The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage (3.55V), emitter voltage (2.85V), and emitter current (19mA) for DC analysis. For AC analysis, it calculates values like input resistance (153.564Ω), input current (6.5μA), and output current (993.2μV). The simulation matches these analytical values closely with small differences attributed to approximations. The document compares analytical and simulation results to validate the circuit analysis.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes impedance matching both analytically and through simulation. Some key points:
1. Impedance matching equalizes the source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer. An emitter-follower circuit provides impedance matching by having a high input and low output resistance.
2. Analytical calculations are performed to determine values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current.
3. A simulation is also conducted and shows differences compared to analytical values, such as Thevenin voltage being 3V in simulation vs 3.55V analytically.
4. Both dc and ac analyses are presented, with the
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work derives equations to calculate values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current levels. The simulation work matches the analytical work reasonably well, with differences generally around 20%. The simulation shows the circuit behavior at various frequencies from 1Hz to 10kHz for parameters like input current. Overall, the document presents an analysis of impedance matching in an audio circuit through both analytical equations and circuit simulation.
The document analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. It presents analytical calculations for both DC and AC analyses. For the DC analysis, it calculates the Thevenin voltage, emitter voltage, and emitter current. For the AC analysis, it calculates various resistances, currents, and output voltage. Simulation results are presented and show differences ranging from 18-98% when compared to the analytical calculations. Increasing the capacitance decreases the frequency-dependent effects in the circuit.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching techniques.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching circuits.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but differing values compared to the analytical work. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are calculated for various components in both DC and AC analyses, with differences generally around 20% for DC and 90% for AC analyses.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
1. The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits through analytical calculations and simulations. It examines the impedance matching properties of an emitter follower circuit.
2. Both DC and AC analyses are performed. In DC analysis, the Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and output resistance are calculated. In AC analysis, input impedance, voltage gain, and output impedance are derived.
3. Simulations are conducted and compared to the analytical results. The simulations show differences in component values compared to the analytical work, with larger differences at lower frequencies.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes impedance matching both analytically and through simulation. Some key points:
1. Impedance matching equalizes the source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer. An emitter-follower circuit provides impedance matching by having a high input and low output resistance.
2. Analytical calculations are performed to determine values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current.
3. A simulation is also conducted and shows differences compared to analytical values, such as Thevenin voltage being 3V in simulation vs 3.55V analytically.
4. Both dc and ac analyses are presented, with the
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work derives equations to calculate values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and current levels. The simulation work matches the analytical work reasonably well, with differences generally around 20%. The simulation shows the circuit behavior at various frequencies from 1Hz to 10kHz for parameters like input current. Overall, the document presents an analysis of impedance matching in an audio circuit through both analytical equations and circuit simulation.
The document analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. It presents analytical calculations for both DC and AC analyses. For the DC analysis, it calculates the Thevenin voltage, emitter voltage, and emitter current. For the AC analysis, it calculates various resistances, currents, and output voltage. Simulation results are presented and show differences ranging from 18-98% when compared to the analytical calculations. Increasing the capacitance decreases the frequency-dependent effects in the circuit.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching techniques.
The document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation to calculate various voltage and current values. The analytical calculations produce slightly different results than the simulation, with differences generally around 18-21%. The document aims to equalize source and load impedances to achieve maximum power transfer through the use of emitter followers and impedance matching circuits.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but differing values compared to the analytical work. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are calculated for various components in both DC and AC analyses, with differences generally around 20% for DC and 90% for AC analyses.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
1. The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits through analytical calculations and simulations. It examines the impedance matching properties of an emitter follower circuit.
2. Both DC and AC analyses are performed. In DC analysis, the Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and output resistance are calculated. In AC analysis, input impedance, voltage gain, and output impedance are derived.
3. Simulations are conducted and compared to the analytical results. The simulations show differences in component values compared to the analytical work, with larger differences at lower frequencies.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes the impedance matching circuit theoretically and through simulation. The theoretical analysis calculates values for voltage, current and impedance. The simulation results are compared to the theoretical values. There are differences between 18-21% for DC values and 90-99% for AC values. The simulation shows the impedance and current become stable at frequencies starting around 1 kHz. The document concludes the simulation verifies the theoretical analysis of the impedance matching circuit.
1. The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits using an emitter-follower configuration. It presents analytical calculations for DC and AC signals and compares the results to circuit simulations.
