In their work over the past 20 years, Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere have consistently built bridges within translation studies and developed interdisciplinary connections to fields outside of translation. In 1990, they were the first to suggest translation studies take a 'cultural turn' toward cultural studies work. In their book Constructing Cultures, they argue for moving cultural studies closer to translation studies. New strategies from translation histories give translators insight into practice and cultural studies critics insight into cultural manipulation. Following Bassnett and Lefevere, translators have become more empowered and less self-effacing, allowing theorists to better understand cultural mediation and introducing different cultural elements into cultures.
This document discusses three types of idioms:
1. Syntactically frozen idioms like "kick the bucket" which have little syntactic flexibility.
2. Mobile idioms that are syntactically connected, like "spill the beans", where the parts must be syntactically related.
3. Mobile idioms that are semantically connected, like "pull strings", where the parts must be semantically related but have more syntactic flexibility.
The document proposes an LF theory to account for mobile idioms, where the lexical entries of the idiom parts require their unique LF contributions to be present in the larger context. For "spill the beans", the parts must be syntactically related through
This document introduces a volume on corpus-based approaches in cognitive linguistics. It discusses common assumptions in cognitive linguistics and functional linguistics, such as the view that language is not autonomous and that linguistic knowledge emerges from language use. It also outlines common methods in corpus linguistics, such as analyzing naturally occurring language data from balanced corpora using frequency lists and statistical techniques. The introduction notes that while corpus methods have a long history, their use in cognitive linguistics is more recent. It identifies different levels of analysis (e.g. lemma vs. word form) and degrees of quantitativeness as parameters of corpus-based research.
The document outlines an introduction to analyzing idioms in generative grammar. It discusses two key challenges: idiomaticity and syntactic fixedness. For idiomaticity, it considers three potential analytic approaches - representing the idiom as a single syntactic/semantic unit; allowing a literal parse that maps to an idiomatic interpretation; or having the head carry idiomatic meaning while other elements are expletive. Each approach has strengths but also problems accounting for aspects of idiom behavior.
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It discusses key concepts like deep and surface structure, structural ambiguity, recursion, phrase structure rules, lexical rules, complement phrases, and transformational rules. Tree diagrams and other symbols are presented to describe syntactic structures. The goal of generative grammar is to have a system of explicit rules that can generate all valid syntactic structures of a language while avoiding invalid ones.
This document discusses and compares the structure of noun phrases in Standard Arabic and Standard English. It notes that Arabic noun phrases can be in either the free state or construct state, and modifiers follow the noun in Arabic but precede it in English. The document outlines principles governing nominal expressions in both languages, including noun movement and adjective ordering. It concludes that while Arabic and English noun phrases differ structurally, both languages share underlying syntactic principles.
Simonovic arsenijevic - in and out of paradigms - bcn2013barsenijevic
- The document analyzes suffixes in Serbo-Croatian that are traditionally treated as unrelated but are argued to be related.
- It argues that suffixes like -en, -an, and -(a)n forming adjectives and participles are variants of a single suffix, with differences due to paradigm membership.
- Similarly, the suffix -je forming collective nouns is shown to have variant forms depending on whether the derivation is inside or outside the verbal paradigm.
- Phonological and semantic differences between suffix variants are explained by their membership in morphological paradigms versus more lexicalized word formation processes.
Basic Word Order’ in Formal and Functional Linguistics and the Typological St...ola khaza'leh
chapter three in contrastive linguistics written by Frederick J. Newmeyer
and summarized by Ola Bassam Khaza'leh , MA student in Yarmouk university (Irbid- Jordan) in English Department (Linguistics )
This document discusses what corpus linguistics can reveal about grammar. It outlines how analyzing large text collections shows grammar as patterns of use rather than absolute correctness. Grammatical choices are best understood through their associations with vocabulary, co-text, discourse factors and communication context. The document provides examples of studies investigating grammatical features across these different levels simultaneously rather than in isolation. It also discusses how corpus analysis has improved understanding of spoken grammar.
This document discusses three types of idioms:
1. Syntactically frozen idioms like "kick the bucket" which have little syntactic flexibility.
2. Mobile idioms that are syntactically connected, like "spill the beans", where the parts must be syntactically related.
3. Mobile idioms that are semantically connected, like "pull strings", where the parts must be semantically related but have more syntactic flexibility.
The document proposes an LF theory to account for mobile idioms, where the lexical entries of the idiom parts require their unique LF contributions to be present in the larger context. For "spill the beans", the parts must be syntactically related through
This document introduces a volume on corpus-based approaches in cognitive linguistics. It discusses common assumptions in cognitive linguistics and functional linguistics, such as the view that language is not autonomous and that linguistic knowledge emerges from language use. It also outlines common methods in corpus linguistics, such as analyzing naturally occurring language data from balanced corpora using frequency lists and statistical techniques. The introduction notes that while corpus methods have a long history, their use in cognitive linguistics is more recent. It identifies different levels of analysis (e.g. lemma vs. word form) and degrees of quantitativeness as parameters of corpus-based research.
The document outlines an introduction to analyzing idioms in generative grammar. It discusses two key challenges: idiomaticity and syntactic fixedness. For idiomaticity, it considers three potential analytic approaches - representing the idiom as a single syntactic/semantic unit; allowing a literal parse that maps to an idiomatic interpretation; or having the head carry idiomatic meaning while other elements are expletive. Each approach has strengths but also problems accounting for aspects of idiom behavior.
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It discusses key concepts like deep and surface structure, structural ambiguity, recursion, phrase structure rules, lexical rules, complement phrases, and transformational rules. Tree diagrams and other symbols are presented to describe syntactic structures. The goal of generative grammar is to have a system of explicit rules that can generate all valid syntactic structures of a language while avoiding invalid ones.
This document discusses and compares the structure of noun phrases in Standard Arabic and Standard English. It notes that Arabic noun phrases can be in either the free state or construct state, and modifiers follow the noun in Arabic but precede it in English. The document outlines principles governing nominal expressions in both languages, including noun movement and adjective ordering. It concludes that while Arabic and English noun phrases differ structurally, both languages share underlying syntactic principles.
Simonovic arsenijevic - in and out of paradigms - bcn2013barsenijevic
- The document analyzes suffixes in Serbo-Croatian that are traditionally treated as unrelated but are argued to be related.
- It argues that suffixes like -en, -an, and -(a)n forming adjectives and participles are variants of a single suffix, with differences due to paradigm membership.
- Similarly, the suffix -je forming collective nouns is shown to have variant forms depending on whether the derivation is inside or outside the verbal paradigm.
- Phonological and semantic differences between suffix variants are explained by their membership in morphological paradigms versus more lexicalized word formation processes.
Basic Word Order’ in Formal and Functional Linguistics and the Typological St...ola khaza'leh
chapter three in contrastive linguistics written by Frederick J. Newmeyer
and summarized by Ola Bassam Khaza'leh , MA student in Yarmouk university (Irbid- Jordan) in English Department (Linguistics )
This document discusses what corpus linguistics can reveal about grammar. It outlines how analyzing large text collections shows grammar as patterns of use rather than absolute correctness. Grammatical choices are best understood through their associations with vocabulary, co-text, discourse factors and communication context. The document provides examples of studies investigating grammatical features across these different levels simultaneously rather than in isolation. It also discusses how corpus analysis has improved understanding of spoken grammar.
This document discusses syntax and syntactic transfer between languages. It covers topics like word order, relative clauses, and negation. Regarding word order, it notes that the vast majority of languages use Subject-Verb-Object, Verb-Subject-Object, or Subject-Object-Verb structures, and that word order rigidity varies between languages. Relative clauses also differ based on whether a language uses left-branching or right-branching structures. Negation involves different rules across languages for expressing negation through words, prefixes, suffixes or multiple elements.
The document discusses different classifications of expressive means and stylistic devices in stylistics. It describes Skrebnev's 1994 classification, which combines principles from Leech and Galperin's classifications. Skrebnev avoided simply combining the systems, and instead created a new hierarchical arrangement. The classification includes paradigmatic and syntagmatic stylistics, breaking down devices by parts of speech and syntactic structures. It provides extensive lists of specific expressive means and stylistic devices within each category.
This document discusses evidence for phrases from native speaker intuitions. It provides 3 key pieces of evidence:
1. Native speakers have intuitions about the existence of words, phrases, and syntactic categories like word-level and phrasal categories. Phrases are not all the same kind.
2. The substitution test shows that pronouns can substitute for phrases that appear in different positions in a sentence, indicating they form constituents.
3. The movement test involves moving constituents to the front of the sentence. For example, "Those fried green tomatoes, the chef cooked" is grammatical but "*Tomatoe, the chef cooked" is not, showing "those fried green tomatoes" forms a constituent.
The document discusses syntax, which are the rules that govern sentence structure in languages. It defines syntax as the mental representation of a speaker's linguistic knowledge about sentence formation. The key components of syntax include parts of speech, phrase structure trees, grammaticality, ambiguity, and the infinite potential for sentence formation through recursive rules.
The document discusses various concepts related to coherence and cohesion in language. It defines coherence as the connections between ideas, statements, or parts of a text that make them fit together in a reasonable way. Cohesion refers to grammatical or lexical connections between different parts of a sentence or larger text. The document outlines various types of cohesive devices like reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. It provides examples to illustrate how these different devices create links within texts.
Documenting and modeling inflectional paradigms in under-resourced languages Katerina Vylomova
In this talk, I will present the UniMorph project, an attempt to create a universal (cross-lingual) annotation schema. UniMorph allows an inflected word from any language to be defined by its lexical meaning, typically carried by the lemma, and a bundle of universal morphological features defined by the schema. Since 2016, the UniMorph database has been gradually developed and updated with new languages, and SIGMORPHON shared tasks served as a platform to compare computational models of inflectional morphology. During 2016–2021, the shared tasks made it possible to explore the data-driven systems’ ability to learn declension and conjugation paradigms as well as to evaluate how well they generalize across typologically diverse languages. It is especially important, since elaboration of formal techniques of cross-language generalization and prediction of universal entities across related languages should provide a new potential to the modeling and documentation of under-resourced languages. I will outline the major challenges we faced while converting the language-specific features into the UniMorph schema, especially in under-resourced languages. In addition, I will discuss typical errors made by the majority of the systems, e.g. incorrectly predicted instances due to allomorphy, form variation, misspelled words, looping effects. Finally, I will provide case studies for Russian, Tibetan, and Nen.
