjects that will be covered, including the production, properties, and applications of aluminium alloys. The production of aluminium is explained, outlining the Bayer process and Hall–Héroult process. The physical properties of aluminium are presented. Methods of extracting aluminium from bauxite and other sources are summarized.
- The document is a chemistry exam paper assessing knowledge of particulate nature of matter including diffusion, Brownian motion, and properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
- It contains 5 multi-part questions testing understanding of acid-base reactions, properties of halogens, uses of selenium and sulfur, bonding in covalent compounds, and properties of ethanoic acid.
- Students must demonstrate knowledge of key concepts through written explanations, diagrams, equations, and interpreting provided data in the form of a graph.
The document contains a 9 question exam paper assessing knowledge of the periodic table and properties of group 1 metals, transition metals such as vanadium, and elements in period 2 such as carbon, nitrogen, fluorine and neon. Questions cover trends in physical and chemical properties, electronic configurations, oxidation states, bonding and structures.
This document contains a chemistry exam paper with multiple questions about fuels and hydrocarbons. The questions cover topics such as combustion reactions of hydrocarbons, cracking of alkanes, acid rain formation from fossil fuel combustion, homologous series of hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids, and the formation of fossil fuels. The document tests understanding of fundamental organic chemistry concepts as well as the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels.
This document provides instructions and questions for a chemistry exam, including answering questions on the periodic table, chemical reactions, compounds, and acids and bases. Students are provided a periodic table and instructed to show all work, write in pen, and securely fasten all pages together at the end of the exam. The exam consists of 12 printed pages and covers topics like cobalt, sulfur dioxide, antimony extraction, alcohol properties, and salt preparations.
This document is a physics exam paper from CIE (Cambridge International Examinations) on the topic of thermal properties and temperature. It contains 5 multi-part questions testing various concepts including:
1) Processes of heat transfer through metals. Thermal properties of metals like iron and copper.
2) Definitions of specific heat capacity. Calculations involving solar energy absorption and temperature changes of materials.
3) Differences in expansion of ice and water upon heating. Selection of reinforcing metal for concrete based on thermal expansion properties.
4) Construction and uses of thermocouples for temperature measurement.
5) Definition of specific heat capacity. Experiment to measure specific heat capacity of a metal using
The document discusses the extraction of various metals from their ores. It describes how very reactive metals like sodium and aluminum require electrolysis to extract them from molten ores due to their high reactivity. Less reactive metals like iron can be extracted by heating their ores with carbon to reduce the metal oxides. Specific examples discussed include the extraction of aluminum from bauxite using electrolysis, tin from cassiterite by heating with carbon, and iron from iron oxide in a blast furnace. The extraction of lead through electrolysis of molten lead bromide is also summarized.
This document provides instructions for a chemistry exam. It tells students to write their identification information on all work submitted. It specifies to write in dark blue or black pen, and use a pencil for diagrams. Students should not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue, or correction fluid. They should answer all questions and may use a calculator. A periodic table is provided on page 16. Students should show their working and use appropriate units or they may lose marks. At the end, fasten all work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question.
This document consists of a chemistry exam paper with multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of chemistry concepts and principles. It includes questions on the periodic table, chemical reactions, states of matter, chemical bonding, and properties and reactions of various elements and compounds. The paper provides context for summarizing key chemistry ideas assessed on the exam.
Anthony Troger completed an internship at the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) in India in 2016. He studied electro-conductive cermet concrete made from iron oxide industrial sludge as a potential new earthing material. The internship was supervised by Dr. S. Ananthakumar and M. G. Narayanan during Anthony's studies in Engineering Physics at Clermont-Ferrand in France from 2013-2017. His project involved characterizing iron oxide sludge from a titanium production process, mixing it with cement and carbonizing agents, and testing the electrical conductivity of the resulting composites.
This document provides instructions for a chemistry exam. It specifies that students should write their identification on all work, use dark blue or black pen with pencil allowed for diagrams, and not use staples, paper clips, or correction fluid. It notes the exam contains multiple choice and written answer questions and that calculators and a periodic table are permitted. It reminds students to show working and use appropriate units, and to fasten all work together at the end.
This document appears to be an exam for the subject of chemistry, consisting of multiple choice and short answer questions covering various topics in chemistry including the periodic table, chemical reactions, states of matter, and properties of metals. The exam provides a periodic table, questions to be answered on the exam paper provided, and is 16 pages in length.
