4 Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indiana Business Research Center
The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and
How Does It Work?
tiMothy F. Slaper, Ph.D.: Director of Economic Analysis, Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of
Business
tanya J. hall: Economic Research Analyst, Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business
S
ustainability has been an
often mentioned goal of
businesses, nonprofits and
governments in the past decade, yet
measuring the degree to which an
organization is being sustainable or
pursuing sustainable growth can be
difficult.
John Elkington strove to measure
sustainability during the mid-1990s
by encompassing a new framework
to measure performance in
corporate America.1 This accounting
framework, called the triple
bottom line (TBL), went beyond the
traditional measures of profits, return
on investment, and shareholder
value to include environmental and
social dimensions. By focusing on
comprehensive investment results—
that is, with respect to performance
along the interrelated dimensions
of profits, people and the planet—
triple bottom line reporting can
be an important tool to support
sustainability goals.
Interest in triple bottom line
accounting has been growing across
for-profit, nonprofit and government
sectors. Many businesses and
nonprofit organizations have adopted
the TBL sustainability framework to
evaluate their performance, and a
similar approach has gained currency
with governments at the federal, state
and local levels.
This article reviews the TBL
concept, explains how it can be useful
for businesses, policy-makers and
economic development practitioners
and highlights some current
examples of putting the TBL into
practice.
The Triple Bottom Line Defined
The TBL is an accounting framework
that incorporates three dimensions of
performance: social, environmental
and financial. This differs from
traditional reporting frameworks
as it includes ecological (or
environmental) and social measures
that can be difficult to assign
appropriate means of measurement.
The TBL dimensions are also
commonly called the three Ps: people,
planet and profits. We will refer to
these as the 3Ps.
Well before Elkington introduced
the sustainability concept as “triple
bottom line,” environmentalists
wrestled with measures of, and
frameworks for, sustainability.
Academic disciplines organized
around sustainability have multiplied
over the last 30 years. People inside
and outside academia who have
studied and practiced sustainability
would agree with the general
definition of Andrew Savitz for
TBL. The TBL “captures the essence
of sustainability by measuring the
impact of an organization’s activities
on the world ... including both
its profitability and shareholder
values and its social, human and
environmental capital.”2
The trick isn’t defining TBL. The
trick is measuring it.
.
This is the subject of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsi.pdfvicky309441
This is the subject of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, can you write around
200-500 words of reflection based on those theories from the article above, here are some written
suggestions you can apply, thank you very much! The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How
Does It Work? Timothy F. SLAPER, Ph.D.: Director of Economic Analysis, Indiana Business
Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business TANYA J. HALl: Economic
Research Analyst, Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of
Business ustainability has been an performance: social, environmental putting a dollar value on
wetlands often mentioned goal of and financial. This differs from or endangered species on
strictly businesses, nonprofits and traditional reporting frameworks philosophical grounds.
Others governments in the past decade, yet as it includes ecological (or question the method of
finding measuring the degree to which an environmental) and social measures the right price for
lost wetlands or organization is being sustainable or that can be difficult to assign endangered
species. pursuing sustainable growth can be appropriate means of measurement. Another
solution would be to difficult. The TBL dimensions are also calculate the TBL in terms of an
John Elkington strove to measure commonly called the three Ps: people, index. In this way, one
eliminates sustainability during the mid-1990s planet and profits. We will refer to the
incompatible units issue and, by encompassing a new framework these as the 3Ps. as long as
there is a universally to measure performance in Well before Elkington introduced accepted
accounting method, allows corporate America. 1 This accounting the sustainability concept as
"triple for comparisons between entities, framework, called the triple bottom line,"
environmentalists e.g., comparing performance betwee bottom line (TBL), went beyond the
wrestled with measures of, and companies, cities, development traditional measures of profits,
return frameworks for, sustainability. projects or some other benchmark. on investment, and
shareholder Academic disciplines organized An example of an index that value to include
environmental and around sustainability have multiplied compares a county versus the social
dimensions. By focusing on over the last 30 years. People inside nation's performance for a
variety of comprehensive investment results - and outside academia who have components is the
Indiana Business that is, with respect to performance studied and practiced sustainability
Research Center's Innovation Index. along the interrelated dimensions would agree with the
general Themains some subjectivity of profits, people and the planet__ definition of Andrew
Savitz for even when using an index however. triple bottom line reporting can TBL. The TBL
"captures the essence For example, how are the index be an important tool to support of
sustainability by measuring the components weighted? Would each .
An Adaptive Learning Process for Developing and Applying Sustainability Indicators with Local Communities
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This is the subject of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsi.pdfvicky309441
This is the subject of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility, can you write around
200-500 words of reflection based on those theories from the article above, here are some written
suggestions you can apply, thank you very much! The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and How
Does It Work? Timothy F. SLAPER, Ph.D.: Director of Economic Analysis, Indiana Business
Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business TANYA J. HALl: Economic
Research Analyst, Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of
Business ustainability has been an performance: social, environmental putting a dollar value on
wetlands often mentioned goal of and financial. This differs from or endangered species on
strictly businesses, nonprofits and traditional reporting frameworks philosophical grounds.
Others governments in the past decade, yet as it includes ecological (or question the method of
finding measuring the degree to which an environmental) and social measures the right price for
lost wetlands or organization is being sustainable or that can be difficult to assign endangered
species. pursuing sustainable growth can be appropriate means of measurement. Another
solution would be to difficult. The TBL dimensions are also calculate the TBL in terms of an
John Elkington strove to measure commonly called the three Ps: people, index. In this way, one
eliminates sustainability during the mid-1990s planet and profits. We will refer to the
incompatible units issue and, by encompassing a new framework these as the 3Ps. as long as
there is a universally to measure performance in Well before Elkington introduced accepted
accounting method, allows corporate America. 1 This accounting the sustainability concept as
"triple for comparisons between entities, framework, called the triple bottom line,"
environmentalists e.g., comparing performance betwee bottom line (TBL), went beyond the
wrestled with measures of, and companies, cities, development traditional measures of profits,
return frameworks for, sustainability. projects or some other benchmark. on investment, and
shareholder Academic disciplines organized An example of an index that value to include
environmental and around sustainability have multiplied compares a county versus the social
dimensions. By focusing on over the last 30 years. People inside nation's performance for a
variety of comprehensive investment results - and outside academia who have components is the
Indiana Business that is, with respect to performance studied and practiced sustainability
Research Center's Innovation Index. along the interrelated dimensions would agree with the
general Themains some subjectivity of profits, people and the planet__ definition of Andrew
Savitz for even when using an index however. triple bottom line reporting can TBL. The TBL
"captures the essence For example, how are the index be an important tool to support of
sustainability by measuring the components weighted? Would each .
An Adaptive Learning Process for Developing and Applying Sustainability Indicators with Local Communities
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Civic Stewardship Measurement Initiative -- draft slides for discussionwmsnyder
Proposal for measuring population-based outcomes at the community level; as basis for community-based understanding and ownership of local outcomes; as platform to support an ecology of social innovation efforts, led by local residents and organizations; as basis for contracting with external partners on initiatives to improve community wellbeing (government agencies, social entrepreneurs, foundations, researchers, policy-makers, etc.)
Despite overwhelming evidence that the social, economic, and environmental benefits of ambitious climate action outweigh the costs, only a handful of countries have policy commitments in line with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. Given that none of these countries classify as high income, it is apparent that capacity, access to technology, and policy expertise alone are not sufficient to ensure political ambition.