2. For DC signals, the simulations showed differences of 18-21% for voltage and impedance values compared to analytical calculations. For AC signals, differences increased from 91-99% at lower frequencies to 53-93% at higher frequencies.
3. The simulations validated the analytical work and showed that voltage and impedance values became stable starting at 1 kHz, above which frequency differences between analysis and simulation decreased.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of DC and AC parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and source resistance for a given circuit.
2) Simulation results for the same parameters, which show differences from 18-91% compared to analytical calculations.
3) The simulation shows the load resistance and source resistance become stable at frequencies starting at 1 kHz.
Umar Sidik
(BEng) Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(MSc) Mechanical Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and current. Simulations are also performed and compared to the analytical results. For DC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated Thevenin voltages and voltage across resistor are 18.33% and 21.05% respectively. For AC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated input and output currents are 90.71% and 91.275% respectively.
The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltages, and currents for DC and AC signals.
2) Simulation results that match the analytical work with differences of 18-21% due to modeling approximations.
3) The analysis helps achieve maximum power transfer by equalizing source and load impedances using techniques like emitter followers that provide impedance matching.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of dc and ac parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and output impedance for a circuit containing a capacitor and emitter follower.
2) Simulation results for the circuit that show differences from analytical values, like Thevenin voltage being 18.33% lower.
3) The simulation shows output impedance and voltage become stable at frequencies starting around 1 kHz.
This document summarizes an educational software project designed to teach efficient electrical power utilization. The software uses animations and voice narration to educate users about saving energy when using common household appliances like lamps, air conditioners, fans and washing machines. It was tested on 24 participants and found to be over 80% effective at conveying its educational objectives and positively influencing greater energy efficiency. The document concludes that the software achieved its goals and participants recommended expanding it to cover additional appliances and include background music.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
Personal branding, la maîtrise parfaite de linkedinExtend Coaching
Le Personal Branding pour une maîtrise parfaite de Linkedin ou comment bien utiliser Linkedin
Au-delà des fonctionnalités techniques de Linkedin, le contenu est le nouveau moyen de se différentier.
Avec le Personal Branding, vous allez pouvoir vous décrire sur Linkedin de façon authentique et ciblée. L'objectif est de vous différentier des autres et de proposer une réelle expérience pour le lecteur.
Le Personal Branding est un processus de développement de marque personnel en 3 étapes: la découverte de la marque, la communique de celle-ci et finalement la vivre au jour le jour.
Martine Rainville – Le droit d’auteur appliqué aux blogues Made in
Le contenu des blogues est roi et il est diffusé sur toutes les plateformes. Donc, est-ce possible de protéger le contenu de son blogue ? Si oui, comment ?
Également, s’inspirer des autres, sans plagier : ou tracer la ligne ? Et quels sont les règles d’or à suivre.
Finalement, quels sont les recours légaux possibles dans le contexte où son blogue est plagié et où il y a violation du droit d’auteur ? C’est à toutes ces interrogations que Martine répondra lors de sa conférence.
Umar Sidik analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. Through analytical calculations and circuit simulations, Sidik shows that larger capacitance values require longer times for the capacitor to charge and discharge. Specifically, the simulations demonstrate that varying the capacitance from 10 uF to 220 uF does not impact the voltage (Vout) or currents (ic, if) in the circuit when the input rate is held constant at 10, 16, or 35 V/uF. Thus, the capacitance only influences the timing of the circuit and not the steady state voltages and currents.
This document analyzes the emitter follower circuit. It presents the theoretical equations for voltage and current output of the transistor. It then models the internal resistance of the emitter and derives the equivalent circuit. The input impedance is calculated as 1.17kΩ based on the transistor parameters and resistor values. A simulation is performed confirming the theoretical voltage output of 4.3V. In conclusion, the analytical and simulated voltage outputs match closely.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but different values compared to the analytical work. The differences between the analytical and simulation results are quantified as percentages.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, input and output voltages and currents. The simulation matches these values with some differences attributed to approximations. It finds the input current iC to be 6.5uA analytically but 0.07mA in simulation, with a 90.71% difference. Overall, the document compares the analytical and simulated analyses of this circuit to achieve impedance matching.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation matches these values reasonably well, with differences generally under 25%. For ac signals, the simulation shows currents increasing with frequency as expected. Overall, the document compares analytical and simulated analyses of a circuit to understand impedance matching.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation generally agrees with the analytical work but produces some different values. The percentage differences between the analytical and simulation results are presented for key values like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and various currents.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes the impedance matching circuit theoretically and through simulation. The theoretical analysis calculates values for voltage, current and impedance. The simulation results are compared to the theoretical values. There are differences between 18-21% for DC values and 90-99% for AC values. The simulation shows the impedance and current become stable at frequencies starting around 1 kHz. The document concludes the simulation verifies the theoretical analysis of the impedance matching circuit.
