The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltages, and currents for DC and AC signals.
2) Simulation results that match the analytical work with differences of 18-21% due to modeling approximations.
3) The analysis helps achieve maximum power transfer by equalizing source and load impedances using techniques like emitter followers that provide impedance matching.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes impedance matching both analytically and through simulation. Some key points:
1. Impedance matching equalizes the source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer. An emitter-follower circuit provides impedance matching by having a high input and low output resistance.
2. Analytical calculations are performed to determine values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current.
3. A simulation is also conducted and shows differences compared to analytical values, such as Thevenin voltage being 3V in simulation vs 3.55V analytically.
4. Both dc and ac analyses are presented, with the
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work derives equations to calculate values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current levels. The simulation work matches the analytical work reasonably well, with differences generally around 20%. The simulation shows the circuit behavior at various frequencies from 1Hz to 10kHz for parameters like input current. Overall, the document presents an analysis of impedance matching in an audio circuit through both analytical equations and circuit simulation.
The document analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. It presents analytical calculations for both DC and AC analyses. For the DC analysis, it calculates the Thevenin voltage, emitter voltage, and emitter current. For the AC analysis, it calculates various resistances, currents, and output voltage. Simulation results are presented and show differences ranging from 18-98% when compared to the analytical calculations. Increasing the capacitance decreases the frequency-dependent effects in the circuit.
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This systematic review examined the impact of different dimensions of dispersion (geographical, temporal, organizational, etc.) on team coordination and performance in global software teams. The review analyzed 56 papers and identified key themes. Dispersion was found to influence coordination by impacting communication, perceptions, and task complexity. The findings on performance impact were mixed, depending on the dispersion type and unit of analysis. More research is needed on different types of dispersion and their context to better understand their influence.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes impedance matching both analytically and through simulation. Some key points:
1. Impedance matching equalizes the source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer. An emitter-follower circuit provides impedance matching by having a high input and low output resistance.
2. Analytical calculations are performed to determine values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current.
3. A simulation is also conducted and shows differences compared to analytical values, such as Thevenin voltage being 3V in simulation vs 3.55V analytically.
4. Both dc and ac analyses are presented, with the
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work derives equations to calculate values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current levels. The simulation work matches the analytical work reasonably well, with differences generally around 20%. The simulation shows the circuit behavior at various frequencies from 1Hz to 10kHz for parameters like input current. Overall, the document presents an analysis of impedance matching in an audio circuit through both analytical equations and circuit simulation.
The document analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. It presents analytical calculations for both DC and AC analyses. For the DC analysis, it calculates the Thevenin voltage, emitter voltage, and emitter current. For the AC analysis, it calculates various resistances, currents, and output voltage. Simulation results are presented and show differences ranging from 18-98% when compared to the analytical calculations. Increasing the capacitance decreases the frequency-dependent effects in the circuit.
Dispersion, coordination and performance in GSD: a systematic reviewAnh Nguyen Duc
This systematic review examined the impact of different dimensions of dispersion (geographical, temporal, organizational, etc.) on team coordination and performance in global software teams. The review analyzed 56 papers and identified key themes. Dispersion was found to influence coordination by impacting communication, perceptions, and task complexity. The findings on performance impact were mixed, depending on the dispersion type and unit of analysis. More research is needed on different types of dispersion and their context to better understand their influence.
Umar Sidik analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. Through analytical calculations and circuit simulations, Sidik shows that larger capacitance values require longer times for the capacitor to charge and discharge. Specifically, the simulations demonstrate that varying the capacitance from 10 uF to 220 uF does not impact the voltage (Vout) or currents (ic, if) in the circuit when the input rate is held constant at 10, 16, or 35 V/uF. Thus, the capacitance only influences the timing of the circuit and not the steady state voltages and currents.
This document analyzes the emitter follower circuit. It presents the theoretical equations for voltage and current output of the transistor. It then models the internal resistance of the emitter and derives the equivalent circuit. The input impedance is calculated as 1.17kΩ based on the transistor parameters and resistor values. A simulation is performed confirming the theoretical voltage output of 4.3V. In conclusion, the analytical and simulated voltage outputs match closely.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but different values compared to the analytical work. The differences between the analytical and simulation results are quantified as percentages.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but differing values compared to the analytical work. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are calculated for various components in both DC and AC analyses, with differences generally around 20% for DC and 90% for AC analyses.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, input and output voltages and currents. The simulation matches these values with some differences attributed to approximations. It finds the input current iC to be 6.5uA analytically but 0.07mA in simulation, with a 90.71% difference. Overall, the document compares the analytical and simulated analyses of this circuit to achieve impedance matching.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and current. Simulations are also performed and compared to the analytical results. For DC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated Thevenin voltages and voltage across resistor are 18.33% and 21.05% respectively. For AC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated input and output currents are 90.71% and 91.275% respectively.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation matches these values reasonably well, with differences generally under 25%. For ac signals, the simulation shows currents increasing with frequency as expected. Overall, the document compares analytical and simulated analyses of a circuit to understand impedance matching.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation generally agrees with the analytical work but produces some different values. The percentage differences between the analytical and simulation results are presented for key values like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and various currents.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation generally agrees with the analytical work but yields slightly different values, with differences of 18-21% for DC signals and 90-91% for AC signals. The document concludes the simulation verifies the analytical analysis.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
1) The document describes algorithms for solving the maximum flow and electrical flow problems on graphs.