The impact of CSR on corporate behaviour and performance – by London Business...London Business School
How to achieve Corporate Social Responsibility? Professor Ioannis Ioannou’s research includes a very practical list of what sustainable organisations are doing different.
Expert Insight from IBM Institute of Business Value
Environmental sustainability is no longer just a corporate social responsibility (CSR) issue. Nor is it important only for compliance and reporting purposes. It is, in fact, an imperative in the fullest sense of the word.
Digital technologies—especially exponential ones—make possible many market-based mechanisms that drive change and innovation. In particular, they can support incentive mechanisms for action at a scale and speed that would be impossible through the traditional means of regulations and government intervention.
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a societal and ecological agreement between the community and
businesses. TBL “captures the essence of sustainability by measuring the impact of an organization’s
activities on the world ... including both its profitability and shareholder values and its social, human
and environmental capital” (Savitz, 2006). TBL is an accounting framework that incorporates three
dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. This differs from traditional
reporting frameworks, as besides financial part it also includes ecological (or environmental) and
social measures where it is difficult to assign appropriate means of measurement. But with the
current breakdown of confidence in financial reporting, large companies are facing increasing
demands and expectations from stakeholders and are being held more accountable for their
performance and actions. TBL approach is a proactive step in providing shareholders with increased
transparency and a broader framework for decision-making. It’s a great way for companies to
disclose meaningful non-financial results. TBL dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps:
People, Planet and Profits.
Triple Bottom Line Reporting (TBLR) reflects a corporation’s greater transparency and
accountability in its public reporting, communication and disclosure with regard to how the corporate
entity performs in its environmental, social and economic dimensions (Lewis, 2011). TBLR
incorporates presenting what the business is doing well, along with areas that need improvement.
Reporting in this way demonstrates a drive towards increased transparency, which can mitigate
concerns by stakeholders on hidden information. Everyone involved in the process of TBL, including
employees and external stakeholders, can increase their knowledge of the company and expand their
relationships with other stakeholders in the company. Participating in a learning environment is
beneficial and necessary for a business to meet the goals of sustainability. The process of building a
Page 3
sustainable environment can lead to other disclosures on how the business world can lend a helping
hand in protecting the natural resources that are quickly evaporating.
What makes indicators successful? Lessons from practitionersnefwellbeing
BRAINPOoL (Bringing alternative indicators into policy) is an EU-funded project aimed at identifying and overcoming the barriers to ‘Beyond GDP’ indicators being used in policy
Group Presentation Once during the quarter, each student will.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Presentation
: Once during the quarter, each student will prepare a brief presentation on a specific neighborhood, a racial or cultural group, or a historical event, migration or shift in the urban landscape,
related to the themes for that week
. Students will select preferred weeks in advance and be scheduled by Week 2 as best as your professor can allow. The presentation is open in form and format but should be 20 minutes in duration, consist mostly of your own original words and discussion, but involve some form of visual, quotes, or data, and represent some amount of additional research beyond the readings for that week, and include 5 or more questions for discussion to be presented to the class. Your group grade will reflect an average of 4 grades in content, delivery, relevance and engagement with the class in discussion.
.
Group Presentation Outline
•
Slide 1: Title slide
•
This contains your topic title, your names, and the course.
•
Slide 2: Introduction slide
•
Remember that you are presenting this information to others. Acknowledge the audience, and mention the purpose of the
presentation.
•
This slide should contain at least 50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Slides 3–10 (or more): Content slides
•
Describe the topic and structure
•
Outline and discuss the issues/components each separately
•
Discuss theories, laws, policies, and other labor relations related topics
•
Provide support for your perspective and analysis
•
Lessons learned documented, what you have learned
•
Conclusion
•
The slides should each contain at least
50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Final slide(s): Reference slide(s)
•
List your references according to the APA sty
.
More Related Content
Similar to 4 Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indiana Busi.docx
Civic Stewardship Measurement Initiative -- draft slides for discussionwmsnyder
Proposal for measuring population-based outcomes at the community level; as basis for community-based understanding and ownership of local outcomes; as platform to support an ecology of social innovation efforts, led by local residents and organizations; as basis for contracting with external partners on initiatives to improve community wellbeing (government agencies, social entrepreneurs, foundations, researchers, policy-makers, etc.)
Despite overwhelming evidence that the social, economic, and environmental benefits of ambitious climate action outweigh the costs, only a handful of countries have policy commitments in line with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. Given that none of these countries classify as high income, it is apparent that capacity, access to technology, and policy expertise alone are not sufficient to ensure political ambition.
The impact of CSR on corporate behaviour and performance – by London Business...London Business School
How to achieve Corporate Social Responsibility? Professor Ioannis Ioannou’s research includes a very practical list of what sustainable organisations are doing different.
Expert Insight from IBM Institute of Business Value
Environmental sustainability is no longer just a corporate social responsibility (CSR) issue. Nor is it important only for compliance and reporting purposes. It is, in fact, an imperative in the fullest sense of the word.
Digital technologies—especially exponential ones—make possible many market-based mechanisms that drive change and innovation. In particular, they can support incentive mechanisms for action at a scale and speed that would be impossible through the traditional means of regulations and government intervention.
Presentation defines Sustainability, Sustainability Management, and presents some basic tools the Sustainability Professional can use to design and implement a Sustainability strategy.
Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a societal and ecological agreement between the community and
businesses. TBL “captures the essence of sustainability by measuring the impact of an organization’s
activities on the world ... including both its profitability and shareholder values and its social, human
and environmental capital” (Savitz, 2006). TBL is an accounting framework that incorporates three
dimensions of performance: social, environmental and financial. This differs from traditional
reporting frameworks, as besides financial part it also includes ecological (or environmental) and
social measures where it is difficult to assign appropriate means of measurement. But with the
current breakdown of confidence in financial reporting, large companies are facing increasing
demands and expectations from stakeholders and are being held more accountable for their
performance and actions. TBL approach is a proactive step in providing shareholders with increased
transparency and a broader framework for decision-making. It’s a great way for companies to
disclose meaningful non-financial results. TBL dimensions are also commonly called the three Ps:
People, Planet and Profits.
Triple Bottom Line Reporting (TBLR) reflects a corporation’s greater transparency and
accountability in its public reporting, communication and disclosure with regard to how the corporate
entity performs in its environmental, social and economic dimensions (Lewis, 2011). TBLR
incorporates presenting what the business is doing well, along with areas that need improvement.
Reporting in this way demonstrates a drive towards increased transparency, which can mitigate
concerns by stakeholders on hidden information. Everyone involved in the process of TBL, including
employees and external stakeholders, can increase their knowledge of the company and expand their
relationships with other stakeholders in the company. Participating in a learning environment is
beneficial and necessary for a business to meet the goals of sustainability. The process of building a
Page 3
sustainable environment can lead to other disclosures on how the business world can lend a helping
hand in protecting the natural resources that are quickly evaporating.
What makes indicators successful? Lessons from practitionersnefwellbeing
BRAINPOoL (Bringing alternative indicators into policy) is an EU-funded project aimed at identifying and overcoming the barriers to ‘Beyond GDP’ indicators being used in policy
Group Presentation Once during the quarter, each student will.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Presentation
: Once during the quarter, each student will prepare a brief presentation on a specific neighborhood, a racial or cultural group, or a historical event, migration or shift in the urban landscape,
related to the themes for that week
. Students will select preferred weeks in advance and be scheduled by Week 2 as best as your professor can allow. The presentation is open in form and format but should be 20 minutes in duration, consist mostly of your own original words and discussion, but involve some form of visual, quotes, or data, and represent some amount of additional research beyond the readings for that week, and include 5 or more questions for discussion to be presented to the class. Your group grade will reflect an average of 4 grades in content, delivery, relevance and engagement with the class in discussion.
