5.1.a Contrast the functions of the DNA and protein components of chromosomes. 5.1.b Explain why biologists initially thought that proteins were the most likely carriers of genetic information. 5.1.c Describe how, experimentally, researchers demonstrated that DNA carries genetic information. 5.1.d Distinguish between the bonds that link together the subunits in a single strand of DNA and those that hold together the two strands in a DNA double helix, and summarize how these bonds affect the behavior of the DNA molecule. 5.1.e Describe complementary base-pairing and explain how this arrangement gives rise to the twisting, consistently proportioned, double helical structure of DNA. 5.1.f Describe the chemical differences that dictate the polarity of a DNA strand. 5.1.g Explain how the structure of DNA carries information for producing proteins. 5.1.h Explain how the structure of DNA suggests a mechanism by which genetic information can be copied. THE STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES 5.2.a Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes in terms of structure and specialized sequence elements. 5.2.b Describe how human chromosomes can be distinguished from one another and how such information can be of value. 5.2.c Recall how many molecules of DNA are in each eukaryotic chromosome. 5.2.d Describe a full complement of human chromosomes in a diploid somatic cell, including sex chromosomes. 5.2.e Define the terms "gene" and "genome." 5.2.f Describe the relationship among gene number, genome size, and organismal complexity. 5.2.g Explain why much "junk DNA" is thought to serve a biological function. 5.2.h Compare the roles played by centromeres, telomeres, and replication origins. 5.2.i Explain the organization and attachments that keep interphase chromosomes from becoming extensively entangled. 5.2.j Describe the structure and function of the nucleolus. 5.2.k Contrast the extents of compression in interphase and mitotic chromosomes. 5.2.l Compare the roles played by non-histone proteins and histone proteins (including histone H1) in the packaging of chromatin. 5.2.m Distinguish between a nucleosome and a nucleosome core particle. 5.2.n Explain how histone proteins are able to bind tightly to DNA. THE REGULATION OF CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 5.3.a Explain how chromatin-remodeling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes regulate the accessibility of DNA. 5.3.b Explain why a cell might decondense a particular segment of DNA. 5.3.c Contrast euchromatin and heterochromatin in terms of structure, gene activity, and location along an interphase chromosome. 5.3.d Explain how heterochromatin is established and spreads. 5.3.e Explain how heterochromatin participates in gene silencing and provide an example..

1. 5.1.a Contrast the functions of the DNA and protein components of chromosomes.
5.1.b Explain why biologists initially thought that proteins were the most likely carriers of
genetic information.
5.1.c Describe how, experimentally, researchers demonstrated that DNA carries genetic
information.
5.1.d Distinguish between the bonds that link together the subunits in a single strand of DNA and
those that hold together the two strands in a DNA double helix, and summarize how these bonds
affect the behavior of the DNA molecule.
5.1.e Describe complementary base-pairing and explain how this arrangement gives rise to the
twisting, consistently proportioned, double helical structure of DNA.
5.1.f Describe the chemical differences that dictate the polarity of a DNA strand.
5.1.g Explain how the structure of DNA carries information for producing proteins.
5.1.h Explain how the structure of DNA suggests a mechanism by which genetic information can
be copied.
THE STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
5.2.a Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes in terms of structure and specialized
sequence elements.
5.2.b Describe how human chromosomes can be distinguished from one another and how such
information can be of value.
5.2.c Recall how many molecules of DNA are in each eukaryotic chromosome.
5.2.d Describe a full complement of human chromosomes in a diploid somatic cell, including sex
chromosomes.
5.2.e Define the terms "gene" and "genome."
5.2.f Describe the relationship among gene number, genome size, and organismal complexity.
5.2.g Explain why much "junk DNA" is thought to serve a biological function.
5.2.h Compare the roles played by centromeres, telomeres, and replication origins.
5.2.i Explain the organization and attachments that keep interphase chromosomes from
becoming extensively entangled.
5.2.j Describe the structure and function of the nucleolus.
5.2.k Contrast the extents of compression in interphase and mitotic chromosomes.
5.2.l Compare the roles played by non-histone proteins and histone proteins (including histone
H1) in the packaging of chromatin.
5.2.m Distinguish between a nucleosome and a nucleosome core particle.
5.2.n Explain how histone proteins are able to bind tightly to DNA.
THE REGULATION OF CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE

2. 5.3.a Explain how chromatin-remodeling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes regulate
the accessibility of DNA.
5.3.b Explain why a cell might decondense a particular segment of DNA.
5.3.c Contrast euchromatin and heterochromatin in terms of structure, gene activity, and location
along an interphase chromosome.
5.3.d Explain how heterochromatin is established and spreads.
5.3.e Explain how heterochromatin participates in gene silencing and provide an example.