This document appears to be an exam paper for chemistry. It consists of multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of chemistry concepts including the periodic table, chemical reactions, states of matter, and experimental procedures. The questions cover topics such as identifying elements on the periodic table, writing balanced chemical equations, describing phase changes and molecular motion, naming compounds, and explaining laboratory techniques.
This document appears to be an exam paper for chemistry. It consists of multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of chemistry concepts including the periodic table, chemical reactions, states of matter, and experimental procedures. The questions cover topics such as identifying elements on the periodic table, writing balanced chemical equations, describing phase changes and molecular motion, naming compounds, and explaining laboratory techniques.
This document is an exam paper for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) Chemistry exam. It consists of 5 questions testing knowledge of chemistry concepts and calculations. The first question covers topics related to iron production and properties of iron and steel. The second question covers essential minerals and properties of elements like boron. The third question covers alkene hydrocarbons and their reactions. The fourth question covers nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. The final question covers properties of elements in Period 6 of the periodic table.
Iron is extracted from its main ore, haematite, in a blast furnace. Haematite, coke, and limestone are fed into the top of the blast furnace where temperatures reach 1500°C. The main reducing agent, carbon monoxide, reduces the iron(III) oxide to iron. The molten iron collects at the bottom and is tapped off, while the limestone removes sandy impurities to form a slag.
This document provides information on electrolysis and electrochemistry. It includes definitions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes, definitions of electrolysis and how it involves the use of energy. Half equations for the discharge of various ions are provided. Factors that influence the products of electrolysis and an incomplete electrochemical series are given. Descriptions of the electrolysis of sodium nitrate, potassium chloride and copper(II) nitrate solutions are provided along with information on voltaic cells. Applications of electrolysis such as electroplating and metal purification are discussed.
This document contains information about acids, bases and salts. It includes questions about determining the reactivity series of metals through displacement reactions and measuring cell voltages. It also discusses properties of specific acids like malonic acid and sulfuric acid, and preparation of salts through various methods like precipitation, neutralization and titration. Example reactions provided include the reaction of magnesium with acids, and the reaction of ethylamine with iron(III) chloride that forms a brown precipitate.
This document consists of a 12-page chemistry exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. The exam contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of topics including the isolation of iron, alkene reactions, nitrogen dioxide, properties of Group 1 and 2 metals on the periodic table, and alkene polymerization. Diagrams and equations are included. A periodic table is provided on the final page.
This document consists of a 12-page chemistry exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. The exam contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of concepts including the isolation of iron, production of steel, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes, nitrogen dioxide, group 1 and 2 metals on the periodic table, and more. Diagrams, equations, and explanations are required to fully answer the questions.
This document is a 12-page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in Chemistry. It contains multiple choice and free response questions covering topics like iron production, calcium and mineral supplements, alkene reactions, and nitrogen dioxide. Students are instructed to write their identifying information, show all work, and answer all questions in the spaces provided on the exam pages.
This document contains information about four experiments conducted to investigate the rate of reaction between solutions J and K and sulfuric acid at different temperatures. The key details are:
- Experiment 1 was conducted at room temperature and used as the baseline. Experiments 2-4 heated the mixture to increasing temperatures before adding solution K.
- The time taken for the mixtures to turn pale yellow was recorded.
- A line graph of time vs average temperature showed the rate of reaction increased with increasing temperature.
- Extrapolating the graph indicated a temperature of 60°C would yield a reaction time of around 15 seconds.
The document is a chemistry exam paper testing students' ability to identify ions and gases through laboratory tests. It describes tests carried out on various solid and liquid samples and asks students to identify the substances, describe observations, and draw conclusions. The paper tests knowledge of common chemical tests including flame tests, reactions of salts with acids and bases, and precipitation reactions to identify anion groups present. Students must analyze the provided data and apply their understanding of chemical reactions and properties to deduce the identities and nature of the unknown samples.
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- Students must demonstrate knowledge of key concepts through written explanations, diagrams, equations, and interpreting provided data in the form of a graph.
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This document contains a chemistry exam paper with multiple questions about fuels and hydrocarbons. The questions cover topics such as combustion reactions of hydrocarbons, cracking of alkanes, acid rain formation from fossil fuel combustion, homologous series of hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids, and the formation of fossil fuels. The document tests understanding of fundamental organic chemistry concepts as well as the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels.