2) It introduces the multiplicative weight update method, which can be used to find an approximate maximum flow in Oε(m3/2) time by reducing the problem to approximating electrical flows.
3) The algorithm works by having the "follower" maintain a distribution over edges using MWU based on "money" or congestion values revealed by approximate electrical flow computations.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing using an emitter-follower circuit. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of the circuit. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and currents. The simulation matches these values reasonably well, with differences generally under 20%. The analysis examines both DC and AC signals passing through the circuit.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document presents a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter circuit that provides both step-up and step-down voltage conversion with protection for batteries from overcharging and undercharging. The proposed circuit uses a coupled inductor and has low voltage stresses on switches. It provides higher voltage gains than conventional boost/buck converters. Operating principles and steady-state analysis are discussed for step-up and step-down modes in continuous conduction mode. A 13/39V prototype verifies the performance of the proposed converter circuit.
This document discusses AC circuits containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors. It defines key terms like impedance, reactance, phase difference, and describes the behavior of pure resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits. Graphs of voltage and current over time (wave diagrams) are provided to illustrate the phase relationships between them for each type of circuit. Formulas are given for calculating impedance, reactance, peak current and how current leads or lags voltage depending on the circuit elements. An example problem calculates values for an R-L circuit.
Umar Sidik
(BEng) Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(MSc) Mechanical Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of DC and AC parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and source resistance for a given circuit.
2) Simulation results for the same parameters, which show differences from the analytical calculations, especially at lower frequencies.
3) The simulation shows the load resistance and source resistance become stable starting at 1 kHz frequency.
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Umar Sidik analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. Through analytical calculations and circuit simulations, Sidik shows that larger capacitance values require longer times for the capacitor to charge and discharge. Specifically, the simulations demonstrate that varying the capacitance from 10 uF to 220 uF does not impact the voltage (Vout) or currents (ic, if) in the circuit when the input rate is held constant at 10, 16, or 35 V/uF. Thus, the capacitance only influences the timing of the circuit and not the steady state voltages and currents.
This document analyzes the emitter follower circuit. It presents the theoretical equations for voltage and current output of the transistor. It then models the internal resistance of the emitter and derives the equivalent circuit. The input impedance is calculated as 1.17kΩ based on the transistor parameters and resistor values. A simulation is performed confirming the theoretical voltage output of 4.3V. In conclusion, the analytical and simulated voltage outputs match closely.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but different values compared to the analytical work. The differences between the analytical and simulation results are quantified as percentages.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but differing values compared to the analytical work. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are calculated for various components in both DC and AC analyses, with differences generally around 20% for DC and 90% for AC analyses.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, input and output voltages and currents. The simulation matches these values with some differences attributed to approximations. It finds the input current iC to be 6.5uA analytically but 0.07mA in simulation, with a 90.71% difference. Overall, the document compares the analytical and simulated analyses of this circuit to achieve impedance matching.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and current. Simulations are also performed and compared to the analytical results. For DC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated Thevenin voltages and voltage across resistor are 18.33% and 21.05% respectively. For AC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated input and output currents are 90.71% and 91.275% respectively.
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This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation generally agrees with the analytical work but produces some different values. The percentage differences between the analytical and simulation results are presented for key values like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and various currents.
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1) The document describes algorithms for solving the maximum flow and electrical flow problems on graphs.
2) It introduces the multiplicative weight update method, which can be used to find an approximate maximum flow in Oε(m3/2) time by reducing the problem to approximating electrical flows.
3) The algorithm works by having the "follower" maintain a distribution over edges using MWU based on "money" or congestion values revealed by approximate electrical flow computations.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing using an emitter-follower circuit. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of the circuit. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and currents. The simulation matches these values reasonably well, with differences generally under 20%. The analysis examines both DC and AC signals passing through the circuit.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Similar to 15. the impedance matching in the audio signal processing (part x) (20)
Umar Sidik
(BEng) Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(MSc) Mechanical Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of DC and AC parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and source resistance for a given circuit.