This document discusses the typology and categorization of fixed expressions and idioms. It identifies three main categories: anomalous collocations, formulae, and metaphors. Anomalous collocations are problematic in terms of lexicogrammar, formulae are problematic in terms of pragmatics, and metaphors are problematic in terms of semantics. Each category has further subcategories that provide more specific classifications based on the nature of the anomaly or problem. The document also discusses related concepts like collocation, processing of idioms, and how fixed expressions become institutionalized over time through the process of lexicalization.
This document discusses native speaker intuitions about words and lexical categories. It notes that we intuitively understand that words exist as independent linguistic units, even though there is no clear acoustic evidence delineating words. It then discusses how words can be categorized into lexical categories or parts of speech based on semantic definitions, morphological evidence like suffixes, and syntactic evidence like distributional tests that show how words can be inserted into frames depending on their category. Overall, the document examines how we intuitively understand words and lexical categories even without clear-cut evidence, drawing on semantics, morphology and syntax.
The UniMorph Project and Morphological Reinflection Task: Past, Present, and ...Katerina Vylomova
This document discusses morphological inflection and the UniMorph project. It provides an overview of UniMorph, which aims to create a universal morphological annotation scheme. UniMorph defines a set of features to describe inflectional paradigms across languages and extracts initial paradigms from Wiktionary. The document also discusses the SIGMORPHON shared tasks on morphological inflection, which use the UniMorph scheme. Finally, it examines linguistic diversity in morphology and the balance between language universals and typological variation.
The document discusses different types of lines including horizontal, vertical, parallel and perpendicular lines. It asks the reader to find examples of each type of line and determine whether example line pairs are parallel or perpendicular. It also prompts the reader to examine the lines in their name.
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylisticsTahreem Rahat
This document provides an overview of linguistic foregrounding and its forms of deviation and parallelism. It discusses how foregrounding refers to drawing attention to particular textual aspects. Deviation occurs when a text violates expectations, and can be external, internal, morphological, phonological, etc. Parallelism introduces regularities through repetition at the grammatical, phonological, or semantic level. Various movie taglines and slogans are analyzed as examples that demonstrate different types of linguistic foregrounding through deviation and parallelism.
Este documento presenta información sobre los elementos del predicado en una oración, incluyendo el núcleo del predicado. Explica que el núcleo siempre es un verbo conjugado o un verbo copulativo como ser, estar o parecer. También menciona que el núcleo puede ser un verbo no copulativo. Luego, proporciona ejemplos de oraciones y les pide a los estudiantes que identifiquen el predicado y su núcleo en varias oraciones de ejemplo.
El documento describe la religión de los incas. Los incas tenían una religión politeísta y consideraban divinos a los elementos naturales como el sol, la luna, la tierra y los rayos. Algunos de sus dioses principales incluyeron a Wiracocha como el creador supremo, Inti como el dios del sol que era el patrón del Imperio incaico, La Quilla como la diosa de la luna y hermana e Inti, La Pachamama como la diosa madre tierra, e Illapa como el dios del rayo.
Este documento presenta un resumen de las principales culturas del Perú divididas en los diferentes períodos del Horizonte Temprano, Intermedio Temprano, Intermedio Medio, Intermedio Tardío. Brevemente describe las culturas de Chavín y Paracas del Horizonte Temprano con sus ubicaciones, descubridores y principales vestigios arqueológicos.
Este documento presenta información sobre los complementos circunstanciales. Explica que los complementos circunstanciales indican circunstancias como el lugar, tiempo, modo, compañía o instrumento en que ocurre la acción del verbo. Además, incluye ejemplos de oraciones con complementos circunstanciales subrayados e identificados, y preguntas para reconocer cada tipo de complemento circunstancial.
El documento describe brevemente el Virreinato del Perú, una entidad territorial establecida por la corona española en América del Sur entre los siglos XVI y XVII. El virreinato fue gobernado por un virrey nombrado por el rey de España que representaba directamente al monarca. Se mencionan algunos virreyes importantes como Francisco de Toledo, cuyas obras incluyeron la creación de pueblos para indígenas, el establecimiento del sistema de mita para trabajo forzado y la obligatoriedad del pago de tributos por los indí
Este documento presenta un título y subtitulo, así como información sobre una institución educativa privada y la licenciada Janet Principe. Contiene dos ejercicios de gramática con oraciones para subrayar el predicado, modificadores y núcleo, y completar con modificadores solicitados.
Este documento describe cuatro métodos para separar los componentes de una mezcla: filtración, decantación, tamizado e imantación. La filtración se usa para separar un sólido de un líquido, como la arena y el agua. La decantación separa líquidos de diferentes densidades como el agua y el aceite. El tamizado separa sólidos de diferentes tamaños reteniendo los más grandes. La imantación separa materiales magnéticos de no magnéticos usando un imán.
Este documento presenta información sobre los diferentes tipos de modificadores del predicado, incluyendo el objeto directo, objeto indirecto y circunstancial. Explica que el objeto directo recibe directamente la acción del verbo, el objeto indirecto recibe el beneficio o daño de la acción, y proporciona ejemplos para ilustrar cada tipo de modificador. También incluye ejercicios prácticos para identificar los predicados y sus modificadores en oraciones.
Este documento proporciona una serie de oraciones para que el estudiante subraye el sujeto y lo clasifique. Contiene oraciones con sujetos como personas, lugares, objetos, tiempos y actividades para practicar la identificación y clasificación del sujeto gramatical.
Este documento resume brevemente la historia de dos grupos étnicos precolombinos en Perú: los aimaras y los chachapoyas. Los aimaras se establecieron alrededor del lago Titicaca y formaron reinos independientes dedicados principalmente a la agricultura y la ganadería. Los chachapoyas habitaron la región de Amazonas entre los años 800 y 1500 d.C., donde construyeron ciudadelas fortificadas de piedra como Kuélap para protegerse.
This document discusses syntax and syntactic transfer between languages. It covers topics like word order, relative clauses, and negation. Regarding word order, it notes that the vast majority of languages use Subject-Verb-Object, Verb-Subject-Object, or Subject-Object-Verb structures, and that word order rigidity varies between languages. Relative clauses also differ based on whether a language uses left-branching or right-branching structures. Negation involves different rules across languages for expressing negation through words, prefixes, suffixes or multiple elements.
The document discusses different classifications of expressive means and stylistic devices in stylistics. It describes Skrebnev's 1994 classification, which combines principles from Leech and Galperin's classifications. Skrebnev avoided simply combining the systems, and instead created a new hierarchical arrangement. The classification includes paradigmatic and syntagmatic stylistics, breaking down devices by parts of speech and syntactic structures. It provides extensive lists of specific expressive means and stylistic devices within each category.
This document discusses evidence for phrases from native speaker intuitions. It provides 3 key pieces of evidence:
1. Native speakers have intuitions about the existence of words, phrases, and syntactic categories like word-level and phrasal categories. Phrases are not all the same kind.
2. The substitution test shows that pronouns can substitute for phrases that appear in different positions in a sentence, indicating they form constituents.
3. The movement test involves moving constituents to the front of the sentence. For example, "Those fried green tomatoes, the chef cooked" is grammatical but "*Tomatoe, the chef cooked" is not, showing "those fried green tomatoes" forms a constituent.
The document discusses syntax, which are the rules that govern sentence structure in languages. It defines syntax as the mental representation of a speaker's linguistic knowledge about sentence formation. The key components of syntax include parts of speech, phrase structure trees, grammaticality, ambiguity, and the infinite potential for sentence formation through recursive rules.
The document discusses various concepts related to coherence and cohesion in language. It defines coherence as the connections between ideas, statements, or parts of a text that make them fit together in a reasonable way. Cohesion refers to grammatical or lexical connections between different parts of a sentence or larger text. The document outlines various types of cohesive devices like reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. It provides examples to illustrate how these different devices create links within texts.
Documenting and modeling inflectional paradigms in under-resourced languages Katerina Vylomova
In this talk, I will present the UniMorph project, an attempt to create a universal (cross-lingual) annotation schema. UniMorph allows an inflected word from any language to be defined by its lexical meaning, typically carried by the lemma, and a bundle of universal morphological features defined by the schema. Since 2016, the UniMorph database has been gradually developed and updated with new languages, and SIGMORPHON shared tasks served as a platform to compare computational models of inflectional morphology. During 2016–2021, the shared tasks made it possible to explore the data-driven systems’ ability to learn declension and conjugation paradigms as well as to evaluate how well they generalize across typologically diverse languages. It is especially important, since elaboration of formal techniques of cross-language generalization and prediction of universal entities across related languages should provide a new potential to the modeling and documentation of under-resourced languages. I will outline the major challenges we faced while converting the language-specific features into the UniMorph schema, especially in under-resourced languages. In addition, I will discuss typical errors made by the majority of the systems, e.g. incorrectly predicted instances due to allomorphy, form variation, misspelled words, looping effects. Finally, I will provide case studies for Russian, Tibetan, and Nen.
This document discusses the typology and categorization of fixed expressions and idioms. It identifies three main categories: anomalous collocations, formulae, and metaphors. Anomalous collocations are problematic in terms of lexicogrammar, formulae are problematic in terms of pragmatics, and metaphors are problematic in terms of semantics. Each category has further subcategories that provide more specific classifications based on the nature of the anomaly or problem. The document also discusses related concepts like collocation, processing of idioms, and how fixed expressions become institutionalized over time through the process of lexicalization.
This document discusses native speaker intuitions about words and lexical categories. It notes that we intuitively understand that words exist as independent linguistic units, even though there is no clear acoustic evidence delineating words. It then discusses how words can be categorized into lexical categories or parts of speech based on semantic definitions, morphological evidence like suffixes, and syntactic evidence like distributional tests that show how words can be inserted into frames depending on their category. Overall, the document examines how we intuitively understand words and lexical categories even without clear-cut evidence, drawing on semantics, morphology and syntax.
The UniMorph Project and Morphological Reinflection Task: Past, Present, and ...Katerina Vylomova
This document discusses morphological inflection and the UniMorph project. It provides an overview of UniMorph, which aims to create a universal morphological annotation scheme. UniMorph defines a set of features to describe inflectional paradigms across languages and extracts initial paradigms from Wiktionary. The document also discusses the SIGMORPHON shared tasks on morphological inflection, which use the UniMorph scheme. Finally, it examines linguistic diversity in morphology and the balance between language universals and typological variation.
The document discusses different types of lines including horizontal, vertical, parallel and perpendicular lines. It asks the reader to find examples of each type of line and determine whether example line pairs are parallel or perpendicular. It also prompts the reader to examine the lines in their name.