1. The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits using an emitter-follower configuration. It presents analytical calculations for DC and AC signals and compares the results to circuit simulations.
2. For DC signals, the simulations showed differences of 18-21% for voltage and impedance values compared to analytical calculations. For AC signals, differences increased from 91-99% at lower frequencies to 53-93% at higher frequencies.
3. The simulations validated the analytical work and showed that voltage and impedance values became stable starting at 1 kHz, above which frequency differences between analysis and simulation decreased.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of DC and AC parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and source resistance for a given circuit.
2) Simulation results for the same parameters, which show differences from 18-91% compared to analytical calculations.
3) The simulation shows the load resistance and source resistance become stable at frequencies starting at 1 kHz.
Umar Sidik
(BEng) Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
(MSc) Mechanical Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and current. Simulations are also performed and compared to the analytical results. For DC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated Thevenin voltages and voltage across resistor are 18.33% and 21.05% respectively. For AC analysis, the percentage differences between analytical and simulated input and output currents are 90.71% and 91.275% respectively.
The document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of circuit parameters like Thevenin voltage, voltages, and currents for DC and AC signals.
2) Simulation results that match the analytical work with differences of 18-21% due to modeling approximations.
3) The analysis helps achieve maximum power transfer by equalizing source and load impedances using techniques like emitter followers that provide impedance matching.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing circuits. It presents:
1) Analytical calculations of dc and ac parameters like Thevenin voltage, load resistance, and output impedance for a circuit containing a capacitor and emitter follower.
2) Simulation results for the circuit that show differences from analytical values, like Thevenin voltage being 18.33% lower.
3) The simulation shows output impedance and voltage become stable at frequencies starting around 1 kHz.
This document summarizes an educational software project designed to teach efficient electrical power utilization. The software uses animations and voice narration to educate users about saving energy when using common household appliances like lamps, air conditioners, fans and washing machines. It was tested on 24 participants and found to be over 80% effective at conveying its educational objectives and positively influencing greater energy efficiency. The document concludes that the software achieved its goals and participants recommended expanding it to cover additional appliances and include background music.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
Personal branding, la maîtrise parfaite de linkedinExtend Coaching
Le Personal Branding pour une maîtrise parfaite de Linkedin ou comment bien utiliser Linkedin
Au-delà des fonctionnalités techniques de Linkedin, le contenu est le nouveau moyen de se différentier.
Avec le Personal Branding, vous allez pouvoir vous décrire sur Linkedin de façon authentique et ciblée. L'objectif est de vous différentier des autres et de proposer une réelle expérience pour le lecteur.
Le Personal Branding est un processus de développement de marque personnel en 3 étapes: la découverte de la marque, la communique de celle-ci et finalement la vivre au jour le jour.
Martine Rainville – Le droit d’auteur appliqué aux blogues Made in
Le contenu des blogues est roi et il est diffusé sur toutes les plateformes. Donc, est-ce possible de protéger le contenu de son blogue ? Si oui, comment ?
Également, s’inspirer des autres, sans plagier : ou tracer la ligne ? Et quels sont les règles d’or à suivre.
Finalement, quels sont les recours légaux possibles dans le contexte où son blogue est plagié et où il y a violation du droit d’auteur ? C’est à toutes ces interrogations que Martine répondra lors de sa conférence.
Umar Sidik analyzes the influence of capacitance in an emitter follower circuit. Through analytical calculations and circuit simulations, Sidik shows that larger capacitance values require longer times for the capacitor to charge and discharge. Specifically, the simulations demonstrate that varying the capacitance from 10 uF to 220 uF does not impact the voltage (Vout) or currents (ic, if) in the circuit when the input rate is held constant at 10, 16, or 35 V/uF. Thus, the capacitance only influences the timing of the circuit and not the steady state voltages and currents.