.
Group Presentation Outline
•
Slide 1: Title slide
•
This contains your topic title, your names, and the course.
•
Slide 2: Introduction slide
•
Remember that you are presenting this information to others. Acknowledge the audience, and mention the purpose of the
presentation.
•
This slide should contain at least 50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Slides 3–10 (or more): Content slides
•
Describe the topic and structure
•
Outline and discuss the issues/components each separately
•
Discuss theories, laws, policies, and other labor relations related topics
•
Provide support for your perspective and analysis
•
Lessons learned documented, what you have learned
•
Conclusion
•
The slides should each contain at least
50–100 words of speaker notes.
•
Final slide(s): Reference slide(s)
•
List your references according to the APA sty
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Group Portion
As a group, discuss and develop a paper of 10 pages that addresses the following questions. Work together to determine who will complete each section:
Who will comprise your planning committee? Explain.
Identify public- and private-sector partner agencies and elected officials (if any) that should serve on the planning committee.
What are the component parts of the plan (be specific and detailed)? Explain.
What participating agencies may be more or less involved in which parts of the plan development? Explain.
Are there subject matter experts (SMEs) or other entities that should be involved in any one specific area of the plan development? Explain.
Based upon the emergency management concept of incident management that includes the phases of preparedness and mitigation, response, and recovery, identify the actions that will need to be taken in each phase as they relate to the hazard you have selected.
Identify the major challenges that the community and responders will encounter when responding to the hazard.
What solutions exist (e.g., mutual aid, contract services) to overcome those challenges? Explain in detail.
What should be the short- and long-term recovery goals of the community following this event’s occurrence?
Be sure to reference all sources using APA style.
Please add your file.
Individual Portion
Develop a PowerPoint presentation of 6–7 slides that provides details about your plan.
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Group Behavior in OrganizationsAt an organizational level,.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group Behavior in Organizations
At an organizational level, group behavior is necessary for continued functioning of the
organization. Within an organization, there are established rules, procedures, and processes
developed that define how an organization operates. In addition, there are systems in place
to reward behaviors of those who effectively participate in the organization's operations.
Besides, there are also systems that define consequences that can take place in case
individuals behave outside the accepted practices of the organization. What develops out of
this is an employee's attachment to the organization based on common beliefs, values, and
traditions. The shared attachment and even the commitment to common beliefs, values, and
traditions make up an organization's culture (Helms & Stern, 2001; Lok & Crawford, 2001).
What Is Organization Culture?
Sheard and Kakabadse (2002) explained organizational culture in terms of solidarity and
sociability. Solidarity, in this case, referred to a group's willingness to pursue and maintain
conformity in shared objectives, processes, and systems. Sociability referred to a group's
sense of belongingness by its members and level of camaraderie.
They also mentioned there might be differences between hierarchies or levels within an
organization's culture. Based on the solidarity and sociability of each, upper management
might differ from the decisions made by middle management and line staff. These differences
might also occur between functional departments and, in larger organizations, between
geographically distinct sections of the organization.
What Sheard and Kakabadse wanted to emphasize through this discussion was there might
be distinct subcultures within an organization's culture.
According to De Long and Fahey (2000), "Subcultures consist of distinct sets of values,
norms, and practices exhibited by specific groups or units in an organization." Subcultures
may be readily observed in larger, more bureaucratic organizations or organizations having
well-established departments with employees that have highly specialized or possessing
unique skills.
De Long, D., & Fahey, L. (2000). Diagnosing cultural barriers to knowledge management. The
Academy of Management Executive, 14(4), 113–127.
Helms, M., & Stern, R. (2001). Exploring the factors that influence employees 'perceptions of
their organization's culture. Journal of Management in Medicine, 15(6), 415–429.
Lok, P., & Crawford, J. (2001). Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating
role of job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(8), 594–613.
Sheard, A., & Kakabadse, A. (2002). Key roles of the leadership landscape. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, 17(1/2), 129–144.
3-17 Kenneth Brown is the principal owner of Brown Oil, Inc. After quitting his university teaching job,
Ken has been able to increase his annual salary by a factor of over 100. At the present time, Ken is
f.
Group assignment Only responsible for writing 275 words on the foll.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group assignment: Only responsible for writing 275 words on the following
Explain immigration and how that is connected.
Identify current and future issues in serving diverse clients and legally protected classes.
GroupgrAssignment content:
Access
the
Prison Rape Elimination Act
website.
Write
a 1,000- to 1,400-word report for an audience of potential new employees in human services in a correctional setting in which you:
Summarize current and future civil rights issues that affect the criminal justice system.
Identify why PREA affects the future of corrections.
Explain immigration and how that is connected.
Identify current and future issues in serving diverse clients and legally protected classes.
Explain options for advocacy.
Identify
boundaries in advocacy for human service workers.
Format
your resources consistent with APA guidelines.
.
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Group 2: WG is a 41-year-old female brought herself into the ER last night asking to "detox from vodka." She tells you she has a long-standing history of alcohol dependence with multiple relapses. She also reports that she has experienced alcohol withdrawal seizures before. Current CIWA-Ar is 17. She denies any past medical history but lab work indicates hepatic insufficiency (LFTs x3 ULN). All other lab work is normal. She denies taking any medications.
How will you manage this patient’s withdrawal syndrome?
Responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references are required (other than your text). Plagiarism and grammatical errors free.
.
Group 2 Discuss the limitations of treatment for borderline and.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 2: Discuss the limitations of treatment for borderline and histrionic PD and what can be done from a psychopharmacological perspective.
Post must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2
scholarly
references are required
(other than your text
).
.
Group 3 Discuss the limitations of treatment for antisocial and.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 3: Discuss the limitations of treatment for antisocial and narcissistic PD and what can be done from a psychopharmacological perspective.
Post your initial response by Wednesday at midnight. Respond to at least one student
with a different assigned DB question
by Sunday at midnight. Both responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2
scholarly
references are required
(other than your text
). attached lecture for the theme.
.
Group 1 Describe the differences between Naloxone, Naltrexone, .docxgilbertkpeters11344
Group 1: Describe the differences between Naloxone, Naltrexone, and Buprenorphine/Naloxone. Include the properties of each, their classification, mechanism of actions, onset, half-life, and formulations (routes of delivery). Please discuss the implications of differences in the clinical setting (including pre-hospital)
Responses must be a minimum of 200 words, scholarly written, APA7 formatted, and referenced. A minimum of 2 references is required (other than your text). Plagiarism and grammatical errors free.
.
Grotius, HobbesDevelopment of INR – Week 3HobbesRelati.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grotius, Hobbes
Development of INR – Week 3
Hobbes
Relationship between Natural Law and Law of Nations?
Mediated by the idea of the state of nature as the predicament of insecurity:
Natural right: self-preservation.
Natural law: the observation of promises and contracts.
For states: minimum observation of natural law in the form of consenting to agreements.
Written agreement: treaty-making
Unwritten agreements: customary law
Hobbes
State of Nature: the condition in which individuals find themselves in a perpetual condition of war.
Natural right to self-preservation:
We each have the right to judge what is in our interest for self-preservation.
