The document discusses materials and design considerations for sewer pipes. Reinforced concrete cement (RCC) pipes are commonly used for large storm and sanitary sewers in urban areas. RCC pipe strength is determined through three edge-bearing tests. Joints for RCC sewers smaller than 760mm can be bell-and-spigot or tongue-and-groove, while only tongue-and-groove joints are used for larger pipes. Proper bedding is important for developing pipe strength, maintaining grade, and preventing settlement. Common bedding methods provide load factors of 1.7 to 3 to increase a pipe's load-bearing capacity.

1. Water Supply and Wastewater
Management
or Environment Engineering
(Sewer Material & Strength )

2. SEWER MATERIAL
Types of Pipes based on material:
PVC, AC (Asbestos Cement), PCC, RCC, C.I., Steel,
Clay
PCC Pipes:
 Normally used for small storm drains and sanitary
sewers.
 Made in three classes with three wall thicknesses.
 Sizes: 100 mm – 610 mm.
 Concrete pipes > 610 mm in size are reinforced.

3. RCC Pipes:
 Normally used for combined, large storm
drains and sanitary sewers in urban areas.
 Made in five classes with two wall
thicknesses in class-I and three wall
thicknesses in other four classes.
Dimensions available for RCC pipes are shown in Table.
SEWER MATERIAL

5. STRENGTH OF RCC PIPES
Three edge-bearing test is used to determine
the strength of RCC pipes. Load is applied on the
pipe to produce 0.25 mm crack. The test defines
the load that can be safely supported by the sewer.

7. JOINTS IN RCC SEWERS
1. Bell and Spigot Joint
2. Tongue and Groove Joint
 For 310-760 mm either
joint can be used
 For > 760 mm only
Tongue and groove is used.

8. LOADS ON BURIED PIPES
 Sewer design requires prior knowledge of soil and
site conditions to determine overburden loads that
will be placed on buried pipes.
 Total load on buried pipes is the sum of live load and
backfill load.
 Live loads on the surfaces rarely influences the
design of sanitary sewers because of their greater
depths.
 Backfill load is of more concern.

9. Backfill Load on Sewers:
 Backfill load on buried pipes can be calculated using
Marston’s Equation.
W = CωB2
Where;
W = Load on the pipe per unit length, (Kg/m)
ω = Weight of the backfill material per unit volume,( Kg/m3 )
B = Width of the trench, (m)
C = Coefficient that depend on depth of trench, character of
construction and fill material.
LOADS ON BURIED PIPES (Cont…)

10. For ordinary trench construction, C may be calculated from
Where;
H = depth of fill above pipe
B = Width of trench just below top of pipe
K = ratio of active lateral pressure to vertical pressure
µ’ = coefficient of sliding friction between fill material and
sides of trench
The product Kµ’ ranges from 0.1 to 0.16 for most soils.
LOADS ON BURIED PIPES (Cont….)
C =
1 − 𝑒−2𝐾𝜇′𝐻
𝐵
2𝐾𝜇′

12. SEWER BEDDINGS
Provision of proper bedding is very important;
 in developing the strength of the pipe,
 assuring it is laid to the proper grade, and
 preventing subsequent settlement.
In unfavorable soil conditions, bedding is particularly
important.
Load Factor:
Load Factor expresses the increase
sewer by provision of proper bedding.
in strength of

13. Fig:Method of bedding concrete pipes and load factors applicable to strength

14. SEWER BEDDINGS IN LAHORE (WASA)
BRICK BALLAST CRUSHED STONE CONCRETE CRADLE
Load Factor = 1.7
Used under poor subsoil
conditions, above the water
table
Load Factor = 1.9
Used under poor subsoil
conditions, below water
table
Load Factor = 3.0
Used under increased
strength requirements

15. Example: 610 mm sewer is to be placed in ordinary
trench 4 m deep above concrete cover and 1.5 m wide
,The trench will be filled with wet clay 2080 kg/m3,
Determine load of pipe and the type of bedding require
if installation is to have a F.O.S=1.5
3-Edge bearing strength of sewer is 3860 kg/m.
(Soil is saturated clay = kμ’=0.11)