This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but different values compared to the analytical work. The differences between the analytical and simulation results are quantified as percentages.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper presents synchronization of a new autonomous hyperchaotic system. The generalized
backstepping technique is applied to achieve hyperchaos synchronization for the two new hyperchaotic
systems. Generalized backstepping method is similarity to backstepping. Backstepping method is used only
to strictly feedback systems but generalized backstepping method expands this class. Numerical simulations
are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the synchronization schemes.
Risk assessment of a hydroelectric dam with parallel redundant turbineeSAT Journals
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the risk assessment of a hydroelectric dam. Hydroelectric dam produces electric power with the help of
water collected in a pond. Here, in this paper, the author has been taken one parallel redundant turbine to improve system’s
overall performance. On failure of any one turbine, the whole system works in reduced efficiency state. The whole system can fail
due to failure of any of its subsystems. All failures follow exponential time distribution whereas all repairs follow general time
distribution. In order to risk assessment of the system, we have obtained reliability function, M.T.T.F. and availability function for
considered system. A particular case, when all repairs follow exponential time distribution, and long-run behavior of system have
also been computed to improve practical utility of the model. Graphical illustration followed by a numerical computation has also
been appended at the end to highlight important results of present study.
Key Words: Reliability, Mean time to failure, exponential time distribution, Inclusion of supplementary variables etc.
Necessary of Compensation, Methods of Compensation, Phase Lead Compensation, Phase Lag Compensation, Phase Lag Lead Compensation, and Comparison between lead and lag compensators.
ADAPTIVE STABILIZATION AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF HYPERCHAOTIC QI SYSTEM cseij
The hyperchaotic Qi system (Chen, Yang, Qi and Yuan, 2007) is one of the important models of fourdimensional hyperchaotic systems. This paper investigates the adaptive stabilization and synchronization of hyperchaotic Qi system with unknown parameters. First, adaptive control laws are designed to stabilize the hyperchaotic Qi system to its equilibrium point at the origin based on the adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Then adaptive control laws are derived to achieve global chaos synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Qi systems with unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive stabilization and synchronization schemes.
Evenimente pentru comunitatea de marketing si management.
Sa ne relaxam si sa aflam mai multe despre rolul relaxarii in creativitate si in
eficienta zilnica.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This paper presents synchronization of a new autonomous hyperchaotic system. The generalized
backstepping technique is applied to achieve hyperchaos synchronization for the two new hyperchaotic
systems. Generalized backstepping method is similarity to backstepping. Backstepping method is used only
to strictly feedback systems but generalized backstepping method expands this class. Numerical simulations
are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the synchronization schemes.
Risk assessment of a hydroelectric dam with parallel redundant turbineeSAT Journals
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the risk assessment of a hydroelectric dam. Hydroelectric dam produces electric power with the help of
water collected in a pond. Here, in this paper, the author has been taken one parallel redundant turbine to improve system’s
overall performance. On failure of any one turbine, the whole system works in reduced efficiency state. The whole system can fail
due to failure of any of its subsystems. All failures follow exponential time distribution whereas all repairs follow general time
distribution. In order to risk assessment of the system, we have obtained reliability function, M.T.T.F. and availability function for
considered system. A particular case, when all repairs follow exponential time distribution, and long-run behavior of system have
also been computed to improve practical utility of the model. Graphical illustration followed by a numerical computation has also
been appended at the end to highlight important results of present study.
Key Words: Reliability, Mean time to failure, exponential time distribution, Inclusion of supplementary variables etc.
Necessary of Compensation, Methods of Compensation, Phase Lead Compensation, Phase Lag Compensation, Phase Lag Lead Compensation, and Comparison between lead and lag compensators.
ADAPTIVE STABILIZATION AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF HYPERCHAOTIC QI SYSTEM cseij
The hyperchaotic Qi system (Chen, Yang, Qi and Yuan, 2007) is one of the important models of fourdimensional hyperchaotic systems. This paper investigates the adaptive stabilization and synchronization of hyperchaotic Qi system with unknown parameters. First, adaptive control laws are designed to stabilize the hyperchaotic Qi system to its equilibrium point at the origin based on the adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Then adaptive control laws are derived to achieve global chaos synchronization of identical hyperchaotic Qi systems with unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive stabilization and synchronization schemes.