Conflict occurs because of:
Competition
Diffidence
Glory
Different meanings for words in the State of Nature; no ability in the State of Nature to determine whose judgment is valid (Wolin).
Life in the state of nature: “Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”
Commonwealth
Commonwealth by institution:
Social contract: it is the collective agreement among all individuals in the state of nature to establish:
Sovereign power
Able to speak and act for a multiplicity of people (which becomes a unified group).
State
The unity of sovereign power and the unified people.
Sovereign is the man or assembly that carries the person of the State.
State is the Leviathan: the mortal God on earth.
Sovereigns come and go but the State remains.
Consequences
The implication: fear is displaced from the condition of the state of nature to the relation between individual and state.
What continues to bind the state is fear of a return to the State of Nature:
the relation between individual and state is one of protection in exchange for obedience.
Private vs. public conscious: does one need to truly believe (i.e. like a Christian) or does the appearance of belief suffice?
“belief and unbelief never follow men’s commands.”
Loyalty only to those that are in power?
Historical context: The Norman Yoke and the English Civil Wars
Stability should not sacrificed as a result of ‘injustice’.
The rise of the ‘mechanical’ centralized administrative state.
Grotius
Dutch legal theorist 16th century;
Along with Vitoria and Gentili laid the foundation for the Law of Nations (Public European Law) on Natural Law.
Moves away from a theological conceptualization of Natural Law to a secular one.
Develops the notion of Natural Rights which becomes key for understanding human morality and law.
Notion of natural right emerged out of the massacre of St. Bartholomew (25 August 1572).
Attempted to establish limitation on the Sovereign’s power:
notion of individual right that the state cannot transgress.
Grotius: “a RIGHT is a moral quality annexed to the person, justly entitling him to possess some privilege, or to perform some particular act”
Four Fundamental Rights
1) the right for others not to take my possessions.
2) the right of restoration of property in case of injury.
3) honoring promises.
4) punish wrongdoing.
Natural.
GROUP 1 Case 967-- A Teenage Female with an Ovarian MassCLI.docxgilbertkpeters11344
GROUP 1: Case 967-- A Teenage Female with an Ovarian Mass
CLINICAL HISTORY
A teenage female presented with secondary amenorrhea (https://www.healthline.com/health/secondary-amenorrhea#causes). The patient had 1 menstrual cycle 3 years ago and has had no menses since. Laboratory work-up was negative for pregnancy test, mildly increased calcium level (11.7 mg/dL, normal range: 8.5-10.2 mg/dL) and CA 125 (43 Units/ml, normal range: 0-20 Units/ml). Prolactin, TSH, AFP, Inhibin A, Inhibin B and CEA were normal. Imaging revealed a 13 x 11.8 x 8.6 cm, predominately cystic left pelvis mass, with multiple internal septations. Her past medical history was not contributory. Patient underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy (https://www.healthline.com/health/salpingo-oophorectomy), omentectomy (https://moffitt.org/cancers/ovarian-cancer/omentectomy/) and tumor debulking (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debulking) with intraoperative frozen section consultation.
GROSS EXAMINATION
The 930.9 g tubo-ovarian complex consisted of a 20.0 x 16.0 x 8.0 cm large mass, with no recognizable normal ovarian parenchyma grossly and an unremarkable fallopian tube. The cut surface was gray, "fish-flesh", soft with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis.
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Microscopically, the majority of main tumor was growing in large nests, sheets and cords with focal follicle-like structures and geographic areas of necrosis. It was predominantly composed of small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, round to oval nucleus with irregular nuclear contour, inconspicuous to occasional conspicuous nucleoli and minimal cytoplasm. This component was variably admixed with a population of larger cells, which as the name implies composed of cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, with central or eccentric round to oval nuclei, pale chromatin and prominent nuclei. Both, the small and large cell components demonstrated brisk mitotic activity. All staging biopsies and omentectomy were composed of large cell component.
An extensive panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed. Overall, the staining pattern was strong and diffuse in small cell component compared to patchy weak staining pattern in the large cell component.
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
Small cell carcinoma (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma) of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4939673/)
DISCUSSION
Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is an aggressive and highly malignant tumor affecting the women under 40. It was first described as a distinct entity by Dickersin et al in 1982 (1). Fewer than 500 cases have been described in the literature and it accounts for less than 1% of all ovarian cancer diagnoses. Due to the initial consideration of epithelial origin, the term of SCCOHT has been used to distinguish this entity from its mimicker, the neuroendocrine or pulmonary type (2). In fact epithelial origin of SCCOHT was recently challenged as new imm.
Greek Drama Further Readings and Short Report GuidelinesOur s.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Greek Drama: Further Readings and Short Report Guidelines
Our study of Greek drama will begin with an overview of Greek theater in general and focus on Aeschylus’ Agamemnon (Norton rental text, Vol. A). You will be completing a quiz/worksheet on Agamemnon (open book) and that play will be the focus of our class from March 26 through April 2. After that, each of you will have the opportunity to focus more intensively on one of three other Greek plays, Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Euripides’ Medea, or Aristophanes’ Lysistrata.
I will be asking you to submit a short report that focuses primarily on the play you chose to study in more depth. Your first task, though, is to choose which of the three plays you want to work on. Here are brief overviews of the three plays.
Sophocles’ Philoctetes(available in the Sophocles II purchase text). Philoctetes, an outstanding Greek warrior, was abandoned by Odysseus, Agamemnon and Menelaos on the way to fight in Troy because they could not bear the agonies of his suffering from a poisonous snake bite. The hero, an exceptional archer who wields the bow of Heracles, has been living in isolation on the wild island of Lemnos for nine years. Now the Greek forces have received a prophecy that they cannot conquer Troy without Philoctetes’ help. Odysseus, whom Philoctetes hates, and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, are sent to lure Philoctetes back to the war, by persuasion, treachery or force.
Euripides’ Medea (available in Norton rental text, Vol. A. Medea, the sorceress who helped the hero Jason find the Golden Fleece and also helped save his life, is living with Jason in exile from her homeland with their two children. She has learned that, in order to advance his fortune and social standing, Jason wants to jilt Medea and marry a younger woman. Out of despair and rage, Medea contrives to take revenge against Jason in the most horrific way she can.
Aristophanes’ Lysistrata (available in Norton rental text, Vol. A). Fed up with the emotional and economic hardships caused by the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), the Athenian and Spartan women, under the leadership of Lysistrata, unite to undertake two group actions: first, to refuse to have sex with their men until the men agree to stop fighting and, second, to cut off funding for the war by occupying the Athenian treasury. Aristophanes’ comedy still raises questions today about who should wield political power and why, as well as about how much humans really value peace.
NOTE: While I am requiring you to focus on only one of the three plays, I strongly encourage you to read all three. I will be saying something about each of the three plays before the short report is due, after we spend some time with Aeschylus’ Agamemnon.
Guidelines for Short Report on Greek Drama
For the short report on Greek drama, please write complete, incisiveresponses to each of the following five topics or questions concerning the play—Philoctetes,Medea or Lysistrata—that you h.
Graph 4 (You must select a different graph than one that you hav.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graph 4 (You must select a different graph than one that you have previously discussed)
Select a data presentation from chapter 6 of the text (Grey Section).
Answer the following:
What is the visual that you selected?
What is the purpose of the visual?
What kind of data should be compiled in the selected visual?
What kinds of data should not be compiled in the selected visual?
How can you avoid making the visual misleading?
.
Graphs (Help! Really challenging assignment. Would appreciate any bi.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graphs (Help! Really challenging assignment. Would appreciate any bit of help!)