This document provides instructions and questions for a chemistry exam, including answering questions on the periodic table, chemical reactions, compounds, and acids and bases. Students are provided a periodic table and instructed to show all work, write in pen, and securely fasten all pages together at the end of the exam. The exam consists of 12 printed pages and covers topics like cobalt, sulfur dioxide, antimony extraction, alcohol properties, and salt preparations.
This document is a physics exam paper from CIE (Cambridge International Examinations) on the topic of thermal properties and temperature. It contains 5 multi-part questions testing various concepts including:
1) Processes of heat transfer through metals. Thermal properties of metals like iron and copper.
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The document discusses the extraction of various metals from their ores. It describes how very reactive metals like sodium and aluminum require electrolysis to extract them from molten ores due to their high reactivity. Less reactive metals like iron can be extracted by heating their ores with carbon to reduce the metal oxides. Specific examples discussed include the extraction of aluminum from bauxite using electrolysis, tin from cassiterite by heating with carbon, and iron from iron oxide in a blast furnace. The extraction of lead through electrolysis of molten lead bromide is also summarized.
This document provides instructions for a chemistry exam. It tells students to write their identification information on all work submitted. It specifies to write in dark blue or black pen, and use a pencil for diagrams. Students should not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue, or correction fluid. They should answer all questions and may use a calculator. A periodic table is provided on page 16. Students should show their working and use appropriate units or they may lose marks. At the end, fasten all work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question.
This document consists of a chemistry exam paper with multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of chemistry concepts and principles. It includes questions on the periodic table, chemical reactions, states of matter, chemical bonding, and properties and reactions of various elements and compounds. The paper provides context for summarizing key chemistry ideas assessed on the exam.
Anthony Troger completed an internship at the National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST) in India in 2016. He studied electro-conductive cermet concrete made from iron oxide industrial sludge as a potential new earthing material. The internship was supervised by Dr. S. Ananthakumar and M. G. Narayanan during Anthony's studies in Engineering Physics at Clermont-Ferrand in France from 2013-2017. His project involved characterizing iron oxide sludge from a titanium production process, mixing it with cement and carbonizing agents, and testing the electrical conductivity of the resulting composites.
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Iron is extracted from its main ore, haematite, in a blast furnace. Haematite, coke, and limestone are fed into the top of the blast furnace where temperatures reach 1500°C. The main reducing agent, carbon monoxide, reduces the iron(III) oxide to iron. The molten iron collects at the bottom and is tapped off, while the limestone removes sandy impurities to form a slag.
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This document consists of a 12-page chemistry exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. The exam contains multiple choice and short answer questions testing knowledge of topics including the isolation of iron, alkene reactions, nitrogen dioxide, properties of Group 1 and 2 metals on the periodic table, and alkene polymerization. Diagrams and equations are included. A periodic table is provided on the final page.
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This document contains information about four experiments conducted to investigate the rate of reaction between solutions J and K and sulfuric acid at different temperatures. The key details are:
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- A line graph of time vs average temperature showed the rate of reaction increased with increasing temperature.
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1. Electricity and chemistry
Question Paper 3
Level IGCSE
ExamBoard CIE
Topic Electricity and chemistry
Sub-Topic
Paper (Extended) Theory
Booklet Question Paper 3
74 minutes
/ 61
TimeAllowed:
Score:
Percentage:
/100
Subject Chemistry
Save My Exams! – The Home of Revision
For more awesome GCSE and A level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/
2. 1 Tin is an element in Group IV.
(a) The position of tin in the reactivity series is:
zinc
iron
tin
copper
(i) For each of the following, decide if a reaction would occur. If there is a reaction,
complete the equation, otherwise write ‘no reaction’.
Cu + Sn2+
→ ..........................................
Fe + Sn2+
→ ..........................................
Sn + Zn2+
→ .......................................... [4]
(ii) Name the three products formed when tin(II) nitrate is heated.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Aqueous tin(II) sulfate is electrolysed using carbon electrodes. This electrolysis is similar
to that of aqueous copper(II) sulfate using carbon electrodes.