Evenimente pentru comunitatea de marketing si management.
Sa ne relaxam si sa aflam mai multe despre rolul relaxarii in creativitate si in
eficienta zilnica.
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Umar Sidik
(BEng) Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(MSc) Mechanical Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
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1. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
1 | P a g e
The Impedance Matching in The Audio Signal Processing
Umar Sidik.BEng.MSc*
Director of Engineering
Electronusa Mechanical System (CTRONICS)
*umar.sidik@engineer.com
1. Introduction
Commonly, impedance is obstruction to transfer energy in the electronic circuit. Therefore, the
impedance matching is required to achieve the maximum power transfer. Furthermore, the
impedance matching equalizes the source impedance and load impedance. In other hand, the
emitter-follower (common-collector) provides the impedance matching delivered from the base
(input) to the emitter (output). The emitter-follower has high input resistance and low output
resistance. In the emitter-follower, the input resistance depends on the load resistance, while the
output resistance depends on the source resistance. In addition, this study implements the radial
electrolytic capacitor 1ߤܨ 100ܸ⁄ .
2. Analytical Work
In this study, ܴଵ and ܴଶ form the Thevenin voltage, while ܥଵ and ܥଶ deliver ac signal as ݒ and
ݒ௨௧(figure 1).
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a). The concept of circuit analyzed in the study
(b). The equivalent circuit
2.1 Analysis of dc
First step, we have to calculate the Thevenin’s voltage in figure 1:
்ܸு ൌ
ܴଶ
ܴଵ ܴଶ
ൈ ܸ
For this circuit, ܸ is 5ܸ, then:
்ܸு ൌ
24݇Ω
10݇Ω 24݇Ω
ൈ 5ܸ
்ܸு
24݇Ω
34݇Ω
ൈ 5ܸ
்ܸு ൌ ሺ0.71ሻ ൈ 5ܸ
்ܸு ൌ 3.55ܸ
2. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
2 | P a g e
Actually, in this circuit ்ܸு ൌ ܸ, so ܸ ൌ 3.55ܸ.
The second step, we have to calculate ܸா:
ܸா ൌ ܸ െ ܸா
ܸா ൌ 3.55ܸ െ 0.7ܸ
ܸா ൌ 2.85ܸ
The third step, we have to calculate ܫா:
ܫா ൌ
ܸா
ܴா
ܫா ൌ
2.85ܸ
150Ω
ܫா ൌ 19݉ܣ
2.2 Analysis of ac
In the analysis of ac, we involve the capacitor to pass the ac signal and we also involve the internal
resistance of emitter known as ݎ (figure 2).
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a). The ac circuit
(b). The equivalent circuit for ac analysis
The first step, we have to calculate ݎ in the figure 2:
ݎ ൌ
25݉ݒ
ܫா
ݎ ൌ
25ܸ݉
19݉ܣ
ݎ ൌ 1.32Ω
The second step, we have to calculate ݎሺ௦ሻ:
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺߚ 1ሻ൫ሺܴଷ ܴସሻԡݎ൯
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ200 1ሻ൫ሺ150Ω 8.2Ωሻԡ1.32Ω൯
3. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
3 | P a g e
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ൫ሺ158.2Ωሻԡ1.32Ω൯
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬
1
158.2Ω
1
1.32Ω
൰
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬
1.32
208.824Ω
158.2
208.824Ω
൰
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬
159.52
208.824Ω
൰
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻሺ0.764Ωሻ
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ 153.564Ω
The third step is to calculate ݅:
݅ ൌ
ݒ
ݎሺ௦ሻ
݅ ൌ
1ܸ݉
153.564Ω
݅ ൌ 0.0065݉ܣ
݅ ൌ 6.5ߤܣ
The fourth step is to calculate ݅:
݅ ൌ ߚ݅
݅ ൌ ሺ200ሻሺ0.0065݉ܣሻ
݅ ൌ 1.3݉ܣ
The last step is to calculate ݒ௨௧:
ݒ௨௧ ൌ ݅ݎ௨௧
ݒ௨௧ ൌ ሺ1.3݉ܣሻሺ0.764Ωሻ
ݒ௨௧ ൌ 0.9932ܸ݉
ݒ௨௧ ൌ 993.2ߤܸ
3. Simulation Work
The simulation work can be classified into the dc analysis and the ac analysis.