Family tree's and genealogy software has become more and more prevalent in recent years. From the name you might expect that a family tree would be easily represented by a tree structure, but that is not the case! A more appropriate data structure to represent a family tree would be a type of graph. Using the description of the family that accompanies this assignment, you must represent this family using a graph structure. The graph needs to be a weighted graph. The weights will constitute the types of relationships, I recommend using some kind mapping between numbers and strings to represent the relationships. When adding family members to the graph, this can be done programmatically for the provided family members within the description file. Additionally, I also want there to be an interface in which a user can create a new family member and add them to the tree. This can be a simple CLI where the user provides a name, gender, and age to create a person. Then another simple CLI where they select which member of the family they want the original relationship to be with and what kind of relationship it should be. Finally, they can edit the family member using another CLI and selecting the family member they wish to edit, the operation they wish to perform (edit name, edit age, edit relationship), and then add new relationship between family members which can call a function that you create in order to add the original relationship. Remember the DRY philosophy, where code can be modularized or made into a function, it should be if you plan on using the logic again.
Finally, I want you to make data assertions within the
FamilyTree
class that enforce certain "rules" that exist in a typical human family. An example would be a person should not have any kind of relationship to itself (a person can not marry themselves, a person can not be their own brother, sister, father, mother, etc.). There should be at least 3 data assertions. These should exists as part of the family tree, not as part of the graph.
As a hint, for a successful design: I would recommend using layers of abstraction. Your graph class is the backing structure to the family tree class. Your family tree should implement methods that interface with the graph class, i.e. add_family_member() should call the constructor to create a node and then call a function within the graph class to add a node to the graph. Then using the relationships function parameter, you can add edges to the graph between the new nodes and the existing nodes. The family tree should be what enforces what relationships can exist through the data assertions, the graph does not care about what relationships are made between family members. Your functions that the user would interface with would be greatly reduced compared to the total number of methods within the classes themselves. The user should be able to add, remove, and modi.
Grandparenting can be highly rewarding. Many grandparents, though, u.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grandparenting can be highly rewarding. Many grandparents, though, unexpectedly become guardians and raise small children. How might this responsibility affect their normal course of adult development? What components might require transitions? How would a professional counselor encourage these older guardians in their new roles? Just need 135 words (ASAP)!
.
Great Marketing Moves The evolving art of getting noticed Ov.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Great Marketing Moves The evolving art of getting noticed
Over three decades,
Inc.
has seen entrepreneurs, often with little cash but lots of creativity)', produce clever marketing campaigns time and again. Here are 3U classic examples from the archives. —
Kelly Fairdoth
Make a article summary from 2-3 paragraphs.
.
“GREAT MIGRATION”
Dr. G. J. Giddings
Characteristics
Human
Propelled – push-pull (E. Lee, 1966)
Impactful – consequential … cause/effect
Dynamic – leaderless …democratic …
Demographics
Demographics
1.2 million, 1915-’30
6.4 million, 1980
(Caribbean:
140,000,1899-1937)
Precursors
Post-Reconstruction, 1877-1914
Rural - Urban
Westward – “Black Exodus”
Henry Adams (LA)
89,000 migrants/interest
Benjamin “Pap” Singleton (TN)
“Advantage of Living in a Free State”
Thousands migrated
Emigration
Bishop Henry M. Turner,
Mary Ann Shadd Cary
Precursors …
U.S. Empire
Berlin Conf.,1884
Philippines, 1898
Puerto Rico, Guam
Hawaii,
(Cuba)
Haiti, (1915-’34)
U.S. Virgin Isl.,1916
Guyana, 1941
Atkinson Airstrip
6
Great Migration
Caribbean
140,000,1899-1937
M. M. Garvey
C. Powel
DJ Kool Herc
S. Chisholm
G. J. Giddings
Great Migration
“PUSH”
-Boll weevil, 1915/6
-Mississippi flood, 1927
-Racist Terroism
-Racist laws: Jim Crow
Great Migration
“PULL”
E. World War I, 1914-1919
(367,000 AAs served)
European immigration desisted
Chicago Defender
“To die from the bite of frost is more glorious than by the hands of a lynch mob”
“Every Black man for the sake of his wife and daughter should lave even at a financial sacrifice every spot in the south where his worth is not appreciated enough to give him the standing of a man and a citizen in the community.”
Great Migration
IMPACT
Detroit, MI
611 % increase
Urban League, 1911
National League of Urban Conditions among Negroes, NY
Rep. Oscar DePriest (R)
Chicago Alderman, 1915; U.S. Rep, 1929-’35
1970s: Chicago had more Blacks than Mississippi!
Harlem Renaissance, 1919-1932
L. Hughes, “Negro Artist …”
Some pastors followed migrants.
Return Migration/RE-PATRIATION
Post-Industrial
“Reverse migration”
1980-present
Service economy
“Sun Belt” industrial service areas
Destinations
Atlanta, GA; Charlotte, NC, Houston, TX, …
(F&H, chap. 23)
GREAT MIGRATION
Franklin & Higginbotham (F&H)
1, (12),13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 23 …
Great Migration
The Warmth of Other Suns, 2010
Isabel Wilkerson, Pulitzer laureate
National Book Critics Circle award
“best non-fiction ...” NY Times
1,200 interviews
I.M. Gladney
G. Starling
R. P. Foster
Wilkerson …
Ida Mae Gladney
1934
MS – Chicago, IL
Wilkerson …
George Starling
1945
Florida–New York
(.
Grand theory and Middle-range theoryHow are Nursing Theories c.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grand theory and Middle-range theory
How are Nursing Theories classified?
What are the differences between grand theory and middle-range Theory?
Examples of grand Theory and Middle range Theory?
Write an Essay.
Use the APA style 7
Avoid plagiarism by submitting your work to SafeAssign.
.
Grand Rounds Hi, and thanks for attending this case presen.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Grand Rounds
Hi, and thanks for attending this case presentation. My name is Dr. Stephen Brewer and I am a licensed
clinical psychologist in San Diego, California and Assistant Professor of Psychology and Applied
Behavioral Sciences at Ashford University. Today, I will be sharing with you the story of Bob.
Presenting problem
Bob Smith is a 36-year-old man who came to me approximately six months ago with concerns about his
career choice and life direction. He did not have any significant psychiatric symptoms, besides some
understandable existential anxiety regarding his future. Bob was cooperative, friendly, open, and
knowledgeable about psychology during our first few sessions together. I noticed that he seemed
guarded only when talking about his family and childhood experiences. To confirm his identity, I checked
his driver’s license to ensure his name was indeed Bob Smith and that he lived close by in a mobile home
in Spring Valley. Given his relatively mild symptoms, we decided to meet once a week for supportive
psychotherapy so he could work through his anxieties. I gave him a diagnosis of adjustment disorder
with anxiety.
History
Here’s some background on Bob to give you a sense of who he is.
Family
Bob grew up as an only child in Edmonton, Canada, in a low-income, conservative, and very religious
household.
He shared that his father was largely absent during his childhood, as he spent most of the week residing
north of Edmonton, where he worked as a mechanic in the oil fields near Fort McMurray. On weekends,
Bob’s father would return home and spend as much time as possible with his family. Bob described his
father as warm, caring, and a hard worker. His father reportedly died one year ago.
Bob’s mother was described as a strict, rule-based woman who had a short temper and was prone to
furious outbursts over trivial matters. She worked in Bob’s junior high as a janitor, which meant that Bob
often crossed paths with his mother at school, where she would often check up on him. During Bob’s
high school years, Bob’s mother got a new job as a high school librarian.