This document analyzes the emitter follower circuit. It presents the theoretical equations for voltage and current output of the transistor. It then models the internal resistance of the emitter and derives the equivalent circuit. The input impedance is calculated as 1.17kΩ based on the transistor parameters and resistor values. A simulation is performed confirming the theoretical voltage output of 4.3V. In conclusion, the analytical and simulated voltage outputs match closely.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit involving impedance matching using an emitter follower. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation shows similar but different values compared to the analytical work. The differences between the analytical and simulation results are quantified as percentages.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter-follower configuration to provide impedance matching between an input and output. The analytical work derives expressions for various circuit parameters in both DC and AC analysis. The simulation results show good agreement with the analytical work but with some differences, likely due to approximations made in the analytical derivations. Percent differences between the analytical and simulation results are provided.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, input and output voltages and currents. The simulation matches these values with some differences attributed to approximations. It finds the input current iC to be 6.5uA analytically but 0.07mA in simulation, with a 90.71% difference. Overall, the document compares the analytical and simulated analyses of this circuit to achieve impedance matching.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation matches these values reasonably well, with differences generally under 25%. For ac signals, the simulation shows currents increasing with frequency as expected. Overall, the document compares analytical and simulated analyses of a circuit to understand impedance matching.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation generally agrees with the analytical work but produces some different values. The percentage differences between the analytical and simulation results are presented for key values like Thevenin voltage, voltage across resistor, and various currents.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of a circuit that uses an emitter follower for impedance matching. The analytical analysis calculates values for various circuit components and signals. The simulation generally agrees with the analytical work but yields slightly different values, with differences of 18-21% for DC signals and 90-91% for AC signals. The document concludes the simulation verifies the analytical analysis.
This document discusses impedance matching in audio signal processing. It analyzes a circuit both analytically and through simulation. The analytical work calculates values like Thevenin voltage, dc voltage, and currents. The simulation is then compared to the analytical work. For dc analysis, the Thevenin voltage and dc voltage match within 18-21%. For ac analysis, the input and output currents match the analytical work within 91%. This analysis helps verify the circuit design through both mathematical and simulated approaches.
1) The document describes algorithms for solving the maximum flow and electrical flow problems on graphs.
2) It introduces the multiplicative weight update method, which can be used to find an approximate maximum flow in Oε(m3/2) time by reducing the problem to approximating electrical flows.
3) The algorithm works by having the "follower" maintain a distribution over edges using MWU based on "money" or congestion values revealed by approximate electrical flow computations.
This document analyzes impedance matching in audio signal processing using an emitter-follower circuit. It presents an analytical analysis and simulation of the circuit. The analytical analysis calculates values like Thevenin voltage, output voltage, and currents. The simulation matches these values reasonably well, with differences generally under 20%. The analysis examines both DC and AC signals passing through the circuit.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document presents a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter circuit that provides both step-up and step-down voltage conversion with protection for batteries from overcharging and undercharging. The proposed circuit uses a coupled inductor and has low voltage stresses on switches. It provides higher voltage gains than conventional boost/buck converters. Operating principles and steady-state analysis are discussed for step-up and step-down modes in continuous conduction mode. A 13/39V prototype verifies the performance of the proposed converter circuit.
This document discusses AC circuits containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors. It defines key terms like impedance, reactance, phase difference, and describes the behavior of pure resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits. Graphs of voltage and current over time (wave diagrams) are provided to illustrate the phase relationships between them for each type of circuit. Formulas are given for calculating impedance, reactance, peak current and how current leads or lags voltage depending on the circuit elements. An example problem calculates values for an R-L circuit.
1. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, elevation, and velocity in fluid flow and is used to measure flow velocity in devices like pitot tubes, venturi meters, and orifices.
2. A pitot-static tube connected to a manometer can be used to measure flow velocity by determining the difference between stagnation and static pressures.
3. For an orifice, the actual discharge is less than the theoretical discharge due to losses. The coefficient of discharge accounts for losses and is used to calculate actual flow rate.
The document is the midterm exam for an Introduction to Fluid Mechanics course. It contains 5 problems testing concepts like steady flow, Bernoulli's equation, hydrostatic forces, and the behavior of gases during evacuation. The exam is closed book, allows a double-sided crib sheet, and must be answered in 2.5 hours. It tests concepts like flow rates, pressure differences, buoyant forces, and the differential equation describing gas evacuation from a tank.
