This document provides an overview of the APA citation style, which is widely used in the social sciences. It discusses the general format for citing different sources like journals, books, and websites in both the text of a paper and in the reference list. Key aspects covered include using parenthetical citations in the text, listing references in alphabetical order, and providing publication information for different source types.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
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GENERAL COMMENTSâCASE 1
Incorporate statesmanship model within case. Apply the model rather than just state it.
Interpersonal skills of statesmanship applied to main character(s) in case., not just mentioned.
Much of text is not supported by citations but opinion.
Integrate Biblical principles within the analysis of the paper not just added at the end of case.
Importance of emotional intelligence and covenant not just mentioned but analyzed as part of
case.
The case is not fabricated or an opinion of the student.
There are no specific characters. The case is too general. Be specific about Mayor and Board of
Alderman by name, their decisions, actions, etc.
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IN-TEXT CITATIONS
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
PARAPHRASES
A paraphrase consists of putting the information into your own words.
Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Libraries historically highly value intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue, 2007).
Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
LaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality as two key values held historically by libraries.
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
APA uses the author (last name), year of publication, and page number method of in-text citation. If there is no author, use an abbreviation of the title in the authorâs place.
SHORT QUOTATION - For short quotations (under 40 words), use quotation marks when you write the exact words of the source.
Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectednessâgenealogical rather than ecological" (Gould & Brown, 1991, p. 14).
Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectednessâ genealogical rather than ecologicalâ (p. 14).
Note where the period is placed in a short quotation.
Direct Quotes from Online Material without Pagination
Use âparaâ instead of the symbol ¶ to indicate location of direct quotes of online sources that do not have pagination.
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new âintellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspaceâ (para. 4).
LONG QUOTATION - If you are citing a long quotation of 40 words or more, you donât need to quotation marks, but set the quoted area off from the text by indentation (block format, with double-spacing, and period at the end before the page number.
According to Chalton (2006), the following is a good memory technique:
To avoid retrieval, a good approach is to store information in an organized way and call it up at regular intervals.
Tulving (1966) and others have shown that the act of retrieving information from memory can contribute to learningâthe more we use the retrieval cues ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
âą The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
âą The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate âany matterâ at âany timeâ under House Rule X.
âą The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
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3apa
1. 1
APA Formatâ6th
Edition
OVERVIEWâThe American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely accepted in the social
sciences and other fields, such as education, business, and nursing. The APA citation format
requires parenthetical citations within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citations in the
text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of publication, to lead the
reader to the source of information in the reference list at the end of the paper.
NOTE: Although the examples in this guide are shown in single space, APA
style requires double spacing throughout (e.g. text, references, etc.)
APA RULES FOR THE REFERENCES PAGE â The following sections show some of the more
commonly used APA citation rules.
NOTE: All citations must be in the Hanging Indent Format with the first line flush to
the left margin and all other lines indented.
JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS IN PRINT FORMAT
General Form
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.
Title of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx.
NOTE: The journal title and the volume number are in italics. Issue numbers are not
required if the journal is continuously paged. If paged individually, the issue number
is required and is in regular type in parentheses adjacent to the volume number.
One Author
Williams, J. H. (2008). Employee engagement: Improving participation in
safety. Professional Safety, 53(12), 40-45.
Two to Seven Authors [List all authors]
Keller, T. E., Cusick, G. R., & Courtney, M. E. (2007). Approaching the
transition to adulthood: Distinctive profiles of adolescents aging
out of the child welfare system. Social Services Review, 81, 453-
484.
Eight or More Authors [List the first six authors, ⊠and the last author]
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Coatsworth, D.,
Lengua, L.,...Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of
theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of
divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-
856.
2. 2
Magazine Article
Mathews, J., Berrett, D., & Brillman, D. (2005, May 16). Other winning
equations. Newsweek, 145(20), 58-59.
Newspaper Article with No Author and Discontinuous Pages
Generic Prozac debuts. (2001, August 3). The Washington Post, pp. E1, E4.
BOOKS, CHAPTERS IN BOOKS, REPORTS, ETC.
General Form
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
One Author
Alexie, S. (1992). The business of fancydancing: Stories and poems.
Brooklyn, NY: Hang Loose Press.
Corporate Author with an Edition and Published by the Corporate Author
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anonymous Author
Dorlandâs illustrated medical dictionary (31st
ed.). (2007). Philadelphia,
PA: Saunders.
Chapter in a Book
Booth-LaForce, C., & Kerns, K. A. (2009). Child-parent attachment
relationships, peer relationships, and peer-group functioning. In
K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer
interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 490-507). New York,
NY: Guilford Press.
ERIC Document
Shyyan, V., Thurlow, M., & Liu, K. (2005). Student perceptions of
instructional strategies: Voices of English language learners with
disabilities. Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational
Outcomes, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from the ERIC
database.(ED495903)
3. 3
ONLINE JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS
General Format - Databases
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.
Name of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxxxxxx
Article Retrieved from an Online Database
NOTE: Use the articleâs DOI (Digital Object Identifier), the unique code given
by the publisher to a specific article.
Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2007). Inside management teams: Developing a
teamwork survey instrument. British Journal of Management, 18, 138-
153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00507.x
NOTE: Use the journalâs home page URL (or web address) if there is no DOI.
This may require a web search to locate the journalâs home page. There is no
period at the end of web address. Break a long URL before the punctuation.
Koo, D. J., Chitwoode, D. D., & Sanchez, J. (2008). Violent victimization
and the routine activities/lifestyle of active drug users. Journal
of Drug Issues, 38, 1105-1137. Retrieved from http://www2
.criminology.fsu.edu/~jdi/
Article from an Online Magazine
Lodewijkx, H. F. M. (2001, May 23). Individual-group continuity in
cooperation and competition under varying communication conditions.
Current Issues in Social Psychology, 6(12), 166-182. Retrieved from
http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.12.htm
OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES
General Form
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from web address
Online Report from a Nongovernmental Organization
Kenney, G. M., Cook, A., & Pelletier, J. (2009). Prospects for reducing
uninsured rates among children: How much can premium assistance
programs help? Retrieved from Urban Institute website: http://
www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411823
Online Report with No Author Identified and No Date
GVU's 10th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www
.cc.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey-1998-10/
4. 4
Web Sites in Parenthetical Citations: To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document
within the site), it is sufficient to give the URL of the site in the text. No entry in the reference list
is needed. Example:
Kidpsych is an excellent website for young children (http://
www.kidpsych.org).
REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXTâ APA utilizes a system of brief referencing in the text of a
paper, whether one is paraphrasing or providing a direct quotation from another authorâs work.
Citations in the text usually consist of the name of the author(s) and the year of publication. The
page number is added when utilizing a direct quotation.
Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Libraries historically highly value intellectual freedom and patron
confidentiality (LaRue, 2007).
Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
LaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom and patron
confidentiality as two key values held historically by libraries.
Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other
form of interconnectednessâgenealogical rather than ecological"
(Gould & Brown, 1991, p. 14).
Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of
the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectednessâ
genealogical rather than ecologicalâ(p. 14).
CITING SECONDARY SOURCES -- When citing in the text a work discussed in a secondary
source, give both the primary and the secondary sources. In the example below, the study by
Seidenberg and McClelland was mentioned in an article by Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller.
Seidenberg and McClellandâs study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis,
Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided a glimpse into the world
In the references page, you would cite the secondary source you read not the original study.
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models
of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-
processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
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