At 18, Bob moved to San Diego to study psychology at San Diego State University. He lived in the dorms
for his first few years, where he easily made friends and joined a fraternity. Bob maintained contact with
his parents, but ceased all contact when his mother suggested she would move to San Diego to be closer
to him. He graduated with a 3.2 GPA and began working for the county as a psychiatric technician. He
worked as a psych tech for 14 years and described it as “fun at first, but it got boring and predictable
after a while.”
Treatment
Bob shared that he has a medical doctor that he visits once every few years for his routine physical. He
denied having any significant medical problems. Additionally, he denied using any illicit substances and
reported drinking only on occasion with friends from his fratern.
Graduate Level Writing Required.DUEFriday, February 1.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Graduate Level Writing Required.
DUE:
Friday, February 14, 2020 by 5pm Eastern Standard Time.
Resources: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor Wages, U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Census Bureau
Based
on
Dallas, Texas
Write a 900- to 1,050-word paper in which you analyze the criminal profile of Dallas, Texas.
Include the following information in your analysis:
-Characterization of the city in terms of social and intellectual context
-Identity of social factors that contribute to crime
-Linking of events or attitudes to a description of beliefs people living there would accept for explaining criminal behavior
-Consideration of changes in land use, property values, transportation, and retail as one moves away from the city center
-If there are changes, what distance do you estimate exist between these areas?
-How noticeable are the changes?
-Discussion of whether or not zones of transition apply to this city
-Identification of criminal hot spots
-Relevant data to support answers
-How your findings relate to the role of socioeconomic status and values in criminological theory
-Identification and rationale for the choice of one sociologic theory that best explains the crime in your chosen city
-Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines
.
-Provide at least 4 Academic / Scholarly references
.
-100% Original Work. ZERO Plagiarism.
-Must Be Graduate Level Writing.
.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
4 Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indiana Busi.docx
1. 4 Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indiana
Business Research Center
The Triple Bottom Line: What Is It and
How Does It Work?
tiMothy F. Slaper, Ph.D.: Director of Economic Analysis,
Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley
School of
Business
tanya J. hall: Economic Research Analyst, Indiana Business
Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business
S
ustainability has been an
often mentioned goal of
businesses, nonprofits and
governments in the past decade, yet
measuring the degree to which an
organization is being sustainable or
pursuing sustainable growth can be
difficult.
John Elkington strove to measure
sustainability during the mid-1990s
by encompassing a new framework
to measure performance in
corporate America.1 This accounting
framework, called the triple
bottom line (TBL), went beyond the
traditional measures of profits, return
2. on investment, and shareholder
value to include environmental and
social dimensions. By focusing on
comprehensive investment results—
that is, with respect to performance
along the interrelated dimensions
of profits, people and the planet—
triple bottom line reporting can
be an important tool to support
sustainability goals.
Interest in triple bottom line
accounting has been growing across
for-profit, nonprofit and government
sectors. Many businesses and
nonprofit organizations have adopted
the TBL sustainability framework to
evaluate their performance, and a
similar approach has gained currency
with governments at the federal, state
and local levels.
This article reviews the TBL
concept, explains how it can be useful
for businesses, policy-makers and
economic development practitioners
and highlights some current
examples of putting the TBL into
practice.
The Triple Bottom Line Defined
The TBL is an accounting framework
that incorporates three dimensions of
performance: social, environmental
and financial. This differs from
3. traditional reporting frameworks
as it includes ecological (or
environmental) and social measures
that can be difficult to assign
appropriate means of measurement.
The TBL dimensions are also
commonly called the three Ps: people,
planet and profits. We will refer to
these as the 3Ps.
Well before Elkington introduced
the sustainability concept as “triple
bottom line,” environmentalists
wrestled with measures of, and
frameworks for, sustainability.
Academic disciplines organized
around sustainability have multiplied
over the last 30 years. People inside
and outside academia who have
studied and practiced sustainability
would agree with the general
definition of Andrew Savitz for
TBL. The TBL “captures the essence
of sustainability by measuring the
impact of an organization’s activities
on the world ... including both
its profitability and shareholder
values and its social, human and
environmental capital.”2
The trick isn’t defining TBL. The
trick is measuring it.
Calculating the TBL
The 3Ps do not have a common
unit of measure. Profits are
4. measured in dollars. What is
social capital measured in? What
about environmental or ecological
health? Finding a common unit of
measurement is one challenge.
Some advocate monetizing all
the dimensions of the TBL, including
social welfare or environmental
damage. While that would have
the benefit of having a common
unit—dollars—many object to
putting a dollar value on wetlands
or endangered species on strictly
philosophical grounds. Others
question the method of finding
the right price for lost wetlands or
endangered species.
Another solution would be to
calculate the TBL in terms of an
index. In this way, one eliminates
the incompatible units issue and,
as long as there is a universally
accepted accounting method, allows
for comparisons between entities,
e.g., comparing performance between
companies, cities, development
projects or some other benchmark.
An example of an index that
compares a county versus the
nation’s performance for a variety of
components is the Indiana Business
Research Center’s Innovation Index.
5. There remains some subjectivity
even when using an index however.
For example, how are the index
components weighted? Would each
“P” get equal weighting? What about
the sub-components within each “P”?
Do they each get equal weighting? Is
the people category more important
than the planet? Who decides?
Another option would do away
with measuring sustainability using
dollars or using an index. If the users
of the TBL had the stomach for it,
each sustainability measure would
stand alone. “Acres of wetlands”
would be a measure, for example,
and progress would be gauged based
on wetland creation, destruction or
status quo over time. The downside
to this approach is the proliferation
of metrics that may be pertinent to
measuring sustainability. The TBL
user may get metric fatigue.
Having discussed the difficulties
with calculating the TBL, we turn
our attention to potential metrics
Indiana Business Review, Spring 2011 5
for inclusion in a TBL calculation.
Following that, we will discuss how
businesses and other entities have
6. applied the TBL framework.
What Measures Go into the
Index?
There is no universal standard
method for calculating the TBL.
Neither is there a universally
accepted standard for the measures
that comprise each of the three TBL
categories. This can be viewed as a
strength because it allows a user to
adapt the general framework to the
needs of different entities (businesses
or nonprofits), different projects or
policies (infrastructure investment or
educational programs), or different
geographic boundaries (a city, region
or country).
Both a business and local
government agency may gauge
environmental sustainability in
the same terms, say reducing the
amount of solid waste that goes into
landfills, but a local mass transit
might measure success in terms of
passenger miles, while a for-profit
bus company would measure success
in terms of earnings per share.
The TBL can accommodate these
differences.
Additionally, the TBL is able
to be case (or project) specific or
allow a broad scope—measuring
impacts across large geographic
7. boundaries—or a narrow geographic
scope like a small town. A case
(or project) specific TBL would
measure the effects of a particular
project in a specific location, such as
a community building a park. The
TBL can also apply to infrastructure
projects at the state level or energy
policy at the national level.
The level of the entity, type of
project and the geographic scope will
drive many of the decisions about
what measures to include. That said,
the set of measures will ultimately
be determined by stakeholders and
subject matter experts and the ability
to collect the necessary data. While
there is significant literature on the
appropriate measures to use for
sustainability at the state or national
levels, in the end, data availability
will drive the TBL calculations.
Many of the traditional sustainability
measures, measures vetted through
academic discourse, are presented
below.