2) Simulation results for the same parameters, which show differences from the analytical calculations, especially at lower frequencies.
3) The simulation shows the load resistance and source resistance become stable starting at 1 kHz frequency.
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2. Both DC and AC analyses are performed. In DC analysis, the Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and output resistance are calculated. In AC analysis, input impedance, voltage gain, and output impedance are derived.
3. Simulations are conducted and compared to the analytical results. The simulations show differences in component values compared to the analytical work, with larger differences at lower frequencies.
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2) Simulation results for the circuit that show differences from analytical values, like Thevenin voltage being 18.33% lower.
3) The simulation shows output impedance and voltage become stable at frequencies starting around 1 kHz.
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3. The simulations validated the analytical work and showed that voltage and impedance values became stable starting at 1 kHz, above which frequency differences between analysis and simulation decreased.
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1) Analytical calculations of DC and AC parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and source resistance for a given circuit.
2) Simulation results for the same parameters, which show differences from 18-91% compared to analytical calculations.
3) The simulation shows the load resistance and source resistance become stable at frequencies starting at 1 kHz.
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The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching.
The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltages, and currents for DC and AC signals.
2) Simulation results that match the analytical work with differences of 18-21% due to modeling approximations.
3) The analysis helps achieve maximum power transfer by equalizing source and load impedances using techniques like emitter followers that provide impedance matching.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching techniques.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage (3.55V), emitter voltage (2.85V), and emitter current (19mA) for DC analysis. It also calculates values for AC analysis like input resistance (153.564Ω), input current (6.5μA), and output current (1.3mA). The simulation matches these analytical values closely but with small differences, such as Thevenin voltage of 3V instead of 3.55V. The document compares analytical and simulation results to within 18-21% difference.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching circuits.
The Impedance Matching in The Audio Signal Processing (Part III)
15. the impedance matching in the audio signal processing (part x)
1. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
The Impedance Matching in The Audio Signal Processing
Umar Sidik.BEng.MSc*
Director of Engineering
Electronusa Mechanical System (CTRONICS)
*umar.sidik@engineer.com
1. Introduction
Commonly, impedance is obstruction to transfer energy in the electronic circuit. Therefore, the
impedance matching is required to achieve the maximum power transfer. Furthermore, the
impedance matching equalizes the source impedance and load impedance. In other hand, the
emitter-follower (common-collector) provides the impedance matching delivered from the base
(input) to the emitter (output). The emitter-follower has high input resistance and low output
resistance. In the emitter-follower, the input resistance depends on the load resistance, while the
output resistance depends on the source resistance. In addition, this study implements the radial
electrolytic capacitor 220݊. ܸ36⁄ ܨ
2. Analytical Work
In this study, ܴଵ and ܴଶ form the Thevenin voltage, while ܥଵ and ܥଶ deliver ac signal as ݒ and
ݒ௨௧ (figure 1).
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a). The concept of circuit analyzed in the study
(b). The equivalent circuit
2.1 Analysis of dc
First step, we have to calculate the Thevenin’s voltage in figure 1:
ܴଶ
்ܸு ൌ ൈ ܸ
ܴଵ ܴଶ
For this circuit, ܸ is 5ܸ, then:
24݇Ω
்ܸு ൌ ൈ 5ܸ
10݇Ω 24݇Ω
24݇Ω
்ܸு ൈ 5ܸ
34݇Ω
்ܸு ൌ ሺ0.71ሻ ൈ 5ܸ
்ܸு ൌ 3.55ܸ
1|Page
2. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
Actually, in this circuit ்ܸு ൌ ܸ , so ܸ ൌ 3.55ܸ.
The second step, we have to calculate ܸா :
ܸா ൌ ܸ െ ܸா
ܸா ൌ 3.55ܸ െ 0.7ܸ
ܸா ൌ 2.85ܸ
The third step, we have to calculate ܫா :
ܸா
ܫா ൌ
ܴா
2.85ܸ
ܫா ൌ
150Ω
ܫா ൌ 19݉ܣ
2.2 Analysis of ac
In the analysis of ac, we involve the capacitor to pass the ac signal and we also involve the internal
resistance of emitter known as ݎ (figure 2).