3.1 Analysis of dc
In the simulation, ்ܸு is 3ܸ (figure 3), while in the analytical work ்ܸு is 3.55ܸ.
The different of the analytical work and the simulation work is:
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
்ܸுሺ௬௧ሻ െ ்ܸுሺ௦௨௧ሻ
்ܸுሺ௬௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
3.55ܸ െ 3ܸ
3.55ܸ
ൈ 100%
4. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
4 | P a g e
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
0.55ܸ
3.55ܸ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 18.33%
Figure 3. ்ܸு in the simulation
In the simulation, ܸா is 2.25ܸ (figure 4), while in the analytical work ܸா is 2.85ܸ. The different of the
analytical work and the simulation work is:
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
ܸாሺ௬௧ሻ െ ܸாሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ܸாሺ௬௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
2.85ܸ െ 2.25ܸ
2.85ܸ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
0.6ܸ
2.85ܸ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 21.05%
Figure 4. ܸா in the simulation
In the simulation, ܫா is 15݉ܣ (figure 5), while in the analytical work ܫா is 19݉.ܣ The difference is:
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
ܫாሺ௬௧ሻ െ ܫாሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ܫாሺ௬௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
19݉ܣ െ 15݉ܣ
19݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
4݉ܣ
19݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 21.05%
5. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
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Figure 5. ܫா in the simulation
3.2 Analysis of ac
In the analytical ݅ is 6.5ߤܣ (0.0065݉ܣሻ, while in the simulation ݅ is 0.07݉ܣ (figure 6). The
difference is:
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ െ ݅ሺ௬௧ሻ
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
0.07݉ܣ െ 0.0065݉ܣ
0.07݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
0.0635
0.07
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 90.71%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 6. (a). ݅ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅ in the simulation at 10kHz
6. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
6 | P a g e
In the simulation, ݅ is 14.9݉ܣ (figure 7), while in the analytical ݅ is 1.3݉.ܣ The difference is:
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ െ ݅ሺ௬௧ሻ
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
14.9݉ܣ െ 1.3݉ܣ
14.9݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
13.6݉ܣ
14.9݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 91.275%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 7. (a). ݅ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅ in the simulation at 10kHz
In the simulation, ݅௨௧ is 0ߤܣ at 1Hz, is 0ߤܣ at 10Hz, is 0.05ߤܣ at 100Hz, is 0.94ߤܣ at 1kHz, 9.61ߤܣ at
10kHz, and 15.2ߤܣ at 16kHz (figure 8). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݅௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
1.3݉ܣ െ 0ߤܣ
1.3݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
1.3݉ܣ െ 0݉ܣ
1.3݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
1.3݉ܣ
1.3݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 100%
8. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
8 | P a g e
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 97%
For 16kHz,
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݅௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
1.3݉ܣ െ 54.2ߤܣ
1.3݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
1.3000݉ܣ െ 0.0542݉ܣ
1.3000݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
1.2458݉ܣ
1.3000݉ܣ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 95.83%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 8. (a). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 10kHz
(f). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 16kHz
In the simulation, ݒ௨௧ is 0ߤܸ at 1Hz, is 0ߤܸ at 10Hz, is 0.32ߤܸ at 100Hz, is 5.36ߤܸ at 1kHz, is 53.8ߤܸ
at 10kHz, and 85.3ߤܸ at 16kHz (figure 9). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
ݒ௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݒ௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ݒ௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
993.2ߤܸ െ 0ߤܸ
993.2ߤܸ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ
993.2ߤܸ
993.2ߤܸ
ൈ 100%
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 100%
10. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
10 | P a g e
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁݁ܿ݊݁ݎ ൌ 69.4925%
In this study, the simulation shows that the ݅௨௧ and ݒ௨௧ became stable started at 1 kHz.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 9. (a). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 10kHz
(f). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 16kHz