Economic Measures
Economic variables ought to be
variables that deal with the bottom
line and the flow of money. It could
look at income or expenditures,
taxes, business climate factors,
employment, and business diversity
8. factors. Specific examples include:
• Personal income
• Cost of underemployment
• Establishment churn
• Establishment sizes
• Job growth
• Employment distribution by
sector
• Percentage of firms in each
sector
• Revenue by sector contributing
to gross state product
Environmental Measures
Environmental variables should
represent measurements of natural
resources and reflect potential
influences to its viability. It could
incorporate air and water quality,
energy consumption, natural
resources, solid and toxic waste, and
land use/land cover. Ideally, having
long-range trends available for
each of the environmental variables
would help organizations identify
the impacts a project or policy would
have on the area. Specific examples
include:
• Sulfur dioxide concentration
• Concentration of nitrogen
9. oxides
• Selected priority pollutants
• Excessive nutrients
• Electricity consumption
• Fossil fuel consumption
• Solid waste management
• Hazardous waste management
• Change in land use/land cover
Social Measures
Social variables refer to social
dimensions of a community or region
and could include measurements of
education, equity and access to social
resources, health and well-being,
quality of life, and social capital. The
examples listed below are a small
snippet of potential variables:
• Unemployment rate
• Female labor force participation
rate
• Median household income
• Relative poverty
• Percentage of population with
a post-secondary degree or
certificate
• Average commute time
• Violent crimes per capita
• Health-adjusted life expectancy
Data for many of these measures
10. are collected at the state and national
levels, but are also available at the
local or community level. Many are
appropriate for a community to use
when constructing a TBL. However,
as the geographic scope and the
nature of the project narrow, the set
The level of the entity, type of project and
the geographic scope will drive many of the
decisions about what measures to include.
6 Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indiana
Business Research Center
of appropriate measures can change.
For local or community-based
projects, the TBL measures of success
are best determined locally.
There are several similar
approaches to secure stakeholder
participation and input in designing
the TBL framework: developing
a decision matrix to incorporate
public preferences into project
planning and decision-making,3
using a “narrative format” to solicit
shareholder participation and
comprehensive project evaluation,4
and having stakeholders rank and
weigh components of a sustainability
framework according to community
priorities.5 For example, a community
11. may consider an important measure
of success for an entrepreneurial
development program to be
the number of woman-owned
companies formed over a five-year
time period. Ultimately, it will be
the organization’s responsibility
to produce a final set of measures
applicable to the task at hand.
Variations of the Triple Bottom
Line Measurement
The application of the TBL
by businesses, nonprofits and
governments are motivated
by the principles of economic,
environmental and social
sustainability, but differ with regard
to the way they measure the three
categories of outcomes. Proponents
who have developed and applied
sustainability assessment frameworks
like the TBL encountered many
challenges, chief among them,
how to make an index that is both
comprehensive and meaningful and
how to identify suitable data for the
variables that compose the index.
The Genuine Progress Indicator
(GPI), for example, consists of 25
variables that encompass economic,
social and environmental factors.
Those variables are converted into
monetary units and summed into a
single, dollar-denominated measure.6
12. Minnesota developed its own
progress indicator comprised of 42
variables that focused on the goals
of a healthy economy and gauged
progress in achieving these goals.7
There is a large body of literature
on integrated assessment 8 and
sustainability measures that grew
out of the disciplines that measure
environmental impact. These are
not constrained by strict economic
theory for measuring changes in
social welfare.9 Researchers in
environmental policy argue that
the three categories—economic,
social and environmental—need
to be integrated in order to see the
complete picture of the consequences
that a regulation, policy or economic
development project may have and to
assess policy options and tradeoffs.
Who Uses the Triple Bottom Line?
Businesses, nonprofits and
government entities alike can all use
the TBL.
Businesses
The TBL and its core value of
sustainability have become
compelling in the business world due
to accumulating anecdotal evidence
of greater long-term profitability.
For example, reducing waste from
packaging can also reduce costs.
13. Among the firms that have been
exemplars of these approaches are
General Electric, Unilever, Proctor
and Gamble, 3M and Cascade
Engineering.10 Although these
companies do not have an index-
based TBL, one can see how they
measure sustainability using the
TBL concept. Cascade Engineering,
for example, a private firm that does
not need to file the detailed financial
paperwork of public companies, has
identified the following variables for
their TBL scorecard:
• Economic
o Amount of taxes paid
• Social
o Average hours of training/
employee
o From welfare to career
retention
o Charitable contributions
• Environmental/Safety
o Safety incident rate
o Lost/restricted workday rate
o Sales dollars per kilowatt
hours
o Greenhouse gas emissions
o Use of post-consumer and
14. industrial recycled material
o Water consumption
o Amount of waste to landfill
Nonprofits
Many nonprofit organizations have
adopted the TBL and some have
partnered with private firms to
address broad sustainability issues
that affect mutual stakeholders.
Companies recognize that aligning
with nonprofit organizations makes
good business sense, particularly
those nonprofits with goals of
economic prosperity, social
well-being and environmental
protection.11
The Ford Foundation has funded
studies that used variations of
the TBL to measure the effects of
programs to increase wealth in
dozens of rural regions across the
United States.12 Another example
Companies recognize that aligning with nonprofit organizations
makes
good business sense, particularly those nonprofits with goals of
economic
prosperity, social well-being and environmental protection.
Indiana Business Review, Spring 2011 7
15. is RSF Social Finance,13 a nonprofit
organization that uniquely focuses
on how their investments improve
all three categories of the TBL. While
RSF takes an original approach to
the TBL concept, one can see how
the TBL can be tailored to nearly
any organization. Their approach
includes the following:
• Food and Agriculture
(economic): Explore new
economic models that support
sustainable food and agriculture
while raising public awareness
of the value of organic and
biodynamic farming.
• Ecological Stewardship
(environmental): Provide
funding to organizations and
projects devoted to sustaining,
regenerating and preserving the
earth’s ecosystems, especially
integrated, systems-based and
culturally relevant approaches.
• Education and the Arts (social):
Fund education and arts
projects that are holistic and
therapeutic.
Government
State, regional and local governments
are increasingly adopting the
TBL and analogous sustainability
16. assessment frameworks as decision-
making and performance-monitoring
tools. Maryland, Minnesota, Vermont,
Utah, the San Francisco Bay Area and
Northeast Ohio area have conducted
analyses using the TBL or a similar
sustainability framework.
Policy-makers use these
sustainability assessment frameworks
to decide which actions they should
or should not take to make society
more sustainable. Policy-makers
want to know the cause and effect
relationship between actions—
projects or policies—and whether
the results move society toward or
away from sustainability. The State
of Maryland, for example, uses a
blended GPI-TBL framework to
compare initiatives—for example,
investing in clean energy—against
the baseline of “doing nothing” or
against other policy options.14
Internationally, the European
Union uses integrated assessment
to identify the “likely positive and
negative impacts of proposed policy
actions, enabling informed political
judgments to be made about the
proposal and identify trade-offs in
achieving competing objectives.”15
The EU guidelines have themselves
been the subject of critique and
17. have undergone several rounds
of improvement.16 The process of
refining the guidelines shows both
the transparency of the process and
the EU commitment to integrated
assessment.
Regional Economic
Development Initiatives
The concept of the triple bottom
line can be used regionally by
communities to encourage economic
development growth in a sustainable
manner. This requires an increased
level of cooperation among
businesses, nonprofit organizations,
governments and citizens of the
region. The following examples
throughout the United States show
various ways the TBL concept can
be used to grow a region’s economic
base in a sustainable manner.
