2. BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
CIKGU JELLY
Non-specific body defence mechanism
Prevent pathogen from entering the body
1. Skin
Made of a tough layer and is difficult to be penetrated by microorganism
Microorganism can only get into the body if there is a wound or if the skin is
injured
Sweat and sebum secreted by the skin contain chemicals that can kill
microorganism
3. BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
CIKGU JELLY
Non-specific body defence mechanism
Prevent pathogen from entering the body
2. Mucous membrane
Membrane that lines the digestive tract and respiratory tract
Microorganism that enter the respiratory tract are filtered by nasal hairs and
trapped by mucous lining the nasal cavity
Earwax, tear and vaginal secretions also function as an antiseptic that kill
microorganism
4. BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
CIKGU JELLY
Non-specific body defence mechanism
Fight pathogen through phagocytosis
Pathogens that successfully get past the first line of defence enter
the bloodstream and face the second line of defence
White blood cells engulf and digest the pathogens using enzymes through
phagocytosis
phagocytosisPHAGOCYTOSIS
pathogen
5. BODY DEFENCE MECHANISM
CIKGU JELLY
Specific body defence mechanism
Fight pathogen by producing antibodies
Pathogens that succeed in passing through the second line of
defence will face the third line of defence
Immunity is the ability of the body system to resist pathogens before it is
infected
BODY IMMUNE SYSTEM
It is involves the production of antibodies when pathogen enter the body
Antibody is a protein produced by white blood cells into the
bloodstreams in response to antigen
Antigen is a foreign substance that comes from outside body and induces
the production of antibodies
6. IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNISATION
Immunisation is an effort to
stimulate the body defence
against infections by injecting
vaccines
Vaccines-Contains antigens
obtained from a part or the whole
structure of weakened or dead
virus or bacterium
Antigens stimulate the body’s
immune system, forming
immunity against certain
infections
CIKGU JELLY
7. 2020 VACCINATION SCHEDULE IN MALAYSIA
•Vaccines given at government health facilities:
•Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), vaccine that gives protection against
tuberculosis
•DTaP is the combination of diphtheria(D), tetanus(T) and acellular pertussis(aP)
•DT is a booster dose which protects against diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T)
•Hib is Haemophilus Influenza type B
•MMR is the combination of Measles(M), Mumps(M) and Rubella(R)
•MR vaccine provides protection against Measles (M) and Rubella (R). MR Dose 2
at 7 years old, until year 2022
•JE is vaccine against Japanese Encephalitis. This vaccine is only provided in
Sarawak
•HPV is Human Papillomavirus. This vaccine is provided only for girls aged 13
years. Dose 2 is given 6 months after dose 1
CIKGU JELLY
SOURCE: MINISTRY OF HEALTH MALAYSIA
8. PASSIVE IMMUNITY
CIKGU JELLY
Concentration of antibody
in the blood(%)
Immunity level
Time(week)
Passive natural immunity Passive artificial immunity
Concentration of antibody in
the blood(%)
Time(week)
First antiserum
injection
Second antiserum
injection
Immunity level
The body gains antibody from external sources
Obtained when a baby receives
antibody from breast milk or from the
mother’s blood that flows across the
placenta
Temporary and short-lived, last for the
first few months after the birth of the
baby
Obtained when antiserum injected into
patient’s body
Antiserum fights against pathogens without
interrupting the patient’s immune system
Antiserum is a clear liquid in the blood that
contain antibodies to prevent diseases
Fast and temporary
9. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
CIKGU JELLY
Concentration of antibody
in the blood(%)
Immunity level
Time(week)
Active natural immunity Active artificial immunity
Concentration of antibody in
the blood(%)
Time(week)
Immunity level
The body produces its own antibodies when
stimulated by antigens
First vaccine
injection
Second vaccine
injection
During the second time infection, the
antibody produced exceeds the immunity
level and immunity is achieved
Occur when a person recovers from an
infection
Immunity last long after the infections
Occur when a vaccine that contains a
dead or weakened pathogen injected
into the body and the immune system
respond by producing antibodies
Immunity last long after the infections
10. CAUSES THAT WEAKEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
CIKGU JELLY
Exposure to polluted air
Exposure to pesticides
Stress
Excessive intake of sugar
11. PRACTICES THAT STRENGH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
CIKGU JELLY
Get enough sleep and rest
Exercise and inhaling
fresh air
Not smoking and no exposure to
cigarettes smoke
Doing periodic health
examination
