1. Cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 play a key role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by promoting inflammation and interactions between immune cells like macrophages, T cells, B cells, neutrophils, and synovial fibroblasts.
2. These cytokines activate cells to produce more inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix-degrading enzymes that lead to synovial hyperplasia, cartilage and bone destruction, and joint deformation.
3. In rheumatoid arthritis, macrophages, T cells, B cells, and synovial fibroblasts accumulate in the synovium and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote further inflammation and pannus formation, resulting in loss of
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
Given the high and rising figures of people with osteoarthritis, knowledge of new factors defining course and evolution of the disease are important, when considering new pharmacological targets. IL-1 is a very important cytokine in the early steps
of osteoarthritis, giving the high sensitivity of the chondrocytes to this cytokine, and it can be considered the bridge allowing the dialogue between the different structures of the articulation, in such a way that the cartilage is not the only tissue affected in OA. IL-1 increases the destruction of the extracellular matrix of the cartilage increasing the collagenolytic activity of metalloproteases, increasing activity of nytric oxide ON, wich can induce apoptosis of chondrocytes. Interestingly, IL-1 further induces changes in the homeostasis of the cartilage, lessening activity of growth factors, such as TGF-beta.
A brief description of all topics to recent advances,SDD, host modulation and diabetes, host modulation in smokers, chemically modified tetracyclines, bisphosphonates
Given the high and rising figures of people with osteoarthritis, knowledge of new factors defining course and evolution of the disease are important, when considering new pharmacological targets. IL-1 is a very important cytokine in the early steps
of osteoarthritis, giving the high sensitivity of the chondrocytes to this cytokine, and it can be considered the bridge allowing the dialogue between the different structures of the articulation, in such a way that the cartilage is not the only tissue affected in OA. IL-1 increases the destruction of the extracellular matrix of the cartilage increasing the collagenolytic activity of metalloproteases, increasing activity of nytric oxide ON, wich can induce apoptosis of chondrocytes. Interestingly, IL-1 further induces changes in the homeostasis of the cartilage, lessening activity of growth factors, such as TGF-beta.
“A chronic and autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of the synovial joints”
Has a symmetrical bilateral effect on joints.
Results in joint deformity and immobilization.
Multiple factors increase one’s risk.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disease, characterized by periods of disease flare and remissions.
inflammation and wound repair, Inflammation in physiological wound
repair: cell lineages, functions, and mediators, Inflammation directs the quality of tissue repair, Excess inflammation associated with impaired wound healing, Chronic inflammation associated with malignant progression in chronic wounds
TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr Bashir ahmed dar associate professor medicine chinkipora sopore kashmir presently working in medical college malaysia describes rheumatoid arthritis which is a autoimmune disorder in which Immune system identifies the synovial membrane as "foreign" and begins attacking it.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPO...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr Bashir ahmed dar associate professor medicine chinkipora sopore kashmir presently working in medical college malaysia describes rheumatoid arthritis which is a autoimmune disorder in which Immune system identifies the synovial membrane as "foreign" and begins attacking it.
Wound healing is a highly dynamic process and involves complex interactions of extracellular matrix molecules, soluble mediators, various resident cells, and infiltrating leukocyte subtypes.
The study on anatomy, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment of osteoarthritisSriramNagarajan16
The review is to describe the osteoarthritis epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors causing
osteoarthritis are also explained and treatment of osteoarthritis. Knee and hip are weight bearing joints are
mostly affected. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a condition characterized by the progressive destruction of the
cartilage and review tried to explain the stages of the knee and treatment for knee and describe the t otal knee
replacement. The goal of treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee include reduce pain and inflammation and
update treatment also explained.
Today’s standard implants are titanium screws
There are numerous variables that distinguish the implants. For example, titanium can be of various grades, and titanium alloys containing aluminum and vanadium or zirconium are also available.
Moreover, implants made of zirconium dioxide (zirconia) have entered the market; they have actually experienced a revival [6,7].
The implant surface can have a rather smooth, turned surface, or a moderately rough surface—combinations of both are also possible
Dental implants exist in numerous geometries including short length [10,11] and small diameter
Moreover, implants can be cylindrical or have the conic shape of a tapered implant
In addition, dental implants have an internal fixation system for prosthetic components, the abutment.
The standard is the two-piece implant, consisting of the dental implant and the abutment; the latter holds the prosthodontic restoration.
There are even more variables that are considered relevant for osseointegration, such as the surgical approach and the local “quality” of the alveolar bone
“A chronic and autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of the synovial joints”
Has a symmetrical bilateral effect on joints.
Results in joint deformity and immobilization.
Multiple factors increase one’s risk.
Rheumatoid Arthritis is a chronic disease, characterized by periods of disease flare and remissions.
inflammation and wound repair, Inflammation in physiological wound
repair: cell lineages, functions, and mediators, Inflammation directs the quality of tissue repair, Excess inflammation associated with impaired wound healing, Chronic inflammation associated with malignant progression in chronic wounds
TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr Bashir ahmed dar associate professor medicine chinkipora sopore kashmir presently working in medical college malaysia describes rheumatoid arthritis which is a autoimmune disorder in which Immune system identifies the synovial membrane as "foreign" and begins attacking it.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPO...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr Bashir ahmed dar associate professor medicine chinkipora sopore kashmir presently working in medical college malaysia describes rheumatoid arthritis which is a autoimmune disorder in which Immune system identifies the synovial membrane as "foreign" and begins attacking it.