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylisticsTahreem Rahat
This document provides an overview of linguistic foregrounding and its forms of deviation and parallelism. It discusses how foregrounding refers to drawing attention to particular textual aspects. Deviation occurs when a text violates expectations, and can be external, internal, morphological, phonological, etc. Parallelism introduces regularities through repetition at the grammatical, phonological, or semantic level. Various movie taglines and slogans are analyzed as examples that demonstrate different types of linguistic foregrounding through deviation and parallelism.
Este documento presenta información sobre los elementos del predicado en una oración, incluyendo el núcleo del predicado. Explica que el núcleo siempre es un verbo conjugado o un verbo copulativo como ser, estar o parecer. También menciona que el núcleo puede ser un verbo no copulativo. Luego, proporciona ejemplos de oraciones y les pide a los estudiantes que identifiquen el predicado y su núcleo en varias oraciones de ejemplo.
El documento describe la religión de los incas. Los incas tenían una religión politeísta y consideraban divinos a los elementos naturales como el sol, la luna, la tierra y los rayos. Algunos de sus dioses principales incluyeron a Wiracocha como el creador supremo, Inti como el dios del sol que era el patrón del Imperio incaico, La Quilla como la diosa de la luna y hermana e Inti, La Pachamama como la diosa madre tierra, e Illapa como el dios del rayo.
Este documento presenta un resumen de las principales culturas del Perú divididas en los diferentes períodos del Horizonte Temprano, Intermedio Temprano, Intermedio Medio, Intermedio Tardío. Brevemente describe las culturas de Chavín y Paracas del Horizonte Temprano con sus ubicaciones, descubridores y principales vestigios arqueológicos.
Este documento presenta información sobre los complementos circunstanciales. Explica que los complementos circunstanciales indican circunstancias como el lugar, tiempo, modo, compañía o instrumento en que ocurre la acción del verbo. Además, incluye ejemplos de oraciones con complementos circunstanciales subrayados e identificados, y preguntas para reconocer cada tipo de complemento circunstancial.
El documento describe brevemente el Virreinato del Perú, una entidad territorial establecida por la corona española en América del Sur entre los siglos XVI y XVII. El virreinato fue gobernado por un virrey nombrado por el rey de España que representaba directamente al monarca. Se mencionan algunos virreyes importantes como Francisco de Toledo, cuyas obras incluyeron la creación de pueblos para indígenas, el establecimiento del sistema de mita para trabajo forzado y la obligatoriedad del pago de tributos por los indí
Este documento presenta un título y subtitulo, así como información sobre una institución educativa privada y la licenciada Janet Principe. Contiene dos ejercicios de gramática con oraciones para subrayar el predicado, modificadores y núcleo, y completar con modificadores solicitados.
Este documento describe cuatro métodos para separar los componentes de una mezcla: filtración, decantación, tamizado e imantación. La filtración se usa para separar un sólido de un líquido, como la arena y el agua. La decantación separa líquidos de diferentes densidades como el agua y el aceite. El tamizado separa sólidos de diferentes tamaños reteniendo los más grandes. La imantación separa materiales magnéticos de no magnéticos usando un imán.
Este documento presenta información sobre los diferentes tipos de modificadores del predicado, incluyendo el objeto directo, objeto indirecto y circunstancial. Explica que el objeto directo recibe directamente la acción del verbo, el objeto indirecto recibe el beneficio o daño de la acción, y proporciona ejemplos para ilustrar cada tipo de modificador. También incluye ejercicios prácticos para identificar los predicados y sus modificadores en oraciones.
Este documento proporciona una serie de oraciones para que el estudiante subraye el sujeto y lo clasifique. Contiene oraciones con sujetos como personas, lugares, objetos, tiempos y actividades para practicar la identificación y clasificación del sujeto gramatical.
Este documento resume brevemente la historia de dos grupos étnicos precolombinos en Perú: los aimaras y los chachapoyas. Los aimaras se establecieron alrededor del lago Titicaca y formaron reinos independientes dedicados principalmente a la agricultura y la ganadería. Los chachapoyas habitaron la región de Amazonas entre los años 800 y 1500 d.C., donde construyeron ciudadelas fortificadas de piedra como Kuélap para protegerse.
Las interjecciones son palabras que expresan sentimientos y emociones fuertes como asombro, alegría o tristeza. No forman parte de la estructura gramatical de la oración y siempre van entre signos de exclamación. Existen dos tipos de interjecciones: propias, que expresan emociones puras como ¡oh! o ¡ay!, e impropias, derivadas de otras palabras como ¡ojo!, ¡cuidado! o ¡bravo!.
Este documento presenta ejercicios sobre el uso de interjecciones en español. Incluye ejemplos de oraciones con y sin interjecciones, un diálogo para completar con interjecciones y una lista de oraciones con interjecciones para identificar su significado.
Este documento presenta una lista de adverbios clasificados en diferentes categorías: tiempo, lugar, modo, cantidad, afirmación, negación y duda. Explica brevemente el significado y uso de algunos ejemplos de adverbios en cada categoría. El propósito es enseñar sobre las diferentes clases de adverbios y cómo modifican a los verbos y adjetivos en las oraciones.
Este documento describe a los precursores e importantes próceres peruanos que contribuyeron al proceso de independencia del Perú. Entre los precursores se encuentran Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán, José Baquijano y Carrillo e Hipólito Unanue, quienes con sus ideas y escritos motivaron la causa independentista. Los próceres como Francisco de Zela, Mateo Pumacahua, María Parado de Bellido y José Olaya Balandra participaron activamente en las batallas por la independencia o ayudaron a lograr la victoria a
El documento resume las dos etapas principales de la lucha por la independencia hispanoamericana. La primera etapa (1809-1815) vio a los criollos formar juntas de gobierno en las principales ciudades mientras España estaba debilitada por Napoleón, aunque la mayoría fueron desactivadas por España en 1814-1815. La segunda etapa (1816-1825) fue cuando el movimiento de independencia triunfó gracias a las corrientes libertadoras del Sur liderada por San Martín y del Norte liderada por Bolívar
El documento describe la estructura administrativa del Imperio español en América durante la época colonial. El rey de España estaba a la cabeza y había dos instituciones en España que administraban los territorios americanos. En América, la máxima autoridad era el virrey, seguido de la Real Audiencia. Cada virreinato se dividía en corregimientos a cargo de un corregidor.
Este documento presenta un ejercicio de gramática que pide subrayar los adverbios en varias oraciones y clasificarlos. Contiene 26 oraciones con diferentes adverbios de tiempo, lugar, modo y cantidad para ser identificados y analizados.
El documento describe un experimento realizado por Karina y Rayén para estudiar el movimiento de los cuerpos. Karina logró hacer que un auto se moviera solo colocándolo en la parte alta de una regla inclinada. Aunque Karina creía haber hecho que el auto se moviera solo, Rayén no estaba convencida y quería preguntarle a la profesora para obtener una explicación.
Grammar is the study of the classes of words, their inflections (see inflection sense 2), and their functions and relations in the sentence. b : a study of what is to be preferred and what avoided in inflection (see inflection sense 2) and syntax (see syntax sense 1)
Professor Michael Hoey: The hidden similarities across languages - some good ...eaquals
The document discusses a new theory of language called Lexical Priming that aims to address shortcomings in traditional linguistic theories. It was developed based on insights from corpus linguistics and psycholinguistic research showing that exposure to words primes the recognition of other related words. The theory claims that people subconsciously note the linguistic contexts in which words occur and begin to associate words with recurring contextual features. This theory builds on both corpus data and established psychology research but aims to provide a more comprehensive model of language than previous theories.
Inquiry on the Philosophy of Language.pptxutcrash88
It is a reasoned inquiry into the origins of language
Its nature of meaning
The usage and cognition of language
The relationship between language and reality
To clarify concepts with which language is described and analysed
To settle and resolve philosophical disputes originating from linguistic confusion
This document provides an overview of translation theory in the 1980s. It discusses key theorists from this era, including:
1. Susan Bassnett, who published Translation Studies, consolidating various strands of translation research and establishing translation studies as its own discipline.
2. William Frawley, who argued that translation involves "recodification" between coded elements of different languages, and developed a model of the translation process.
3. Antoine Berman, who described translation as the "trial of the foreign" and examined 12 "deforming tendencies" that cause translations to deviate from faithfully representing the original text.
4. Shoshana Blum-Kulka, who addressed possible
The basis of a transdisciplinary language has been recognized to be already present throughout the subject matters of all the disciplines.
The general-factors, (the isomorphic patterns-of-organization),
that constitute material-reality,
that constitute the hierarchic organization of material-reality,
that thus permeate the subject matters of all the disciplines of science and the humanities,
that provide the basis of discipline-independent-transdisciplinarity,
also provide the basis of the language of transdisciplinarity.
Both developing and using the methodology of discipline-independent-transdisciplinarity results in the emergence of this universal language that provides effective communication through breadth and depth of accurate description.
Poetry and The Merchant of Venice and The Poet XAbrilRodriguez37
Before reading The Merchant of Venice or The Poet X, we will have this lecture in class so that students get familiar with the content they are about to read. The lecture contains biographic information about our authors (William Shakespeare and Elizabeth Avecedo), an overview of the plot of the story, and activities that will develop how students analyze poetry.
(PowerPoint for EDSC 304 Module 4)
This document discusses the concept of foregrounding in stylistic analysis. Foregrounding refers to linguistic deviations from conventions that draw attention to language features. It is realized through deviation and parallelism. Deviation can occur at morphological, phonological, graphological, lexical, semantic, and syntactic levels. Examples are provided such as breaking words over line boundaries or adding suffixes irregularly. Foregrounding theory argues creative uses of language make features more consciously perceived.
Discourse analysis examines how stretches of language become meaningful and unified for language users by looking at cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to formal links like repetition and conjunctions that connect sentences, while coherence connects ideas. Discourse can be spoken, like conversations, or written, like reports. Discourse analysis emerged in the 1970s to study language in context rather than in isolation.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
The document traces the history and development of modern phonology from the early 20th century to present day. It discusses early structuralist approaches from the Prague School that established phonology as a scientific field. It then covers the emergence of generative phonology in the 1950s-60s with Chomsky and Halle, which used rules and features as the basic units. Subsequent post-generative frameworks such as autosegmental phonology, metrical phonology, lexical phonology, and optimality theory extended or reacted to aspects of generative phonology.
