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Dr. Hem Chander

Millet

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A leaf is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system A leaf is made up of three main parts: the blade (lamina), the petiole (leaf stalk), and the stipules. The blade is the flat, green surface of the leaf, and is made up of veins and veinlets. The petiole is a long, thin stalk that connects the blade to the stem. The stipules are two small leaf-like structures located on either side of the petiole base.

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Presenter: Andrew Schroeder, PhD. Project Manager & Senior Data Curator, 4D Nucleome Data Coordination and Integration Center (4DN-DCIC), Park Lab, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School Abstract The Common Fund 4D Nucleome program, currently in its 9th year, is a consortium of researchers that aims to understand the principles behind the three-dimensional organization of the nucleus and how this organization can change over time to affect a variety of cellular processes. The 4DN Data Portal (data.4dnucleome.org) is an expanding resource hosting data generated by the 4DN Network and other reference nucleomics data sets. The portal provides tools for search, exploration, visualization, and download. An overview of the data portal, highlighting available data, how it can be found, visualized and used for analyses will be presented. The top 3 key questions that the 4DN data portal can answer: 1. Are there significant sites of long-range chromatin contacts near my gene or region of interest? 2. What omics datasets are available for my tissue of interest? 3. Are there imaging datasets available that are relevant to my tissue of interest? Upcoming webinars schedule: https://dknet.org/about/webinar

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Heat units, also known as growing degree days (GDD), are a crucial concept in plant physiology and agricultural science, providing a measure of heat accumulation used to predict plant development rates and stages. This measure is particularly useful in understanding and forecasting the growth phases of plants, such as flowering, fruiting, and maturity, which are temperature-dependent. Key points on the importance of heat units in plant physiology include: Predicting Phenological Events: Heat units help predict significant events in a plant’s life cycle, such as germination, flowering, and harvest times. This is vital for farmers and gardeners to optimize planting schedules and manage crop cycles efficiently. Agricultural Planning: By calculating GDDs, agriculturists can decide the best times for planting, irrigating, applying fertilizers, and controlling pests. This can lead to better crop yields and improved management of resources. Varietal Selection: Different plant varieties have specific heat unit requirements. Understanding these requirements helps in selecting the right varieties for a particular climatic zone, thus maximizing productivity and sustainability. Climate Change Adaptation: Monitoring heat units over time can provide insights into shifting climate patterns and help in developing strategies to adapt agricultural practices to changing environmental conditions. Research and Breeding: In plant breeding, heat unit data can help in developing varieties with desired traits such as drought tolerance or shortened growing periods, which are particularly valuable in regions facing climatic stresses.

Heat Units in plant physiology and the importance of Growing Degree days

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Warming the Earth's Atmosphere: Causes, Effects, and Solutions The phenomenon of atmospheric warming, commonly referred to as global warming or climate change, has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. It is primarily driven by human activities that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to significant and potentially irreversible changes in climate patterns. This essay explores the causes, effects, and potential solutions to this critical issue. Causes of Atmospheric Warming The primary cause of atmospheric warming is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. The most significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and fluorinated gases. Human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have dramatically increased the levels of these gases. Key contributors include: Burning of Fossil Fuels: The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy and transportation is the largest source of CO₂ emissions. Deforestation: Trees absorb CO₂, and large-scale deforestation reduces the planet's capacity to absorb this greenhouse gas, while the burning and decomposition of trees release additional CO₂. Agriculture: Agricultural practices, such as livestock farming, produce significant amounts of methane and nitrous oxide. Industrial Processes: Various industrial activities release GHGs, including the production of cement, steel, and chemicals. Effects of Atmospheric Warming The impacts of atmospheric warming are profound and widespread, affecting natural ecosystems and human societies globally. Some of the most significant effects include: Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have increased, leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves. This can result in health problems, reduced agricultural yields, and increased energy demand. Melting Polar Ice and Glaciers: Higher temperatures cause the melting of ice in polar regions and glaciers, contributing to sea level rise. This threatens coastal communities with increased flooding and erosion. Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess CO₂ by the oceans leads to acidification, which adversely affects marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons. Extreme Weather Events: There is an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall. These events can cause significant damage to infrastructure, disrupt food and water supplies, and displace populations. Ecosystem Disruption: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter habitats and affect biodiversity, leading to shifts in species distributions and the potential extinction of vulnerable species. Solutions to Mitigate Atmospheric Warming Addressing atmospheric warming requires a multi-faceted approach that combines mitigat

Warming the earth and the atmosphere.pptx

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment. Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment. Influenza spreads easily between people when they cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the disease. Symptoms of influenza include acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and fatigue. Treatment should aim to relieve symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people will recover on their own within a week. Medical care may be needed in severe cases and for people with risk factors. There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and replaced the previous A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance. Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.

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Using deep archival observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we present an analysis of linear X-ray-emitting features located within the southern portion of the Galactic center chimney, and oriented orthogonal to the Galactic plane, centered at coordinates l = 0.08◦ , b = −1.42◦ . The surface brightness and hardness ratio patterns are suggestive of a cylindrical morphology which may have been produced by a plasma outflow channel extending from the Galactic center. Our fits of the feature’s spectra favor a complex two-component model consisting of thermal and recombining plasma components, possibly a sign of shock compression or heating of the interstellar medium by outflowing material. Assuming a recombining plasma scenario, we further estimate the cooling timescale of this plasma to be on the order of a few hundred to thousands of years, leading us to speculate that a sequence of accretion events onto the Galactic Black Hole may be a plausible quasi-continuous energy source to sustain the observed morphology

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Marine and terrestrial biogeochemical models are key components of the Earth System Models (ESMs) used toproject future environmental changes. However, their slow adjustment time also hinders effective use of ESMsbecause of the enormous computational resources required to integrate them to a pre-industrial equilibrium. Here,a solution to this "spin-up" problem based on "sequence acceleration", is shown to accelerate equilibration of state-of-the-art marine biogeochemical models by over an order of magnitude. The technique can be applied in a "blackbox" fashion to existing models. Even under the challenging spin-up protocols used for Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change (IPCC) simulations, this algorithm is 5 times faster. Preliminary results suggest that terrestrialmodels can be similarly accelerated, enabling a quantification of major parametric uncertainties in ESMs, improvedestimates of metrics such as climate sensitivity, and higher model resolution than currently feasible.

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5. Millets.pdf

1. Brief account of Millets By Hem Chander Assistant Professor (Botany) Career Point University Hamirpur (HP) 176041 hemchander78@gmail.com

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