Wound healing is a highly dynamic process and involves complex interactions of extracellular matrix molecules, soluble mediators, various resident cells, and infiltrating leukocyte subtypes.
The study on anatomy, risk factors, pathophysiology, treatment of osteoarthritisSriramNagarajan16
The review is to describe the osteoarthritis epidemiology, anatomy, pathophysiology, risk factors causing
osteoarthritis are also explained and treatment of osteoarthritis. Knee and hip are weight bearing joints are
mostly affected. Osteoarthritis of the knee is a condition characterized by the progressive destruction of the
cartilage and review tried to explain the stages of the knee and treatment for knee and describe the t otal knee
replacement. The goal of treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee include reduce pain and inflammation and
update treatment also explained.
Today’s standard implants are titanium screws
There are numerous variables that distinguish the implants. For example, titanium can be of various grades, and titanium alloys containing aluminum and vanadium or zirconium are also available.
Moreover, implants made of zirconium dioxide (zirconia) have entered the market; they have actually experienced a revival [6,7].
The implant surface can have a rather smooth, turned surface, or a moderately rough surface—combinations of both are also possible
Dental implants exist in numerous geometries including short length [10,11] and small diameter
Moreover, implants can be cylindrical or have the conic shape of a tapered implant
In addition, dental implants have an internal fixation system for prosthetic components, the abutment.
The standard is the two-piece implant, consisting of the dental implant and the abutment; the latter holds the prosthodontic restoration.
There are even more variables that are considered relevant for osseointegration, such as the surgical approach and the local “quality” of the alveolar bone
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
1. *Corresponding Author: Vidit Minda, Email: vidit.minda02@gmail.com
ISSN 0976 – 3333
REVIEW ARTICLE
ICLE
Available Online at www.ijpba.info
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2017; 8(6): 31-36
Role of Cytokines in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
*Vidit Minda
*School of Pharmacy, DAVV, Indore (M.P.) India
Received 10 Sep 2017; Revised 15 Oct 2017; Accepted 11 Nov 2017
ABSTRACT
Rheumatoid arthritis has multi factorial pathogenesis synovial hyperplasia and joint deformation is a
striking characteristic of RA patients. The synovium thickens, and the joint becomes swollen and
painful. In arthritis, macrophages accumulate in the synovial membrane and at the cartilage-pannus
junction. Macrophages can be activated by several factors expressed in arthritic joint. Neutrophil
normally function as a first line of defence against invading pathogens. In a joint affected by RA,
neutrophils are the most abundant cellular infiltrators constituting about 90% of the cells found in
synovial fluid. Cytokines are small, short-lived proteins that have a key role in integrating responses
to a variety of stimuli in immune and inflammatory processes. Binding of their cognate receptors on
target cells is followed by activation of enzymes involved in a variety of intracellular signalling
cascades that ultimately modulate the genetic cellular response to the particular ligand.
Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Cytokines, Pannus Formation.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis has multi factorial
pathogenesis synovial hyperplasia and joint
deformation is a striking characteristic of RA
patients. The synovium thickens, and the joint
becomes swollen and painful. The normally
hypo cellular synovium becomes infiltrated
with immune cells (T cells, B cells,
macrophages, and neutrophils). Mononuclear
cells infiltrating the joint produce large
quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines that
induce further synoviocytes activation and
proliferation leading to pannus formation.
Pannus is a hyperplasic membrane of
synoviocytes that invades the tissues and targets
the underlying bone and cartilage. Further
production of matrix-degrading enzymes results
in the loss of cartilage and the formation of
osteoclasts. In RA, joint destruction is
irreversible. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone, and
cause release of proteolytic enzymes, such as
metalloproteinase, aggrecanases, and Cathepsin.
These in turn are responsible for further
destruction of extracellular matrix constituents,
including bone and cartilage proteoglycans. As
a result of this, cartilage and bone lose their
normal architecture and function, which leads to
joint deformation, instability, pain, and severe
inflammation. Also the synovial fluid, which is
normally a cellular, becomes highly infiltrated
with cells predominantly with neutrophils. All
these changes result in reduced functioning of
the joint accompanied by pain and stiffness
(Goronzy & Weyand, 2009).
Cellular mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis
Macrophage:
Macrophages are the key participants in many
inflammatory responses. They are professional
antigen presenting cells activating T cells
through antigen presentation and co-stimulatory
molecules. In arthritis, macrophages accumulate
in the synovial membrane and at the cartilage-
pannus junction. Macrophages can be activated
by several factors expressed in arthritic joint.
For example, macrophages can be activated by
the IFN-g produced by Th1 lymphocytes in RA
joints (Hu, X et al., 2002). Macrophage
activation can also result from direct cell–cell
contact with T cells. Activated macrophages in
RA synovial tissue produce high levels of
cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-
1b (IL-1b), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-
α), IL-6, IL-8, granulocyte or macrophage