This document provides an introduction to phonological analysis by Roland Raoul Kouassi. It outlines key readings in phonology and discusses the fields of phonetics and phonology. Phonetics investigates physical speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are systematically used to encode meaning within a language's sound system. The document also describes the tasks of a phonologist in identifying a language's sound inventory, permissible sound combinations, sound alternations, and formulating general laws governing the sound system. A brief history of phonology is given from ancient Sanskrit grammars to the modern structuralist approach developed by the Prague Linguistic Circle in the early 20th century.
translation Animal Farm according to Viney and Darbelnet theorymona samadi
This document provides an overview of a thesis analyzing the translation of George Orwell's novel Animal Farm into Persian. It discusses the theoretical framework, including Vinay and Darbelnet's translation model, which identifies direct and oblique translation strategies. The document presents the research hypothesis that Vinay and Darbelnet's model can be applied to analyze the Persian translation. It then provides introductions to the source and target texts, which are Animal Farm in English and its Persian translation Qale-ye-heyvanat.
An Outline Of Type-Theoretical Approaches To Lexical SemanticsTye Rausch
This document provides an overview of type-theoretical approaches to modeling lexical semantics. It discusses how type theory can account for various lexical semantic phenomena compositionally, including polysemy, the relations between word meanings, and the connection between lexical networks and semantics. Specifically, it examines how type theory addresses different forms of polysemy, the logical representation of relations between meanings, modeling events and their arguments, and analyzing co-predication of different aspects of word meanings compositionally. The document serves as an introduction to papers from a workshop on using type theory for lexical semantics.
Natural Language Processing Notes aggregated by Ashutosh Agrahari.
These are module-wise notes corresponding to the course conducted at Amity University, India.
This document provides an overview of English grammar, including its core components of phonology, morphology, and syntax. It defines key linguistic terms like phonology, morphology, and grammar. Morphology is described as the study of word structures and formation. The document also outlines the typical elements of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and adverbials. It distinguishes between different types of verbs like intensive, extensive, intransitive, and transitive verbs. Additionally, it defines the categories of complements and objects that sentences can include, such as subject complements, object complements, direct objects, and indirect objects.
A Corpus-Based Study Of Relative Pronouns In Spanish Essays Between The 17Th ...Maria Perkins
This document provides a summary of a study analyzing the relative pronouns "que", "el cual", "quien", and "el que" in Spanish essays written between the 17th and 19th centuries. The study examines the distribution of these relative pronouns across four linguistic contexts: 1) restrictive vs. nonrestrictive relative clauses, 2) animacy of the antecedent, 3) presence vs. absence of a preposition, and 4) grammatical function of the relative pronoun. The results provide insights into how the relative pronoun system may have changed over time, with some pronouns expanding their usage in certain contexts while others contracted.
This paper presents a methodology to extract a paraphrase database for the European and Brazilian varieties of Portuguese, and discusses a set of paraphrastic categories of multiwords and
phrasal units, such as the compounds toda a gente vs todo o mundo "everybody" or the gerundive constructions [estar a + V-Inf] vs [ficar + V-Ger] (e.g., estive a observar vs fiquei observando "I was observing"), which are extremely relevant to high quality paraphrasing. The variants were manually aligned in the e-PACT corpus, using the CLUE-Aligner tool. The methodology, inspired
in the Logos Model, focuses on a semantico-syntactic analysis of each paraphrastic unit and constitutes a subset of the Gold-CLUE-Paraphrases.1 The construction of a larger dataset of
paraphrastic contrasts among the distinct varieties of the Portuguese language is indispensable for variety adaptation, i.e., for dealing with the cultural, linguistic and stylistic differences between them, making it possible to convert texts (semi-)automatically from one variety into another, a
key function in paraphrasing systems. This topic represents an interesting new line of research with valuable applications in language learning, language generation, question-answering, summarization, and machine translation, among others. The paraphrastic units are the first resource of its kind for Portuguese to become available to the scientific community for research purposes.
This document provides an introduction to phrase structure in English grammar. It discusses some key properties of English grammar, including linearity, hierarchy, and categorization. It then outlines some basic phrase structure rules, including the internal structure of noun phrases and determiners. The document also covers adverbial clauses, prepositional phrases, and the ordering of sentence-final adverbials. Overall, the document introduces some fundamental concepts in English phrase structure and grammar.
This document discusses contrastive analysis, error analysis, and interlanguage in second language acquisition. It provides examples of different types of errors made by second language learners and their potential sources. Specifically, it describes (1) errors caused by the influence of the learner's first language, known as interlanguage transfer errors, and (2) errors caused by gaps or incorrect assumptions in the learner's knowledge of the target language rules. The document also discusses developmental sequences observed in learner language, including the acquisition of grammatical morphemes, tense/aspect, syntactic structures, vocabulary, and phonology.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
3. Original 81:Original 81:
• In their work over the past twenty years,In their work over the past twenty years,
Susan Bassenett and André Lefevere haveSusan Bassenett and André Lefevere have
consistently built bridges within the field ofconsistently built bridges within the field of
translation studies and developedtranslation studies and developed
interdisciplinary connections to fields of studyinterdisciplinary connections to fields of study
outside the discipline. In 1990, they were the firstoutside the discipline. In 1990, they were the first
to suggest that translation studies take theto suggest that translation studies take the
‘cultural turn’ and look toward work of cultural‘cultural turn’ and look toward work of cultural
studies scholars. In their new bookstudies scholars. In their new book ConstructingConstructing
CulturesCultures, they present a strong case for moving, they present a strong case for moving
the field of cultural studies closer to translationthe field of cultural studies closer to translation
studies.studies.
4. Original 81 (continued):Original 81 (continued):
• New strategies gleaned from translationNew strategies gleaned from translation
histories, such as we see in Lefevere’shistories, such as we see in Lefevere’s
discussion of Aeneid translations ordiscussion of Aeneid translations or
Bassanett’s discussion of InfernoBassanett’s discussion of Inferno
translations that follow, not only givetranslations that follow, not only give
translators more insight into the actualtranslators more insight into the actual
practice of translation, but they also givepractice of translation, but they also give
cultural studies critics new insight intocultural studies critics new insight into
cultural manipulation by those in power.cultural manipulation by those in power.
5. Original 81 (continued):Original 81 (continued):
• Following Bassnett and Lefevere,Following Bassnett and Lefevere,
translators have increasingly becometranslators have increasingly become
more empowered and less self-effacing, amore empowered and less self-effacing, a
development that has allowed theorists todevelopment that has allowed theorists to
better view the process of mediatingbetter view the process of mediating
between cultures and /or of introducingbetween cultures and /or of introducing
different words, forms, cultural nuances,different words, forms, cultural nuances,
and meaning into their own respectiveand meaning into their own respective
cultures.cultures.
• (Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: ix)(Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: ix)
6. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
8. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ::
• The selection consists of five sentences, ofThe selection consists of five sentences, of
which the first is in a simple sentence; thewhich the first is in a simple sentence; the
second is a complex sentence, composed of asecond is a complex sentence, composed of a
main clause and an object clause; the third ismain clause and an object clause; the third is
again a simple sentence; the fourth is aagain a simple sentence; the fourth is a
compound sentence, composed of twocompound sentence, composed of two
coordinate clauses, but the subject of the firstcoordinate clauses, but the subject of the first
coordinate clause has an attributive clausecoordinate clause has an attributive clause
embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,
followed by an appositive nominal phrase, infollowed by an appositive nominal phrase, in
which there is an attributive clause embedded.which there is an attributive clause embedded.
For this reason, the fourth can be regarded as aFor this reason, the fourth can be regarded as a
compound complex sentence and the last cancompound complex sentence and the last can
be regarded as a complex sentence.be regarded as a complex sentence.
9. (2) Additional complication(2) Additional complication ::
• The first three sentences each beginThe first three sentences each begin
with a prepositional phrase; in the fourthwith a prepositional phrase; in the fourth
sentence, the part after the first commasentence, the part after the first comma
assumes a parenthetic structure; and theassumes a parenthetic structure; and the
last sentence begins with a presentlast sentence begins with a present
participle phrase and it has a longparticiple phrase and it has a long
appositive phrase at its end with anappositive phrase at its end with an
attributive clause embedded.attributive clause embedded.
11. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ::
• All the five sentences are periodic inAll the five sentences are periodic in
structure either for the beginning withstructure either for the beginning with
prepositional or participle phrases or forprepositional or participle phrases or for
the embedding of the parenthesis.the embedding of the parenthesis.
12. (2) Structural complication:(2) Structural complication:
• AS can be seen from the grammaticalAS can be seen from the grammatical
analysis and the analysis of theanalysis and the analysis of the
periodicity, of the five, four are eitherperiodicity, of the five, four are either
complex or compound complexcomplex or compound complex
sentences, and all the five sentences aresentences, and all the five sentences are
periodic in structure. All this indicates thatperiodic in structure. All this indicates that
the selection is rather structurallythe selection is rather structurally
complicated.complicated.
13. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ::
• In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used,In the selection, parallel structures are frequently used,
for example,for example, Susan BassenettSusan Bassenett andand André LefevereAndré Lefevere;; builtbuilt
bridges within the field of translation studiesbridges within the field of translation studies andand
developed interdisciplinary connections to fields of studydeveloped interdisciplinary connections to fields of study
outside the disciplineoutside the discipline;; take the ‘cultural turn’take the ‘cultural turn’ andand looklook
toward work of cultural studies scholarstoward work of cultural studies scholars;; Lefevere’sLefevere’s
discussion of Aeneid translationsdiscussion of Aeneid translations oror Bassanett’sBassanett’s
discussion of Inferno translationsdiscussion of Inferno translations;; not only givenot only give
translators more insight into the actual practice oftranslators more insight into the actual practice of
translationtranslation, but, but they also give cultural studies critics newthey also give cultural studies critics new
insight into cultural manipulationinsight into cultural manipulation;; more empoweredmore empowered andand
less self-effacingless self-effacing;; of mediating between culturesof mediating between cultures and /orand /or
of introducing different words, forms, cultural nuances,of introducing different words, forms, cultural nuances,
and meaning into their own respective culturesand meaning into their own respective cultures; and; and
wordswords,, formsforms,, cultural nuancescultural nuances, and, and meaningmeaning..
14. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ::
• In terms of cohesive device, examples could beIn terms of cohesive device, examples could be
found as follows: parallel structures are frequentlyfound as follows: parallel structures are frequently
used;used; Susan BassenettSusan Bassenett andand André LefevereAndré Lefevere areare
repeated either singularly or in combination; therepeated either singularly or in combination; the
pronounpronoun theythey is repeatedly used to refer tois repeatedly used to refer to SusanSusan
BassenettBassenett andand André LefevereAndré Lefevere;; cultural turncultural turn andand
cultural studiescultural studies are used in connection, with the latterare used in connection, with the latter
repeated used;repeated used; the fieldthe field,, interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary,, field of studyfield of study,,
discipledisciple andand translation studiestranslation studies are used either asare used either as
synonyms or in contrast;synonyms or in contrast; translationtranslation andand translatorstranslators areare
repeatedly used in a related manner, and so on.repeatedly used in a related manner, and so on.
15. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ::
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, consistentlyconsistently,, translationtranslation,, developdevelop,,
interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinary,, culturalcultural,, scholarscholar,, constructingconstructing,,
presentpresent,, strategystrategy,, historyhistory,, translatortranslator,, practicepractice,,
criticscritics,, insightinsight,, manipulationmanipulation,, increasinglyincreasingly,,
empowerempower, and others., and others.
16. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
18. Comments:Comments:
• The present translation has two preeminentThe present translation has two preeminent
characteristics. First, it follows the original strictly, andcharacteristics. First, it follows the original strictly, and
consequently, some expressions are too long andconsequently, some expressions are too long and
clumsy, for example,clumsy, for example, 我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译《阿我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译《阿
雷得》的或巴斯内特关于翻译《尹佛诺》的讨论中会看到雷得》的或巴斯内特关于翻译《尹佛诺》的讨论中会看到
,新的翻译策略,从翻译历史中汲取营养,不仅为译者提,新的翻译策略,从翻译历史中汲取营养,不仅为译者提
供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野,也为文化研究批评家们供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野,也为文化研究批评家们
提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点 andand 这种发展这种发展
趋势,使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程,同时或趋势,使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程,同时或
者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义
引入他们自己的文化的过程引入他们自己的文化的过程 . Secondly, the translations. Secondly, the translations
of Aeneid and Inferno intoof Aeneid and Inferno into 《阿雷得》《阿雷得》 andand 《尹佛《尹佛
诺》诺》 are against translation conventions.are against translation conventions.
20. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, all the weak pointsIn the present translation, all the weak points
are eliminated. However, the meaning of the firstare eliminated. However, the meaning of the first
sentence is not made explicit, andsentence is not made explicit, and 后面勒菲弗后面勒菲弗
尔对《埃涅依特》的各种译本所作的讨论,或巴尔对《埃涅依特》的各种译本所作的讨论,或巴
斯内特对《地狱篇》的各种译本所作的讨论可以斯内特对《地狱篇》的各种译本所作的讨论可以
看出,新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养,不仅为译看出,新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养,不仅为译
者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力,而者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力,而
且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化
操纵提供了新的视角操纵提供了新的视角 is still a clumsy translation.is still a clumsy translation.
23. Comments:Comments:
• Compared with the previous translation, the presentCompared with the previous translation, the present
translation has included two great changes. First,translation has included two great changes. First, 在过去在过去
的的 2020 年中,年中,苏珊苏珊 .. 巴斯内特和安德烈巴斯内特和安德烈 .. 勒菲弗尔不断著书勒菲弗尔不断著书
立说,努力在翻译研究领域内部进行沟通,架设通向翻译立说,努力在翻译研究领域内部进行沟通,架设通向翻译
研究领域之外的桥梁研究领域之外的桥梁 andand 本书的后面,勒菲弗尔将对《埃本书的后面,勒菲弗尔将对《埃
涅依特》涅依特》①①
的各种译本进行讨论,巴斯内特将对《地狱的各种译本进行讨论,巴斯内特将对《地狱
篇》篇》②②
的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出,新的研究策的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出,新的研究策
略从翻译历史汲取营养,不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际略从翻译历史汲取营养,不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际
过程,而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提过程,而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提
供了新的视角供了新的视角 are substituted for the corresponding partsare substituted for the corresponding parts
in the previous translation. Secondly, two notes arein the previous translation. Secondly, two notes are
added for the convenience of the reader.added for the convenience of the reader.
24. Original 82:Original 82:
• We also need to learn more about the texts thatWe also need to learn more about the texts that
constitute the cultural capital of other civilizations, andconstitute the cultural capital of other civilizations, and
we need to learn about them in ways that try towe need to learn about them in ways that try to
overcome, or bypass the kiss of death bestowed byovercome, or bypass the kiss of death bestowed by
acculturation through analogy. Haikus are not epigrams,acculturation through analogy. Haikus are not epigrams,
Chinese novels have their own rules, both the textualChinese novels have their own rules, both the textual
and conceptual grids of other civilizations should not beand conceptual grids of other civilizations should not be
reduced to those of the West.reduced to those of the West.
• We need to find out how to translate the culturalWe need to find out how to translate the cultural
capital of other civilizations in a way that preserves atcapital of other civilizations in a way that preserves at
least part of their own nature, without producingleast part of their own nature, without producing
translations that are so low on the entertainment factortranslations that are so low on the entertainment factor
that they appeal only to those who read for professionalthat they appeal only to those who read for professional
reasons.reasons.
25. Original 82 (continued):Original 82 (continued):
• Perhaps this is another area in which different forms ofPerhaps this is another area in which different forms of
rewriting need to cooperate: we could imagine therewriting need to cooperate: we could imagine the
translated text, translated by a long introduction whichtranslated text, translated by a long introduction which
sets out to show how the original text works on its ownsets out to show how the original text works on its own
terms, within its own grid, rather than to tell readers onlyterms, within its own grid, rather than to tell readers only
what it is ‘like’ or even ‘most like’ in their own cultures.what it is ‘like’ or even ‘most like’ in their own cultures.
This kind of attempt is mot likely to bring us up againstThis kind of attempt is mot likely to bring us up against
the limits of translation, a necessary confrontation, forthe limits of translation, a necessary confrontation, for
without such a challenge, how else are we ever towithout such a challenge, how else are we ever to
overcome such limits and move on?overcome such limits and move on?
• (Bassnett and Lefevere 2000: 11)(Bassnett and Lefevere 2000: 11)
26. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
28. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ::
• The selection consists of two paragraphs, of which theThe selection consists of two paragraphs, of which the
first is composed of two sentences while the secondfirst is composed of two sentences while the second
paragraph is composed of three sentences. In the firstparagraph is composed of three sentences. In the first
paragraph, the first is a compound sentence, composedparagraph, the first is a compound sentence, composed
of two coordinate clauses, each with an attributive clauseof two coordinate clauses, each with an attributive clause
embedded. In this sense, the sentence can be regardedembedded. In this sense, the sentence can be regarded
as a compound complex one. The second is also aas a compound complex one. The second is also a
compound sentence, composed of three coordinatecompound sentence, composed of three coordinate
clauses. In the second paragraph, the first is a complexclauses. In the second paragraph, the first is a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and an ellipticsentence, composed of a main clause and an elliptic
object clause, which in turn has an attributive clauseobject clause, which in turn has an attributive clause
embedded; and at the end of the sentence, there is aembedded; and at the end of the sentence, there is a
prepositional phrase, in which there is an attributiveprepositional phrase, in which there is an attributive
clause embedded, which is in theclause embedded, which is in the so… that…so… that… patternpattern
with the clause introduced bywith the clause introduced by thatthat serving as adverbial ofserving as adverbial of
result.result.
29. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• The second is a compound sentence, composed of twoThe second is a compound sentence, composed of two
coordinate clauses, connected by a colon; in the firstcoordinate clauses, connected by a colon; in the first
coordinate clause, there is another clause embeddedcoordinate clause, there is another clause embedded
serving as the prepositional object; the secondserving as the prepositional object; the second
coordinate clause is composed of a clause and a pastcoordinate clause is composed of a clause and a past
participle phrase, which has an attributive clauseparticiple phrase, which has an attributive clause
embedded, and in the attributive clause, there are twoembedded, and in the attributive clause, there are two
coordinate infinitive phrases connected bycoordinate infinitive phrases connected by rather thanrather than,,
and each infinitive phrase has an object clauseand each infinitive phrase has an object clause
embedded. The third is a compound sentence,embedded. The third is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses connected bycomposed of two coordinate clauses connected by forfor..
30. (2) Additional complication(2) Additional complication ::
• The two sentences in the firstThe two sentences in the first
paragraph do not present any additionalparagraph do not present any additional
complication. In the second paragraph,complication. In the second paragraph,
however, the first sentence has a longhowever, the first sentence has a long
prepositional phrase positioned at the endprepositional phrase positioned at the end
of the sentence; the second sentenceof the sentence; the second sentence
begins with an adverb; the third sentencebegins with an adverb; the third sentence
has a parenthetic structure embeddedhas a parenthetic structure embedded
after the first comma.after the first comma.
32. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ::
• In the first paragraph, the two sentences areIn the first paragraph, the two sentences are
loose in structure; in the second paragraph, theloose in structure; in the second paragraph, the
first sentence is loose in structure if thefirst sentence is loose in structure if the
prepositional phrase at the end of the sentenceprepositional phrase at the end of the sentence
is not regarded as parenthetic; the secondis not regarded as parenthetic; the second
sentence begins with an adverb and can besentence begins with an adverb and can be
regarded as periodic; the third sentence has aregarded as periodic; the third sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded and is periodicparenthetic structure embedded and is periodic
in structure.in structure.
33. (2) Structural complication:(2) Structural complication:
• Generally speaking, the selection isGenerally speaking, the selection is
structurally complicated. Specifically, allstructurally complicated. Specifically, all
the sentences are either compound orthe sentences are either compound or
compound complex in structure; twocompound complex in structure; two
sentences have either a parenthesissentences have either a parenthesis
embedded or a complicated beginning.embedded or a complicated beginning.
34. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ::
• In the selection, parallel structures areIn the selection, parallel structures are
frequently used, for example,frequently used, for example, overcomeovercome,,
oror bypassbypass;; Haikus are not epigramsHaikus are not epigrams,,
Chinese novels have their own rulesChinese novels have their own rules;;
textualtextual andand conceptualconceptual;; on its own termson its own terms,,
within its own gridwithin its own grid;; to show…, rather thento show…, rather then
to tell…to tell…; and; and ‘like’‘like’ oror even ‘most like’even ‘most like’..
35. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ::
• In terms of cohesive device, examples couldIn terms of cohesive device, examples could
be found as follows: parallel structures arebe found as follows: parallel structures are
frequently used;frequently used; wewe,, cultural capitalcultural capital,, translatedtranslated,,
ownown,, likelike andand limitslimits are repeated; the pronounare repeated; the pronoun
themthem is used to refer tois used to refer to other civilizationsother civilizations;;
culturalcultural,, acculturationacculturation andand cultureculture are used asare used as
cognates;cognates; textualtextual is used as a partial repetitionis used as a partial repetition
ofof texttext; and there are others.; and there are others.
36. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ::
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, constituteconstitute,, culturalcultural,, capitalcapital,, civilizationcivilization,,
learnlearn,, overcomeovercome,, bypassbypass,, bestowbestow,, acculturationacculturation,,
analogyanalogy,, epigramepigram,, novelnovel,, textualtextual,, conceptualconceptual,,
reducereduce,, translatetranslate,, preservepreserve,, naturenature,, producingproducing,,
translationtranslation,, entertainmententertainment,, appealappeal,, professionalprofessional,,
and many others.and many others.
37. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
39. Comments:Comments:
• Through translation, we have produced basically a readable,Through translation, we have produced basically a readable,
coherent and authentic text except for a mistake that Haiku is a formcoherent and authentic text except for a mistake that Haiku is a form
of Japanese poetry and Haikus is the plural form of Haiku. However,of Japanese poetry and Haikus is the plural form of Haiku. However,
some sentences are too long, and the coherence betweensome sentences are too long, and the coherence between
sentences is not sound enough. For example,sentences is not sound enough. For example, 我们还必须学会更多我们还必须学会更多
地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本,我们要学会了解这些文明试图地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本,我们要学会了解这些文明试图
征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式 ;; 我们必须发现如我们必须发现如
何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色,而何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色,而
不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作 ; and; and 也许也许
,这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域,这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域::我们可以想象,我们可以想象,
翻译过的文本,带上一个很长的引言,以揭示原文文本在自己的网络翻译过的文本,带上一个很长的引言,以揭示原文文本在自己的网络
系统中是如何别具一格的,而不是告诉读者,在他们自己的文化里,系统中是如何别具一格的,而不是告诉读者,在他们自己的文化里,
原文“像”个什么样子的或“酷似”什么样子的原文“像”个什么样子的或“酷似”什么样子的 are too long for theare too long for the
Chinese reader and the parts before and after the colon in theChinese reader and the parts before and after the colon in the
above translation are not coherent enough.above translation are not coherent enough.
41. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, the mistake is putIn the present translation, the mistake is put
right now. Moreover, the first sentence of theright now. Moreover, the first sentence of the
original is translated shorter by omitting theoriginal is translated shorter by omitting the
repeated partrepeated part 我们还得学会我们还得学会 ; in the translation of; in the translation of
the second paragraph of the original suchthe second paragraph of the original such
translation techniques as insertion of a phrase ortranslation techniques as insertion of a phrase or
two for better coherence, making impliedtwo for better coherence, making implied
meaning more explicit and so on are employed.meaning more explicit and so on are employed.
For example,For example, 在这个领域中在这个领域中 andand 翻译时有翻译时有 areare
inserted;inserted; 为参照为参照 ;; 这种尝试这种尝试 ; and; and 跨越这种极限跨越这种极限
are more explicit expressions.are more explicit expressions.
44. Comments:Comments:
• The present translation is different from the previous inThe present translation is different from the previous in
two aspects. First, liberal translation, so to speak, istwo aspects. First, liberal translation, so to speak, is
more frequently employed, for example,more frequently employed, for example, 文本是构成他文文本是构成他文
化的文化资本的有机成分,我们还得学会更多地了解文本化的文化资本的有机成分,我们还得学会更多地了解文本
andand 通过类比夷平文化差异,这是死亡之吻通过类比夷平文化差异,这是死亡之吻①①
。。我们还得了我们还得了
解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的 are used toare used to
translate the first sentence in the original and thetranslate the first sentence in the original and the
translation is executed irrespective of the originaltranslation is executed irrespective of the original
structure, at least.structure, at least. 我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本
的方法,用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌,的方法,用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌,
而不致生成索然无味、只有求知才去阅读的译文而不致生成索然无味、只有求知才去阅读的译文 andand 这或这或
许不是翻译,而是各种改写形式的相得益彰许不是翻译,而是各种改写形式的相得益彰 areare
translated also irrespective of the original structure, andtranslated also irrespective of the original structure, and
even of the original meaning. Secondly, two notes areeven of the original meaning. Secondly, two notes are
added for readers’ sake.added for readers’ sake.
45. Original 83:Original 83:
• In what follows I shall not discuss the activity ofIn what follows I shall not discuss the activity of
translating, the actual process that leads to thetranslating, the actual process that leads to the
production of translated texts in the field delimited by theproduction of translated texts in the field delimited by the
language pair Chinese and English. Rather, I shalllanguage pair Chinese and English. Rather, I shall
consider what I would like to call ‘translational practice’consider what I would like to call ‘translational practice’
both in the Chinese and Western traditions. Byboth in the Chinese and Western traditions. By
translational practice I mean a practice that integratestranslational practice I mean a practice that integrates
the actual activity of translating into itself. It precedesthe actual activity of translating into itself. It precedes
that activity in that it gives certain guidelines, whetherthat activity in that it gives certain guidelines, whether
these are followed by particular translators or not, thatthese are followed by particular translators or not, that
are themselves the product of thinking about the processare themselves the product of thinking about the process
of translation within a culture. Translational practice alsoof translation within a culture. Translational practice also
follows the process of translating, since it plays a part infollows the process of translating, since it plays a part in
the reception of translated texts in the culture, or culturesthe reception of translated texts in the culture, or cultures
for which they are intended.for which they are intended.
46. Original 83 (continued):Original 83 (continued):
• In short, translational practice is one of the strategies aIn short, translational practice is one of the strategies a
culture devises for dealing with what we have learned toculture devises for dealing with what we have learned to
call ‘the Other’. The development of a translationalcall ‘the Other’. The development of a translational
strategy therefore also provides good indications of thestrategy therefore also provides good indications of the
kind of society one is dealing with. The fact that China,kind of society one is dealing with. The fact that China,
for instance, developed translational strategies only threefor instance, developed translational strategies only three
times in its history, with the translation of the Buddhisttimes in its history, with the translation of the Buddhist
scriptures from roughly the second to the seventhscriptures from roughly the second to the seventh
centuries AD, with the translation of the Christiancenturies AD, with the translation of the Christian
scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD, and withscriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD, and with
the translation of much Western thought and literaturethe translation of much Western thought and literature
starting in the nineteenth century AD, says somethingstarting in the nineteenth century AD, says something
about the image of the Other dominant in Chineseabout the image of the Other dominant in Chinese
civilization, namely that the Other was not consideredcivilization, namely that the Other was not considered
very important.very important.
47. Original 83 (continued):Original 83 (continued):
• Nor is China, as was sometimes erroneouslyNor is China, as was sometimes erroneously
believed, alone in that respect. A much morebelieved, alone in that respect. A much more
extreme example is provided by Classicalextreme example is provided by Classical
Greece, which showed no interest in the Other,Greece, which showed no interest in the Other,
did not develop any thinking about translationdid not develop any thinking about translation
and hardly translated anything at all.and hardly translated anything at all.
• (Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 13)(Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 13)
48. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
50. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ::
The selection consists of two paragraphs, ofThe selection consists of two paragraphs, of
which the first is composed of five sentences.which the first is composed of five sentences.
The first is a complex sentence, consists of aThe first is a complex sentence, consists of a
prepositional phrase with an object clauseprepositional phrase with an object clause
embedded, a main clause and an appositiveembedded, a main clause and an appositive
nominal phrase with an attributive clausenominal phrase with an attributive clause
embedded; the second is a complex sentence,embedded; the second is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an objectcomposed of a main clause and an object
clause; the third is again a complex sentence,clause; the third is again a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributivecomposed of a main clause and an attributive
clause;clause;
51. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
the fourth is also a complex sentence, composed of athe fourth is also a complex sentence, composed of a
main clause and a prepositional phrase with an objectmain clause and a prepositional phrase with an object
clause embedded, which in turn has an attributive clauseclause embedded, which in turn has an attributive clause
embedded at the end and between the precedent andembedded at the end and between the precedent and
the conjunction of the attributive clause, there is anthe conjunction of the attributive clause, there is an
adverbial clause in the form of a parenthesis and in theadverbial clause in the form of a parenthesis and in the
pattern ofpattern of whether…or notwhether…or not…; and the last is again a…; and the last is again a
complex sentence, composed of a main clause and ancomplex sentence, composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of reason, which in turn has anadverbial clause of reason, which in turn has an
attributive clause embedded beginning with theattributive clause embedded beginning with the
prepositionpreposition forfor..
52. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• The second paragraph also consists of fiveThe second paragraph also consists of five
sentences, of which the first is a complexsentences, of which the first is a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and asentence, composed of a main clause and a
nominal clause serving as the object of thenominal clause serving as the object of the
prepositionpreposition withwith; the second is also a complex; the second is also a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and ansentence, composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause; the third is again a complexattributive clause; the third is again a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and ansentence, composed of a main clause and an
appositive clause that immediately followsappositive clause that immediately follows thethe
factfact at the very beginning of the sentence, and atat the very beginning of the sentence, and at
the end of the sentence, there is anotherthe end of the sentence, there is another
nominal clause appositive to the wordnominal clause appositive to the word imageimage;;
53. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• the fourth is composed of a clause and athe fourth is composed of a clause and a
parenthetic adverbial clause of reason, and inparenthetic adverbial clause of reason, and in
this sense, the sentence can be regarded asthis sense, the sentence can be regarded as
complex in structure; and the last is still acomplex in structure; and the last is still a
complex sentence composed of a main clausecomplex sentence composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause. From the aboveand an attributive clause. From the above
analysis, we can say that all the sentences in theanalysis, we can say that all the sentences in the
selection are complex in structure withoutselection are complex in structure without
exception, although their complexities areexception, although their complexities are
realized in different ways.realized in different ways.
54. (2) Additional complication(2) Additional complication ::
• In the first paragraph, the first sentence begins with aIn the first paragraph, the first sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase; the second sentence begins withprepositional phrase; the second sentence begins with
an adverb; the third sentence again begins withan adverb; the third sentence again begins with
prepositional phrase; the fourth sentence has aprepositional phrase; the fourth sentence has a
parenthetic clause embedded in the form ofparenthetic clause embedded in the form of whether… orwhether… or
not …not …; and the last sentence does not present any; and the last sentence does not present any
additional complication. In the second paragraph, theadditional complication. In the second paragraph, the
first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; thefirst sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; the
second sentence has an unmarked parenthetic phrasesecond sentence has an unmarked parenthetic phrase
thereforetherefore embedded; in the third sentence, there are twoembedded; in the third sentence, there are two
parenthetic structures, one isparenthetic structures, one is for instancefor instance locatedlocated
betweenbetween ChinaChina andand developeddeveloped, and the other is in the, and the other is in the
form of the three coordinateform of the three coordinate with…with… phrases; the fourthphrases; the fourth
sentence also has a parenthetic structure embeddedsentence also has a parenthetic structure embedded
afterafter ChinaChina and beforeand before alonealone; and the last sentence does; and the last sentence does
not present any additional complication.not present any additional complication.
56. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ::
• In the first paragraph, the first fourIn the first paragraph, the first four
sentences are periodic in structure eithersentences are periodic in structure either
for the beginning with a prepositional or anfor the beginning with a prepositional or an
adverbial phrase or for the embedding of aadverbial phrase or for the embedding of a
parenthetic structure. In the secondparenthetic structure. In the second
paragraph, the first four sentences areparagraph, the first four sentences are
also periodic in structure for the samealso periodic in structure for the same
reason.reason.
57. (2) Structural complication(2) Structural complication ::
• The ten sentences in the selection areThe ten sentences in the selection are
all structurally complicated to some extent,all structurally complicated to some extent,
although the last sentence in each of thealthough the last sentence in each of the
two paragraphs does not present anytwo paragraphs does not present any
additional complication.additional complication.
58. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ::
• In the selection, parallel structures are frequentlyIn the selection, parallel structures are frequently
used, for example,used, for example, ChineseChinese andand EnglishEnglish;; ChineseChinese andand
WesternWestern;; whether these are followed by particularwhether these are followed by particular
translatorstranslators oror notnot;; cultureculture, or, or culturescultures;; with the translationwith the translation
of the Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to theof the Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to the
seventh centuries ADseventh centuries AD,, with the translation of thewith the translation of the
Christian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century ADChristian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD,,
andand with the translation of much Western thought andwith the translation of much Western thought and
literature starting in the nineteenth century ADliterature starting in the nineteenth century AD; and; and
showed no interest in the Othershowed no interest in the Other,, did not develop anydid not develop any
thinking about translationthinking about translation andand hardly translated anythinghardly translated anything
at allat all..
59. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ::
• In terms of cohesive device, examples couldIn terms of cohesive device, examples could
be found as follows: parallel structures arebe found as follows: parallel structures are
frequently used;frequently used; II,, translatingtranslating,, actualactual,, activityactivity,,
ChineseChinese,, translational practicetranslational practice,, processprocess,,
cultureculture and so on are repeated;and so on are repeated; productproduct isis
used as a partial repetition ofused as a partial repetition of productionproduction;;
receptionreception is used in contrast withis used in contrast with productionproduction;;
translationtranslation,, translatedtranslated,, translatingtranslating,, translationaltranslational
andand translatortranslator are used as cognates; and soare used as cognates; and so
on.on.
60. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ::
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, discussdiscuss,, activityactivity,, translatingtranslating,, actualactual,,
processprocess,, productionproduction,, translatedtranslated,, delimiteddelimited,,
languagelanguage,, considerconsider,, translationaltranslational,, practicepractice,,
traditiontradition,, integrateintegrate,, precedeprecede,, guidelineguideline,, followfollow,,
particularparticular,, translatortranslator,, productproduct,, translationtranslation,,
cultureculture,, receptionreception, and others., and others.
61. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
64. Comments:Comments:
• The difficulty that lies in the translation of theThe difficulty that lies in the translation of the
present selection is that in English, thepresent selection is that in English, the
difference betweendifference between translationtranslation andand translatingtranslating isis
apparent enough. However, in Chinese, it isapparent enough. However, in Chinese, it is
difficult for us to express such inflectional anddifficult for us to express such inflectional and
derivational differences by using thederivational differences by using the
corresponding terms. Another difficulty lies in thecorresponding terms. Another difficulty lies in the
translation of such terms astranslation of such terms as translationaltranslational
practicepractice,, the Otherthe Other, and so on. In the present, and so on. In the present
translation, we usetranslation, we use 翻译活动翻译活动 forfor activity ofactivity of
translatingtranslating;; 翻译的实践翻译的实践 forfor translational practicetranslational practice;;
andand 异质异质 forfor the Otherthe Other..
67. Comments:Comments:
• In producing the present translation, sentencesIn producing the present translation, sentences in thein the
previous translation are reorganized, for example,previous translation are reorganized, for example, 后面后面
我将不讨论翻译活动,不讨论生成译文文本的实际过程,我将不讨论翻译活动,不讨论生成译文文本的实际过程,
讨论将限于在英汉互译的范围之内讨论将限于在英汉互译的范围之内 ;; 相反,我将考虑中西相反,我将考虑中西
传统中的我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西传统中的我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西 ;; 这种实践先于翻这种实践先于翻
译指导原则译指导原则 ;; 翻译指导原则不管有关译者是否遵从,都是翻译指导原则不管有关译者是否遵从,都是
在一定的文化范围之内对翻译过程进行思考的产物在一定的文化范围之内对翻译过程进行思考的产物 ;; 翻译翻译
的实践也滞后于翻译过程,因为它在译入文化接受译文文的实践也滞后于翻译过程,因为它在译入文化接受译文文
本时发挥作用本时发挥作用 . In addition,. In addition, 他文化他文化 is used to substituteis used to substitute
forfor 异质异质 , taking into consideration that the book from, taking into consideration that the book from
which the selection is chosen is about constructingwhich the selection is chosen is about constructing
cultures.cultures.
70. Comments:Comments:
• In producing the present translation, changes areIn producing the present translation, changes are
constantly made. For example,constantly made. For example, 谋略谋略 is substituted foris substituted for 策策
略略 ;; 简言之简言之 is substituted foris substituted for 总之总之 ;; 一方面一方面 ,, 另一方面另一方面 ,,
漫长的漫长的 andand 只有过三度只有过三度 are inserted for the clarity ofare inserted for the clarity of
ideas. In addition, such sentences as follows are resultsideas. In addition, such sentences as follows are results
of reorganization:of reorganization: 后面我不再讨论翻译行动,不再在英汉后面我不再讨论翻译行动,不再在英汉
互译范围内讨论生成译文文本的实际过程互译范围内讨论生成译文文本的实际过程 ;; 或者说,我将或者说,我将
在中西传统框架内,思考我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西在中西传统框架内,思考我称之为“翻译的实践”的东西 ;;
换言之,中国人认为,异文化并非举足轻重换言之,中国人认为,异文化并非举足轻重 ;; 人们曾错误人们曾错误
地认为,在这个问题上,中国是绝无仅有地认为,在这个问题上,中国是绝无仅有 ;; 其实不然,古其实不然,古
希腊更为典型。古希腊对异文化毫无兴致,没有思考过翻希腊更为典型。古希腊对异文化毫无兴致,没有思考过翻
译问题,也没有翻译过什么作品译问题,也没有翻译过什么作品 ..
71. Original 84:Original 84:
• The object of the majority of translations that areThe object of the majority of translations that are
produced in our day and age is the communication ofproduced in our day and age is the communication of
information, be it about computers, cars, infusion pumps,information, be it about computers, cars, infusion pumps,
and the like. The object of other translations – and theyand the like. The object of other translations – and they
are a minority now, though they may not always haveare a minority now, though they may not always have
been – is the circulation of cultural capital. The differencebeen – is the circulation of cultural capital. The difference
between information and the cultural capital, in the sensebetween information and the cultural capital, in the sense
in which the latter term has been introduced by Pierrein which the latter term has been introduced by Pierre
Bourdieu, could be succinctly formulated as follows:Bourdieu, could be succinctly formulated as follows:
information is what you need to function on theinformation is what you need to function on the
professional level, whereas cultural capital is what youprofessional level, whereas cultural capital is what you
need to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in theneed to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in the
society in which you live.society in which you live.
72. Original 84 (continued):Original 84 (continued):
• The object of a third type of translations could be said toThe object of a third type of translations could be said to
be situated on the level of entertainment: novels arebe situated on the level of entertainment: novels are
translated, movies dubbed or subtitled, whereas thetranslated, movies dubbed or subtitled, whereas the
object of a fourth type of translations could be said to tryobject of a fourth type of translations could be said to try
to persuade the reader to adopt some course of action,to persuade the reader to adopt some course of action,
as opposed to another. This rough distinction betweenas opposed to another. This rough distinction between
four types of translation is predicated on the existencefour types of translation is predicated on the existence
of, roughly, four types of texts. It is much tooof, roughly, four types of texts. It is much too
rudimentary, of course, not least because many textsrudimentary, of course, not least because many texts
that convey information or try to persuade also try to dothat convey information or try to persuade also try to do
so in a somewhat entertaining manner, whereas manyso in a somewhat entertaining manner, whereas many
texts that are primarily produced to providetexts that are primarily produced to provide
entertainment can also be said to provide informationentertainment can also be said to provide information
and, at times, to succeed in persuading.and, at times, to succeed in persuading.
• (Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 41)(Bassnett and Lefevere, 2000: 41)
73. 1) Analysis of the original:1) Analysis of the original:
• A) Grammatical analysisA) Grammatical analysis
• B) Stylistic analysisB) Stylistic analysis
75. (1) Sentence structure(1) Sentence structure ::
• The selection consists of two paragraphs,The selection consists of two paragraphs,
each of which is composed of three sentences.each of which is composed of three sentences.
In the first paragraph, the first is a complexIn the first paragraph, the first is a complex
sentence, composed of a main clause and ansentence, composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of concession, and the subjectadverbial clause of concession, and the subject
of the main clause has an attributive clauseof the main clause has an attributive clause
embedded; the second sentence is composed ofembedded; the second sentence is composed of
a clause, in the subject of which there is aa clause, in the subject of which there is a
parenthetic complex clause embedded,parenthetic complex clause embedded,
composed of a main clause and an adverbialcomposed of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of concession, and so the sentence canclause of concession, and so the sentence can
be regarded as a complex sentence;be regarded as a complex sentence;
76. Sentence structureSentence structure
(continued)(continued) ::
• and the third is a compound complex sentence,and the third is a compound complex sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses connected by thecomposed of two coordinate clauses connected by the
colon; the first coordinate clause is complex in structure,colon; the first coordinate clause is complex in structure,
consisting of a main clause and an attributive clauseconsisting of a main clause and an attributive clause
immediately with a prepositional phrase located inimmediately with a prepositional phrase located in
between, which has an attributive clause embeddedbetween, which has an attributive clause embedded
beginning with the prepositionbeginning with the preposition inin; and the second; and the second
coordinate clause is compound in structure, composedcoordinate clause is compound in structure, composed
of two coordinate clauses connected byof two coordinate clauses connected by whereaswhereas; and in; and in
each of the two, the predicative is itself a nominal clauseeach of the two, the predicative is itself a nominal clause
although the second predicative clause has an attributivealthough the second predicative clause has an attributive
clause embedded beginning with the prepositionclause embedded beginning with the preposition inin..