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a). The ac circuit
(b). The equivalent circuit for ac analysis
The first step, we have to calculate ݎ in the figure 2:
25݉ݒ
ݎ ൌ
ܫா
25ܸ݉
ݎ ൌ
19݉ܣ
ݎ ൌ 1.32Ω
The second step, we have to calculate ݎሺ௦ሻ :
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺߚ 1ሻ൫ሺܴଷ ܴସ ሻԡݎ ൯
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ200 1ሻ൫ሺ150Ω 8.2Ωሻԡ1.32Ω൯
2|Page
3. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ൫ሺ158.2Ωሻԡ1.32Ω൯
1 1
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬ ൰
158.2Ω 1.32Ω
1.32 158.2
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬ ൰
208.824Ω 208.824Ω
159.52
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬ ൰
208.824Ω
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻሺ0.764Ωሻ
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ 153.564Ω
The third step is to calculate ݅ :
ݒ
݅ ൌ
ݎሺ௦ሻ
1ܸ݉
݅ ൌ
153.564Ω
݅ ൌ 0.0065݉ܣ
݅ ൌ 6.5ߤܣ
The fourth step is to calculate ݅ :
݅ ൌ ߚ݅
݅ ൌ ሺ200ሻሺ0.0065݉ܣሻ
݅ ൌ 1.3݉ܣ
The last step is to calculate ݒ௨௧ :
ݒ௨௧ ൌ ݅ ݎ௨௧
ݒ௨௧ ൌ ሺ1.3݉ܣሻሺ0.764Ωሻ
ݒ௨௧ ൌ 0.9932ܸ݉
ݒ௨௧ ൌ 993.2ߤܸ
3. Simulation Work
The simulation work can be classified into the dc analysis and the ac analysis.
3.1 Analysis of dc
In the simulation, ்ܸு is 3ܸ (figure 3), while in the analytical work ்ܸு is 3.55ܸ.
The different of the analytical work and the simulation work is:
்ܸுሺ௬௧ሻ െ ்ܸுሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
்ܸுሺ௬௧ሻ
3.55ܸ െ 3ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
3.55ܸ
3|Page
4. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
0.55ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
3.55ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 18.33%
Figure 3. ்ܸு in the simulation
In the simulation, ܸா is 2.25ܸ (figure 4), while in the analytical work ܸா is 2.85ܸ. The different of the
analytical work and the simulation work is:
ܸாሺ௬௧ሻ െ ܸாሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
ܸாሺ௬௧ሻ
2.85ܸ െ 2.25ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
2.85ܸ
0.6ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
2.85ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 21.05%
Figure 4. ܸா in the simulation
In the simulation, ܫா is 15݉( ܣfigure 5), while in the analytical work ܫா is 19݉ .ܣThe difference is:
ܫாሺ௬௧ሻ െ ܫாሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
ܫாሺ௬௧ሻ
19݉ ܣെ 15݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
19݉ܣ
4݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
19݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 21.05%
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5. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
Figure 5. ܫா in the simulation
3.2 Analysis of ac
In the analytical ݅ is 6.5ߤܣ݉5600.0( ܣሻ, while in the simulation ݅ is 0.07݉( ܣfigure 6). The
difference is:
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ െ ݅ሺ௬௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
0.07݉ ܣെ 0.0065݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
0.07݉ܣ
0.0635
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
0.07
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 90.71%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 6. (a). ݅ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅ in the simulation at 10kHz
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6. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
In the simulation, ݅ is 14.9݉( ܣfigure 7), while in the analytical ݅ is 1.3݉ .ܣThe difference is:
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ െ ݅ሺ௬௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
14.9݉ ܣെ 1.3݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
14.9݉ܣ
13.6݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
14.9݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 91.275%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 7. (a). ݅ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅ in the simulation at 10kHz
In the simulation, ݅௨௧ is 0ߤ ܣat 1Hz, is 0ߤ ܣat 10Hz, is 0.05ߤ ܣat 100Hz, is 0.94ߤ ܣat 1kHz, 9.61ߤ ܣat
10kHz, and 15.2ߤ ܣat 16kHz (figure 8). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݅௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
1.3݉ ܣെ 0ߤܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
1.3݉ ܣെ 0݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
1.3݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 100%
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8. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 99.26%
For 16kHz,
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݅௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
1.3݉ ܣെ 15.2ߤܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
1.3000݉ ܣെ 0.0152݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3000݉ܣ
1.2848݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3000݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 98.83%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 8. (a). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 10kHz
(f). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 16kHz
In the simulation, ݒ௨௧ is 0ߤܸ at 1Hz, is 0ߤܸ at 10Hz, is 0.32ߤܸ at 100Hz, is 5.36ߤܸ at 1kHz, is 53.8ߤܸ
at 10kHz, and 85.3ߤܸ at 16kHz (figure 9). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
ݒ௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݒ௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
ݒ௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
993.2ߤܸ െ 0ߤܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
993.2ߤܸ
993.2ߤܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
993.2ߤܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 100%
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ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 91.41%
In this study, the simulation shows that the ݅௨௧ and ݒ௨௧ became stable started at 1 kHz.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 9. (a). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 10kHz
(f). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 16kHz
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