This chapter introduces analog computing techniques. It discusses the components of an analog computer including operational amplifiers, resistors, capacitors and inductors. It describes how operational amplifiers can be used to simulate linear systems using inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, summer amplifiers, integrators and differentiators. The chapter also covers how to apply magnitude and time scaling to model systems within the voltage range of an analog computer. An example shows how to derive the scaled dynamic model of a system and realize it using operational amplifiers.
The document discusses pressure drop in different types of flow reactors. It defines pressure drop as the difference in pressure between two points in a fluid network. Pressure drop occurs due to frictional forces and fouling. The general steps to calculate pressure drop are presented, along with the specific equations to calculate pressure drop in packed bed reactors, plug flow reactors, and continuous stirred tank reactors. An example calculation is shown to demonstrate how to determine the pressure drop across a packed bed reactor.
Similar to 14. the impedance matching in the audio signal processing (part ix) (20)
14. the impedance matching in the audio signal processing (part ix)
1. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
The Impedance Matching in The Audio Signal Processing
Umar Sidik.BEng.MSc*
Director of Engineering
Electronusa Mechanical System (CTRONICS)
*umar.sidik@engineer.com
1. Introduction
Commonly, impedance is obstruction to transfer energy in the electronic circuit. Therefore, the
impedance matching is required to achieve the maximum power transfer. Furthermore, the
impedance matching equalizes the source impedance and load impedance. In other hand, the
emitter-follower (common-collector) provides the impedance matching delivered from the base
(input) to the emitter (output). The emitter-follower has high input resistance and low output
resistance. In the emitter-follower, the input resistance depends on the load resistance, while the
output resistance depends on the source resistance. In addition, this study implements the radial
electrolytic capacitor 1ߤ. ܸ36⁄ ܨ
2. Analytical Work
In this study, ܴଵ and ܴଶ form the Thevenin voltage, while ܥଵ and ܥଶ deliver ac signal as ݒ and
ݒ௨௧ (figure 1).
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a). The concept of circuit analyzed in the study
(b). The equivalent circuit
2.1 Analysis of dc
First step, we have to calculate the Thevenin’s voltage in figure 1:
ܴଶ
்ܸு ൌ ൈ ܸ
ܴଵ ܴଶ
For this circuit, ܸ is 5ܸ, then:
24݇Ω
்ܸு ൌ ൈ 5ܸ
10݇Ω 24݇Ω
24݇Ω
்ܸு ൈ 5ܸ
34݇Ω
்ܸு ൌ ሺ0.71ሻ ൈ 5ܸ
்ܸு ൌ 3.55ܸ
1|Page
2. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
Actually, in this circuit ்ܸு ൌ ܸ , so ܸ ൌ 3.55ܸ.
The second step, we have to calculate ܸா :
ܸா ൌ ܸ െ ܸா
ܸா ൌ 3.55ܸ െ 0.7ܸ
ܸா ൌ 2.85ܸ
The third step, we have to calculate ܫா :
ܸா
ܫா ൌ
ܴா
2.85ܸ
ܫா ൌ
150Ω
ܫா ൌ 19݉ܣ
2.2 Analysis of ac
In the analysis of ac, we involve the capacitor to pass the ac signal and we also involve the internal
resistance of emitter known as ݎ (figure 2).
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a). The ac circuit
(b). The equivalent circuit for ac analysis
The first step, we have to calculate ݎ in the figure 2:
25݉ݒ
ݎ ൌ
ܫா
25ܸ݉
ݎ ൌ
19݉ܣ
ݎ ൌ 1.32Ω
The second step, we have to calculate ݎሺ௦ሻ :
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺߚ 1ሻ൫ሺܴଷ ܴସ ሻԡݎ ൯
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ200 1ሻ൫ሺ150Ω 8.2Ωሻԡ1.32Ω൯
2|Page
3. Electronusa Mechanical System [Research Center for Electronic and Mechanical]
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ൫ሺ158.2Ωሻԡ1.32Ω൯
1 1
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬ ൰
158.2Ω 1.32Ω
1.32 158.2
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬ ൰
208.824Ω 208.824Ω
159.52
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻ ൬ ൰
208.824Ω
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ ሺ201ሻሺ0.764Ωሻ
ݎሺ௦ሻ ൌ 153.564Ω
The third step is to calculate ݅ :
ݒ
݅ ൌ
ݎሺ௦ሻ
1ܸ݉
݅ ൌ
153.564Ω
݅ ൌ 0.0065݉ܣ
݅ ൌ 6.5ߤܣ
The fourth step is to calculate ݅ :
݅ ൌ ߚ݅
݅ ൌ ሺ200ሻሺ0.0065݉ܣሻ
݅ ൌ 1.3݉ܣ
The last step is to calculate ݒ௨௧ :
ݒ௨௧ ൌ ݅ ݎ௨௧
ݒ௨௧ ൌ ሺ1.3݉ܣሻሺ0.764Ωሻ
ݒ௨௧ ൌ 0.9932ܸ݉
ݒ௨௧ ൌ 993.2ߤܸ
3. Simulation Work
The simulation work can be classified into the dc analysis and the ac analysis.
