The document discusses infiltration and regeneration processes in tissues, with a focus on calcium infiltration and its types, including dystrophic and metastatic calcification, alongside their causes and effects. It highlights the limited regenerative capacity of mammalian tissues and the cellular mechanisms involved in tissue repair, such as cell proliferation and the roles of different cell types in the regeneration process. Supporting references for the topics covered are provided from various textbooks related to pharmacology, pathology, and genetics for nursing.

1. Infiltration & Regeneration

2. Infiltration
• Is the diffusion or accumulation (in a tissue or cells) of substances not normal to it
or in amounts in excess of the normal. The material collected in those tissues or
cells is called infiltration.

3. Calcium infiltration or calcification:-
• Calcium infiltration a process in which tissue or noncellular material in the body
becomes hardened as the result of precipitates or larger deposits of insoluble salts
of calcium. Normally occurring only in the formation of bone & teeth.

4. Types:-
• Dystrophic Calcification
• Metastatic Calcification

5. Morphology:-
• Calcium is seen as granular deeply basophilic encrusted debris within the tissues.
The special stains to demonstrate calcium are Von Kossa method producing black
colour.
• METASTATIC: Calcium deposition in normal tissue, due to hypercalcaemia or
deranged calcium metabolism. Ex. Kidney (renal calculi formation). Etiology
hyperviataminosis D, Bony destructive Lesions.
• DYSTROPHIC: calcification occurs in dead tissues & degenerate tissues. Ex.
Dead Parasites.

6. Regeneration
• Some tissues are able to replace the damaged components and essentially return to
a normal state; this process is called regeneration.
• Regeneration occurs by proliferation of cells that survive the injury retain the
capacity to proliferate
• In the rapidly dividing epithelia of the skin and intestines, and in some
parenchymal organs, notably the liver.
• In other cases, tissue stem cells may contribute to the restoration of damaged
tissues.
• However, mammals have a limited capacity to regenerate damaged tissues and
organs, and only some components of most tissues are able to fully restore
themselves.

7. Cell and Tissue Regeneration:-
• The regeneration of injured cells and tissues involves cell proliferation, which is driven by
growth factors and is critically dependent on the integrity of the extracellular matrix, and
by the development of mature cells from stem cells.
• Cell Proliferation • several cell types proliferate during tissue repair.
include the remnants of the injured tissue (which attempt to restore normal structure),
vascular endothelial cells (to create new vessels that provide the nutrients needed for the
repair process),
and fibroblasts (the source of the fibrous tissue that forms the scar to fill defects that
cannot be corrected by regeneration).

8. References
• Suresh Sharma “Textbook of pharmacology, pathology and genetics for nurses”
volume 1 jaypee publication.
• K.Swaminathan “Textbook of pathology and genetics for nurses”2nd edition
Jaypee publication.
• Navneet Kumari “Pathology for Nurses” Lotus publication