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Sistem Pencernaan
(Systema GastroIntestinalis)
Dr. Arief Fatoni
2010

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Obyektif
Menerangkan fungsi pokok dari sistem
Pencernaan
Mengidentifikasi alat-alat pokok dan alat-
alat tambahan.
Menerangkan peranan hati dan kantong
empedu dalam pencernaan

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Bertanggung jawab untuk
menerima , mencerna ,
menyerap makanan,dan
mengeluarkan sisa padat.
Saluran pencernaan (GI
tract)
Alimentasi - untuk
mencukupi gizi
Anatomy/Physiology
Sistem Pencernaan

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ALAT PENCERNAAN
TAMBAHAN
Gigi / dentin
Lidah / lingua
Kelenjar ludah/ glandula salivarius
Hati / hepar / liver
Kantong empedu / vesica fellea/ gallbladder
Pankreas / pancreas

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Rongga Mulut / Cavum Oris
Mulut (bucca, lingua)
• papillae
Gigi
• mastikasi
• dentin
• pulp
• gingiva

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LINGUA
Papilla lingualis
• Papilla lingualis
sircumvalata
• Papilla lingualis
fungiformis
Tonsila lingualis

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Gigi
Arcus maxillaris (atas)
Arcus mandibularis (bawah)
• Gigi depan untuk menggigit dan merobek
• Gigi belakang untuk mengunyah dan menggiling
Gigi
decidua - shedding
Primer - 20 gigi
Permanen - 32 gigi

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DENTS
Dents permanen
Dents decidua
Dents insicivus
Dents caninus
Dents premolar
Dents molar
Superior
dextra
Superior
sinistra
Inferior
dextra
Inferior
sinistra

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Rongga Mulut / Cavum Oris
Palatum, durum dan mole
• bolus
Pharynx
Uvula
Esophagus
Epiglottis

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Esophagus
kerongkogan
chyme
cardiac, atau bawah
esophageal atau
gastroesophageal
sphincter

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Lambung / Ventriculus
Corpus /Body,
fundus
pylorus
rugae
Sphincter
pyloricum
Fundus
Body

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Usus Halus /Intestinum
Usus kecil
entero – usus kecil
villi
Bagian-bagian
• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum
Valvula ileocecalis

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Usus besar
Usus besar
colon
cecum
Appendix vermiformis

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Colon
• ascenden
• Flexura hepatica
• transversum
• Flexura splenicum
• descenden
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus

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Fungsi
• Menghasilkan empedu
• glucose - glycogen
• Menimbun vitamin, B12, A, D, E, K
• erythrocytolysis (pigmen dilepas dieliminasi
dalam empedu disebut bilirubin)
• bilirubin membuat warna tinja khas /gelap
• Mengeluarkan toxin dari darah
• Membuat protein darah
Hati / Hepar / liver

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HEPAR

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Pankreas
internal – fungsi endocrine
• insulin
• glucogon
external – fungsi exocrine
• amylase - karbihidrat
• trypsin, chymotrypsin - protein
• lipase – lemak
Enzyme tidak aktif sampai berada di
duodenum

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PANKREAS

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Kantong empedu
Seperti buah pear – berbentuk kantong
dibawah hati
chole berarti empedu
Cyste berarti kantong atau saccus
Kantong empedu berkontraksi mendorong
empedu keluar melelui ductus cysticus
kedalam ductus biliverus communis

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SALURAN EMPEDU DAN
PANKREAS
Ductus hepaticus
sinistra
Ductus hepaticus
dextra
Ductus hepaticus
communis
Ductus sisticus
Ductus choleducus
Ductus pancreaticus
Ampula vateri

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Empedu
Empedu adalah getah pencernaan –
bertindak mengemulsi lemak menjadi way
bahwa enzyme dapat mencerna lemak
Berjalan melalui ductus hepaticus ke ductus
cysticus ke kantong empedu dimana dia
ditimbun
Empedu mengandung air, garam-garam
empedu, cholesterol, dan bilirubin (suatu
zat warna hasil dari pemecahan
hemoglobin)
bilirubin mebuat warna empedu kuning atau

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Lambung selama pencernaan
Getah lambung
• HCL – mengaktifkan
enzym
• protease
• pepsin
• lipase
Chyme

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Usus kecil selama pencernaan
Pencernaan lengkap
pada usus kecil
chyme tercampur
dengan empedu dan
getah pankreas
Penggumpalan
(emulsifikasi)
Penyerapan (absorpsi)

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Usus besar
Menerima sisa-sisa
pencernaan dan
menimbun sampai
dilepaskan dari tubuh.
Penyerapan kelebihan
air
faeces, tinja
defekasi, atau gerakan
usus

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Patologi - Ulcer
Gastric ulcer
Peptic ulcer
Ulcerative Colitis

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Patology - Hernia
Diaphragmatica
Hiatal, Gastroesophageal
Inguinal
Umbilical

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Sumbatan usus
Volvulus
• Ischemia
• Necrosis
• Peritonitis
Intussuscepsi

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Hemorrhoid (wasir)
Internal
External
Hemorrhoidectomy

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Gangguan Liver
Kuning - jaundice, icterus
Hepatitis
• Type A - fecal, oral
• Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal
• Type C - parenteral ke darah , produk darah

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Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
obstipasi
diverticulectomy

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Oncologi
Neoplasma dari lapisan epitelial
• Adenocarcinoma lambung
• Carcinoma esofagus
• Carcinoma hepatoseluler
• Carcinoma pankreas

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Istilah Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic
Aerophagia
anorexia
appendicitis
ascites
borborygmus
bulimia

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Istilah Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic
cachexia
cholelithiasis
cleft palate
Crohn’s disease
cirrhosis
colic

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Istilah Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic
deglutition
dysentery
dysphagia
eructation
fecalith
flatus
gastroesophageal reflux disease

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Istilah Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic
Halitosis
hematemesis
irritable bowel syndrome
leukoplakia
malabsorption syndrome
melena
obstipation

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Istilah Diagnostic, Symptomatic,
Therapeutic
Peristalsis
pyloric stenosis
regurgitation
steatorrhea
visceroptosis