3.1 Analysis of dc
In the simulation, ்ܸு is 3ܸ (figure 3), while in the analytical work ்ܸு is 3.55ܸ.
The different of the analytical work and the simulation work is:
்ܸுሺ௬௧ሻ െ ்ܸுሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
்ܸுሺ௬௧ሻ
3.55ܸ െ 3ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
3.55ܸ
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0.55ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
3.55ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 18.33%
Figure 3. ்ܸு in the simulation
In the simulation, ܸா is 2.25ܸ (figure 4), while in the analytical work ܸா is 2.85ܸ. The different of the
analytical work and the simulation work is:
ܸாሺ௬௧ሻ െ ܸாሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
ܸாሺ௬௧ሻ
2.85ܸ െ 2.25ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
2.85ܸ
0.6ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
2.85ܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 21.05%
Figure 4. ܸா in the simulation
In the simulation, ܫா is 15݉( ܣfigure 5), while in the analytical work ܫா is 19݉ .ܣThe difference is:
ܫாሺ௬௧ሻ െ ܫாሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
ܫாሺ௬௧ሻ
19݉ ܣെ 15݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
19݉ܣ
4݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
19݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 21.05%
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Figure 5. ܫா in the simulation
3.2 Analysis of ac
In the analytical ݅ is 6.5ߤܣ݉5600.0( ܣሻ, while in the simulation ݅ is 0.07݉( ܣfigure 6). The
difference is:
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ െ ݅ሺ௬௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
0.07݉ ܣെ 0.0065݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
0.07݉ܣ
0.0635
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
0.07
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 90.71%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 6. (a). ݅ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅ in the simulation at 10kHz
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In the simulation, ݅ is 14.9݉( ܣfigure 7), while in the analytical ݅ is 1.3݉ .ܣThe difference is:
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ െ ݅ሺ௬௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
14.9݉ ܣെ 1.3݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
14.9݉ܣ
13.6݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
14.9݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 91.275%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 7. (a). ݅ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅ in the simulation at 10kHz
In the simulation, ݅௨௧ is 0ߤ ܣat 1Hz, is 0.01ߤ ܣat 10Hz, is 0.41ߤ ܣat 100Hz, is 4.37ߤ ܣat 1kHz, 39.0ߤܣ
at 10kHz, and 54.2ߤ ܣat 16kHz (figure 8). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݅௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
1.3݉ ܣെ 0ߤܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
1.3݉ ܣെ 0݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
1.3݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 100%
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ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 97%
For 16kHz,
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݅௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
݅௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
1.3݉ ܣെ 54.2ߤܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3݉ܣ
1.3000݉ ܣെ 0.0542݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3000݉ܣ
1.2458݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
1.3000݉ܣ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 95.831%
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 8. (a). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 10kHz
(f). ݅௨௧ in the simulation at 16kHz
In the simulation, ݒ௨௧ is 0ߤܸ at 1Hz, is 0.08ߤܸ at 10Hz, is 2.32ߤܸ at 100Hz, is 24.6ߤܸ at 1kHz, is
219ߤܸ at 10kHz, and 303ߤܸ at 16kHz (figure 9). The difference is:
For 1Hz,
ݒ௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ െ ݒ௨௧ሺ௦௨௧ሻ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
ݒ௨௧ሺ௬௧ሻ
993.2ߤܸ െ 0ߤܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
993.2ߤܸ
993.2ߤܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ ൈ 100%
993.2ߤܸ
ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 100%
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ሺ%ሻ݂݂݀݅݁ ݁ܿ݊݁ݎൌ 69.4925%
In this study, the simulation shows that the ݅௨௧ and ݒ௨௧ became stable started at 1 kHz.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Figure 9. (a). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 1Hz
(b). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 10Hz
(c). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 100Hz
(d). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 1kHz
(e). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 10kHz
(f). ݒ௨௧ in the simulation at 16kHz
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