Cleveland, Ohio
In 2009, the mayor of Cleveland
convened the Sustainable Cleveland
2019 (SC2019) Summit to bring
together hundreds of people
interested in applying the principles
of sustainability to the design of
the local economy.17 The SC2019
is a 10-year initiative to create a
sustainable economy in Cleveland
by focusing on a TBL-like concept.
The city uses four key areas for
18. measuring sustainability: the
personal and social environment,
the natural environment, the built
environment (e.g., infrastructure
and urban growth patterns) and the
business environment. Each key area
has six goals. At this point, specific
measurement indicators have not
been fully developed; however, the
city is looking to create a dashboard
that could be combined to create an
index for overall project success. This
dashboard would allow for quick
year-to-year assessment in the SC2019
progress.
Grand Rapids, Michigan, and the
Surrounding Region
In 2005, the Grand Rapids region
created the nation’s first “Community
Sustainability Partnership” to
develop a roadmap to lead Grand
Rapids to sustainability. The
region employs 14 major indicators
related to the region’s quality of
life and environmental factors to
determine progress made towards
sustainability. Rather than create an
index, target goals were established
for each indicator. More detailed
information of the metrics used
for each indicator can be found in
their TBL report.18 Below are brief
explainations of the variables used to
measure their TBL.
19. • Environmental Quality
o Waste: trends in recycling,
refuse and yard waste
o Energy: energy
consumption, natural gas
The concept of the triple bottom line can be
used regionally by communities to encourage
economic development growth in a sustainable
manner.
8 Indiana University Kelley School of Business, Indiana
Business Research Center
consumption and alternative
fuel usage
o Water: water consumption
o Air Quality: toxic release
inventory and number of air
pollution ozone action days
o Built Environment: number
of LEED registered and
certified projects
o Land Use and Natural
Habitat: inventory of land
use and forest canopy
o Transportation: public
20. transportation ridership
• Economic Prosperity
o Personal Income: personal
income per capita
o Unemployment:
unemployment rate
o Redevelopment,
Reinvestment and Jobs:
results from brownfield
redevelopment investment
and job creation
o Knowledge Competitiveness:
third-party report ranking
U.S. regions
• Social Capital and Equity
o Safety and Security: crime
statistics
o Educational Attainment:
degree attainment levels
o Health and Wellness: infant
mortality rate and blood
lead levels trends
o Quality of Life: home
ownership, poverty, and
reduced price and free
lunches trends
21. o Community Capital: 211
calls for assistance, voter
participation and population
and ethnicity
Summary
The Triple Bottom Line concept
developed by John Elkington
has changed the way businesses,
nonprofits and governments
measure sustainability and
the performance of projects or
policies. Beyond the foundation of
measuring sustainability on three
fronts—people, planet and profits—
the flexibility of the TBL allows
organizations to apply the concept
in a manner suitable to their specific
needs.
There are challenges to putting the
TBL into practice. These challenges
include measuring each of the three
categories, finding applicable data
and calculating a project or policy’s
contribution to sustainability. These
challenges aside, the TBL framework
allows organizations to evaluate the
ramifications of their decisions from a
truly long-run perspective. n
Notes
1. John Elkington, “Towards the Sustainable
22. Corporation: Win-Win-Win Business
Strategies for Sustainable Development,”
California Management Review 36, no. 2 (1994):
90–100.
2. Andrew Savitz, The Triple Bottom Line (San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006).
3. Peter Soderbaum, “Positional Analysis and
Public Decision Making,” Journal of Economic
Issues 16, no. 2 (June 1982): 391–400,
www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4225177.pdf.
4. Terre Satterfield, Paul Slovic and Robin
Gregory, “Narrative Valuation in a Policy
Judgment Context,” Ecological Economics 34
(2000): 315–331.
5. Stephen R. J. Sheppard and Michael
Meitner, “Using Multi-Criteria Analysis
and Visualization for Sustainable Forest
Management Planning with Stakeholder
Groups,” Forest Ecology and Management
207 (2005): 171–187. Another example can
be found in Katrina Brown et al., “Trade-
Off Analysis for Marine Protected Area
Management,” Ecological Economics 37, no. 3
(June 2001): 417–434.
6. See Herman E. Daly, John B. Cobb and
Clifford W. Cobb, For the Common Good:
Redirecting the Economy towards Community,
the Environment, and a Sustainable Future
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1989) and John
Talberth, Clifford Cobb and Noah Slattery,
“The Genuine Progress Indicator 2006: A
23. Tool for Sustainable Development,” www.
environmental-expert.com/Files/24200/
articles/12128/GPI202006.pdf.
7. Minnesota Planning Environmental Quality
Board, “Smart Signals: An Assessment of
Progress Indicators,” March 2000,
www.green.maryland.gov/mdgpi/pdfs/GPI-
Minnesota.pdf.
8. Integrated assessment is used as a
general rubric for all sustainability
assessment frameworks, including TBL.
The proliferation of frameworks and
their acronyms often complicates the
issues associated with implementing a
TBL framework for evaluating economic
development initiatives. Except for a
couple of sustainability frameworks, the
accessibility components and measures
can be easily organized into the three
TBL categories (economic, social and
environmental).
9. Theo Hacking and Peter Guthrie, “A
Framework for Clarifying the Meaning
of Triple Bottom-Line, Integrated, and
Sustainability Assessment,” Environmental
Impact Assessment Review 28 (2008):73–89
and Wouter de Ridder et al., “A Framework
for Tool Selection and Use in Integrated
Assessment for Sustainable Development,”
Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy
and Management 9, no. 4 (December 2007):
423–441.
24. 10. Cascade Engineering, “The Triple Bottom
Line Report,” 2009, www.cascadeng.com/
pdf/TBL_2009.pdf.
11. Nancy Fell, “Triple Bottom Line Approach
Growing in Nonprofit Sector,” Causeplanet,
January 21, 2007, and Peter Senge, et al., The
Necessary Revolution (New York: Doubleday,
2008).
12. For example, see Nancy Stark and
Deborah Markley, “Rural Entrepreneurship
Development II: Measuring Impact on the
Triple Bottom Line, Wealth Creation in Rural
America,” July 2008, www.yellowwood.org/
wealthcreation.aspx.
13. “Focus Areas,” RSF Social Finance, http://
rsfsocialfinance.org/values/focus/.
14. “Maryland’s Genuine Progress Indicator:
An Index for Sustainable Prosperity,”
Maryland: Smart, Green and Growing,
www.green.maryland.gov/mdgpi/.
15. Commission of the European Communities,
“Communication from the Commission on
Impact Assessment,” May 6, 2002, http://
trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2005/
february/tradoc_121479.pdf.
16. EU Secretariat General, “Memo: The Main
Changes in the 2009 Impact Assessment
Guidelines Compared to 2005 Guidelines,”
http://ec.europa.eu/governance/impact/
25. index_en.htm.
17. Sustainable Cleveland 2019, “Action and
Resources Guide: Building an Economic
Engine to Empower a Green City on a Blue
Lake,” October 2010,
www.gcbl.org/system/files/SC2019+Executiv
e+Summary+%289SEP10%29.pdf.
18. City of Grand Rapids, Michigan,
“Community Triple Bottom Line Indicator
Report,” September 2008, www.grpartners.
org/pdfs/resources/TBLFinal1.pdf.
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