During John Adams' presidency, political divisions grew as he struggled to maintain peace with France. Tensions increased after Jay's Treaty with Britain, as France attacked American ships and demanded bribes in the XYZ Affair. This led to the Quasi-War naval conflict between the U.S. and France from 1798-1800, which ended when Adams and Napoleon reached an agreement. Adams also signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, arresting journalists who criticized his government, increasing opposition to his presidency.

1. The Presidency of John Adams Political divisions grew bitter during the presidency of John Adams, as struggled to keep peace with France.