The skull bone consists of 28 total bones, divided into 14 calvarium bones that form the brain box and 14 facial bones. The calvarium bones include the parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The 14 facial bones include the zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones. Fractures in different areas of the skull can lead to bleeding, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and damage to cranial nerves. Premature closure of skull sutures is known as craniosynostosis and can cause skull deformities.

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SKULL BONE
 Total 28 bones
 Calvarium or brain box 14 bones
 Facial bones 14

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CALVARIUM
 SPOT, EF, 3Ear ossicles
 SPHENOID
 PARIETAL (2)
 OCCIPETAL
 TEMPORAL(2)
 ETHMOID
 FRONTAL

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FACIAL BONES (14)
 MLZ PIN VM
 MAXILLA VOMER(1)
 LACRIMAL MANDIBLE(1)
 ZYGOMATIC
 PALATINE
 INFERIOR CONCHA
 NASAL BONES

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ture

11. z ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA
 Due to fracture in cribriform plate
 Csf rihnorhea
 Due to bleeding and discharge of csf may lead to
periorbital echymosis seepage of blood into eyelids

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MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA
leads to bleeding and csf leak through ear ‘otohorrhea’
7th &88th cranial nerve may get damage if fracture line
pass through internl acoustic meatus

13. z Posterior Cranial fossa
Causes bruises over mastoid region extending down to the mastoid
sternocleidomastoid region

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CRANIAL SUTURES
AND SYNCHONDROSIS

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Craniosynostosis
Premature closure of one or more sutures
Premature closure of synchondrosis of skull base causes
underdevelopment of midface
Reduce cranial base
Excessive valting of calvaria
In some cases facial anamolies Exopthalmos, midfacial hypoplasia,
Dental malocclusion

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Syndromes associated with
craniosynostosis
 Crouzon
 Apert
 Pteiffer
 Muenke
 Saithre chotzen

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FACE
 Also known as viscerocranium supports the
soft tissue of cranium
 14 bones fuses to house
 Orbit of the eye
 Oral cavity, nasal cavity
 Sinuses
 Frontal bone typically bone of the calvaria
sometimes included in face

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 Zygomatic (2) –
 forms the cheek bones of the face and articulates with the frontal,
sphenoid, temporal and maxilla bones.
 Lacrimal (2) –
 the smallest bones of the face. They form part of the medial wall of the
orbit.
 Nasal (2) –
 two slender bones that are located at the bridge of the nose.
 Inferior nasal conchae (2) –
 located within the nasal cavity, these bones increase the surface area
of the nasal cavity, thus increasing the amount of inspired air that can
come into contact with the cavity walls.

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 Palatine (2) –
 situated at the rear of oral cavity and forms part of the hard
palate.
 Maxilla (2) –
 comprises part of the upper jaw and hard palate.
 Vomer –
 forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum.
 Mandible (jaw) –
 articulates with the base of the cranium at the
temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

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 Nasal fracture – the most common facial fracture,
due to the prominent position of the nasal bones at
the bridge of the nose. There is often significant soft
tissue swelling and associated epistaxis.
 Maxillary fracture – associated with high-energy
trauma. Fractures affecting of maxillary bones are
classified using the Le Fort classification, ranging
from 1 to 3.

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 Mandibular fracture – often bilateral occurring directly at the
side of trauma, and indirectly at the contralateral side due to
transmitted forces. Clinical features include pain at fracture site
and misalignment of the teeth (malocclusion)
 Zygomatic arch fracture – associated with trauma to the side of
the face. Displaced fractures can damage the nearby infraorbital
nerve, leading to ipsilateral paraesthesia of the check, nose, and
lip.

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Orbit
R
O
O
F

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60. Face
The facial skeleton (also known as the viscerocranium) supports the soft tissues of the face.
It consists of 14 bones, which fuse to house the orbits of the eyes, the nasal and oral cavities, and the sinuses. The frontal bone, typically a
bone of the calvaria, is sometimes included as part of the facial skeleton.
The facial bones are:

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