(i) What is the product at the negative electrode (cathode)?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Name the acid formed in this electrolysis.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
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3. (c) Steel articles can be plated with tin or zinc to prevent rusting.
When the zinc layer is damaged exposing the underlying steel, it does not rust, but when
the tin layer is broken the steel rusts. Explain.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 14]
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4. 2 Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of alumina, which is aluminium
oxide, and cryolite.
carbon cathode (–)
carbon anode (+)
mixture of aluminium
oxide and cryolite
aluminium at cathode
900°C
waste gases,
oxygen and carbon dioxide,
from anode
(a)a) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium.
Name this ore.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why it is necessary to use a mixture, alumina and cryolite, rather than just
alumina.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Copper can be extracted by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution.
Suggest why the electrolysis of an aqueous solution cannot be used to extract
aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The ions which are involved in the electrolysis are Al 3+
and O2–
. The products of this
electrolysis are given on the diagram.
Explain how they are formed. Use equations where appropriate.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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5. (c) The uses of a metal are determined by its properties.
(i) Foods which are acidic can be supplied in aluminium containers.
IN
CHICKEN
LEMON SAUCE
food that is acidic
aluminium container
Explain why the acid in the food does not react with the aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why overhead electrical power cables are made from aluminium with a steel
core.
aluminium
steel core
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 13]
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6. 3 Aluminium was first isolated in 1827 using sodium.
AlCl3
+ 3Na → Al + 3NaCl
Aluminium, obtained by this method, was more expensive than gold.
(a) Suggest an explanation why aluminium was so expensive.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The modern method for extracting aluminium is the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte,
aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite. The aluminium oxide decomposes.
2Al2
O3
→ 4Al + 3O2
Both electrodes are made of carbon.
(i) Give two reasons why the oxide is dissolved in cryolite.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the anode.
.......... O2–
→ O2
+ ......... e–
[2]
(iii) Why do the carbon anodes need to be replaced frequently?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The electrolysis of a molten electrolyte is one method of extracting a metal from its ore.
Other methods are the electrolysis of an aqueous solution and the reduction of the oxide
by carbon. Explain why these last two methods cannot be used to extract aluminium.
electrolysis of an aqueous solution ...................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
using carbon .....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
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7. 4 The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, between inert electrodes, is used
to make four important chemicals.
hydrogen
chlorine
sodium hydroxide
sodium chlorate(I)
(a) The ions present in the electrolyte are Na+
, H+
, Cl–
and OH–
.
(i) Hydrogen ions are discharged at the negative electrode (cathode).
Write an equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) The hydrogen ions are from the water.
H2
O H+
+ OH–
Suggest an explanation why the concentration of hydroxide ions increases.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) When a dilute solution of sodium chloride is used, chlorine is not formed at the
positive electrode (anode), a different gas is produced. Name this gas.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) State an example of an inert electrode.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b)b) State a use of hydrogen.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Why is chlorine used to treat the water supply?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
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8. (c) Sodium chlorate(I) is made by the reaction between chlorine and sodium hydroxide. It is
used as bleach but over time it decomposes.
2NaClO(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + O2
(g)
The rate of decomposition can be studied using the apparatus shown below.
sodium chlorate(I) solution
(i) How could you measure the rate of decomposition of sodium chlorate(I)?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe how you could show that the rate of decomposition of sodium chlorate(I) is
a photochemical reaction.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 11]
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9. 5 The results of experiments on electrolysis using inert electrodes are given in the table.
Complete the table; the first line has been completed as an example.
electrolyte change at negative
electrode
change at positive
electrode
change to
electrolyte
molten lead(II)
bromide
lead formed bromine formed used up
potassium formed iodine formed used up
dilute aqueous
sodium chloride
aqueous copper(II)
sulfate
hydrogen formed bromine formed potassium hydroxide
formed
[Total: 8]
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10. 6 The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride produces three commercially
important chemicals hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
(a) The ions present are Na+
(aq), H+
(aq) ,Cl–
(aq) and OH–
(aq).
(i) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
+ H2 [1]
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
− Cl2 [1]
(iii) Explain why the solution changes from sodium chloride to sodium hydroxide.
[1]
(b)b) Why does the water supply industry use chlorine?
[1]
(ii) Name an important chemical that is made from hydrogen.
[1]
(iii) How is sodium hydroxide used to make soap?
[2]
[Total: 7]
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