77. Sentence structure (continued):Sentence structure (continued):
• In the second paragraph, the first is a compoundIn the second paragraph, the first is a compound
sentence, composed of two coordinate clauses, the firstsentence, composed of two coordinate clauses, the first
of which is a compound clause, composed of fourof which is a compound clause, composed of four
clauses with the last three in coordination with the firstclauses with the last three in coordination with the first
on the one hand and with each other on the other; andon the one hand and with each other on the other; and
the second coordinate clause of the sentence has anthe second coordinate clause of the sentence has an
elliptic attributive clause embedded at the very end. Theelliptic attributive clause embedded at the very end. The
second is actually a simple sentence while the third is asecond is actually a simple sentence while the third is a
complex sentence, composed of a main clause and ancomplex sentence, composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of reason, which is composed of twoadverbial clause of reason, which is composed of two
coordinate clauses connected bycoordinate clauses connected by whereaswhereas, and in either, and in either
subject of the two clauses, there is an attributive clausesubject of the two clauses, there is an attributive clause
embedded.embedded.
78. (2) Additional complication:(2) Additional complication:
• In the first paragraph, the adverbial clause ofIn the first paragraph, the adverbial clause of
concession in the first sentence is in an inverted orderconcession in the first sentence is in an inverted order
and the predicate verb is in the form of an infinitive, andand the predicate verb is in the form of an infinitive, and
the inversion and the use of infinitive are both motivatedthe inversion and the use of infinitive are both motivated
by the omission of the conjunctionby the omission of the conjunction whetherwhether. The second. The second
sentence, as mentioned before, contains a parentheticsentence, as mentioned before, contains a parenthetic
complex clause between the two dashes; and thecomplex clause between the two dashes; and the
prepositional phrase together with the object clause is inprepositional phrase together with the object clause is in
the structure of a parenthesis. In the second sentence ofthe structure of a parenthesis. In the second sentence of
the second paragraph, there is a short parentheticthe second paragraph, there is a short parenthetic
structure; and in the third sentence, there are two shortstructure; and in the third sentence, there are two short
parenthetic structures.parenthetic structures.
80. (1) Periodicity(1) Periodicity ::
• In the first paragraph, the first is a looseIn the first paragraph, the first is a loose
sentence; the second is a periodic sentence forsentence; the second is a periodic sentence for
the embedding of the parenthetic complexthe embedding of the parenthetic complex
clause; the third is also a periodic sentence forclause; the third is also a periodic sentence for
the embedding the parenthetic prepositionalthe embedding the parenthetic prepositional
phrase together with the embedded clause. Inphrase together with the embedded clause. In
the second paragraph, the first is a loosethe second paragraph, the first is a loose
sentence and the other two are periodicsentence and the other two are periodic
sentences for the embedding of parentheticsentences for the embedding of parenthetic
structures, short as they are.structures, short as they are.
81. (2) Structural complication(2) Structural complication ::
• The selection is complicated inThe selection is complicated in
sentence structure because of the sixsentence structure because of the six
sentences, only one of them is simple insentences, only one of them is simple in
structure and all the others are eitherstructure and all the others are either
complex or compound or complexcomplex or compound or complex
compound or compound complexcompound or compound complex
sentences. However, even that simplesentences. However, even that simple
sentence has a short parenthetic structuresentence has a short parenthetic structure
embedded.embedded.
82. (3) Parallel structure(3) Parallel structure ::
• In the selection, parallel structures are frequentlyIn the selection, parallel structures are frequently
used, for example,used, for example, dayday andand ageage;; computerscomputers,, carscars,,
infusion pumpsinfusion pumps, and, and the likethe like;; informationinformation andand the culturalthe cultural
capitalcapital;; information is what you need to function on theinformation is what you need to function on the
professional levelprofessional level,, whereas cultural capital is what youwhereas cultural capital is what you
need to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in theneed to be seen to belong to the ‘right circles’ in the
society in which you livesociety in which you live;; novels arenovels are translatedtranslated,, moviesmovies
dubbeddubbed oror subtitledsubtitled;; the object of a third type ofthe object of a third type of
translations…translations…,, whereas the object of a fourth type ofwhereas the object of a fourth type of
translationstranslations…; and…; and many texts that convey information ormany texts that convey information or
try to persuade…try to persuade…,, whereas many texts that are primarilywhereas many texts that are primarily
produced to provide entertainmentproduced to provide entertainment……
83. (4) Cohesive device(4) Cohesive device ::
• In terms of cohesive device, examples couldIn terms of cohesive device, examples could
be found as follows: parallel structures arebe found as follows: parallel structures are
frequently used; the object of the majority offrequently used; the object of the majority of
translations, the object of other translations, thetranslations, the object of other translations, the
object of a third type of translations and theobject of a third type of translations and the
object of a fourth type of translations are used inobject of a fourth type of translations are used in
series; the classification of translations into fourseries; the classification of translations into four
categories is based on the existence of fourcategories is based on the existence of four
types of texts;types of texts; computerscomputers,, carscars,, infusion pumpsinfusion pumps,,
andand the likethe like are concerned with translation forare concerned with translation for
communication of information;communication of information;
84. Cohesive device (continued)Cohesive device (continued) ::
• such key terms assuch key terms as objectobject,, translationtranslation,, typetype,,
informationinformation andand cultural capitalcultural capital are repeatedlyare repeatedly
used;used; the ‘right circles’the ‘right circles’ in societyin society is used inis used in
contrast withcontrast with the professional levelthe professional level; in the clause; in the clause
novels are translated, movies dubbed ornovels are translated, movies dubbed or
subtitledsubtitled, it is implied that, it is implied that dubbingdubbing andand subtitlingsubtitling
are two categories ofare two categories of translationtranslation;; persuadingpersuading isis
used in contrast withused in contrast with entertainingentertaining, and in, and in
contrast withcontrast with communication of informationcommunication of information andand
circulation of cultural capitalcirculation of cultural capital, and so on., and so on.
85. (5) Structural and lexical(5) Structural and lexical
formalityformality ::
• Structurally, the selection is formal in that theStructurally, the selection is formal in that the
sentences the selection is composed of aresentences the selection is composed of are
grammatically complete and free from colloquialgrammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures. Lexically, formal words, includingstructures. Lexically, formal words, including
nominalizations, are frequently used, fornominalizations, are frequently used, for
example,example, objectobject,, majoritymajority,, translationtranslation,, produceproduce,,
communicationcommunication,, informationinformation,, computercomputer,, infusioninfusion,,
minorityminority,, circulationcirculation,, culturalcultural,, capitalcapital,, differencedifference,,
introduceintroduce,, succinctlysuccinctly,, formulateformulate,, followfollow,, functionfunction,,
professionalprofessional,, circlecircle,, societysociety, and many others., and many others.
86. 2) Staged translation:2) Staged translation:
• A. Translation 1 with commentsA. Translation 1 with comments
• B. Translation 2 with commentsB. Translation 2 with comments
• C. Translation 3 with commentsC. Translation 3 with comments
89. Comments:Comments:
• By following the original strictly, we have produced aBy following the original strictly, we have produced a
translation somewhat readable, coherent and authentic.translation somewhat readable, coherent and authentic.
One of the special techniques used is that theOne of the special techniques used is that the
parenthetic structure concerned with the introduction ofparenthetic structure concerned with the introduction of
cultural capital is not placed in brackets, but it is stillcultural capital is not placed in brackets, but it is still
parenthetic in nature. However, some sentences in theparenthetic in nature. However, some sentences in the
translation are too long, for example,translation are too long, for example, 而文化资本是你所而文化资本是你所
需要的、可以看成是属于你所生活的社会中的特定界别的需要的、可以看成是属于你所生活的社会中的特定界别的
东西东西 andand 因为至少许多传递信息或旨在劝说的译作也以因为至少许多传递信息或旨在劝说的译作也以
某种方式寓信息或劝说与娱乐于其中而进行的某种方式寓信息或劝说与娱乐于其中而进行的 ..
92. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, the first sentence inIn the present translation, the first sentence in
the previous translation is reorganized;the previous translation is reorganized; 传输传输 isis
now used in collocation withnow used in collocation with 文化资本文化资本 ;; 信息是信息是
职业层面所需要的,而通过文化资本可以判别你职业层面所需要的,而通过文化资本可以判别你
属于你所生活的社会的哪个“适当的团体”属于你所生活的社会的哪个“适当的团体” andand 不不
仅因为许多旨在传输信息或劝说他人的文本也以仅因为许多旨在传输信息或劝说他人的文本也以
某种娱乐的方式交流信息或进行劝说某种娱乐的方式交流信息或进行劝说 areare
retranslations; the parenthetic structure in theretranslations; the parenthetic structure in the
original has now become part of the text, and sooriginal has now become part of the text, and so
on.on.
95. Comments:Comments:
• In the present translation, authentic ChineseIn the present translation, authentic Chinese
terms are frequently used, for example,terms are frequently used, for example, 现在现在 ;;
压倒多数压倒多数 ;; 数量上已不占优势数量上已不占优势 ;; 也曾有过辉煌也曾有过辉煌 ;;
人际层面人际层面 ;; 用以判别用以判别 ;; 寓娱乐于其中寓娱乐于其中 , and so on., and so on.
In addition,In addition, 都属于此类都属于此类 is an addition foris an addition for
authenticity and coherence. Consequently, theauthenticity and coherence. Consequently, the
translation, with improved readability, coherencetranslation, with improved readability, coherence
and authenticity, sounds more like Chineseand authenticity, sounds more like Chinese
writing.writing.
96. Original 85:Original 85:
• For two thousand years translation theoryFor two thousand years translation theory
(some call it “traditional,” others now dismiss it(some call it “traditional,” others now dismiss it
as “prescientific”) was concerned only withas “prescientific”) was concerned only with
outstanding works of art. For the last forty yearsoutstanding works of art. For the last forty years
“translation science,” or translatology, has been“translation science,” or translatology, has been
trying to establish itself as a new disciplinetrying to establish itself as a new discipline
focusing on an undefined and idealizedfocusing on an undefined and idealized
“common core” of general language, but with“common core” of general language, but with
concepts that in effect apply only to technicalconcepts that in effect apply only to technical
terminology. Literary language was excluded asterminology. Literary language was excluded as
being “deviant,” inaccessible to scientificbeing “deviant,” inaccessible to scientific
analysis.analysis.