This document discusses the food-energy-water nexus and sustainable development. It outlines development challenges related to food, water, and energy security and environmental concerns. It describes the interlinkages between these sectors, such as water use for agriculture and energy production, land use for bioenergy, and energy use across the food supply chain. The document argues for an integrated approach to policymaking that considers these interdependencies using quantitative models.
The Future We Want:CLEWs Nexus Framework for Global Sustainable DevelopmentAshutosh Vajpeyi
"Eliminating poverty and hunger; feeding, nurturing, housing, educating and employing 9 billion people; securing peace, security and freedom; and preserving the Earth’s life support systems in the next two generations”
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 56 on The Land-Water-Energy nexus and the Sustainability of the Food System organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and Concord was held on 3rd of July 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
This document discusses strategies for reducing agricultural emissions and transitioning to a more sustainable food system in the UK. It proposes reducing livestock production which would free up 75% of grazing land for alternative uses like growing biomass crops, expanding forests and restoring peatlands to capture carbon. Transitioning to a plant-based diet with less meat and dairy would reduce emissions, land usage, and improve health. Vertical farming in urban areas is presented as a potential solution to food access issues, though more research is still needed to evaluate its feasibility.
The Quadruple Squeeze – Meeting the dual challenge of development and sustain...SIANI
The document discusses the dual challenge of meeting development goals while staying within planetary boundaries. It notes that 850 million people are malnourished, 1.1 billion live in poverty, and many depend on ecosystem services threatened by global change. Agriculture is key to development but increased yields could impact nutrient cycles, pollution, land use, and water availability. Tradeoffs and synergies between development and sustainability must be assessed across scales, criteria, and sectors to identify opportunities while remaining within critical environmental thresholds.
This presentation is targeted to the community development practitioners who are working in various field of human welfare as livelihood improvement, human health, water and sanitation, renewable energy etc. this presentation intends to expand their understanding on climate change. Climate change issues are multisectoral and require a multi-stakeholder consultation and action in order to apply adaption and mitigation schemes. It needs to be thought broadly that the problem they are addressing might be the impacts of climate change. Community development workers are the agents of change. They must start advocating on 2°C warmer world as their dissemination of information are quite effective than other means and media.
The document discusses the challenges at the water-energy-food nexus by 2030 if current trends continue. It notes projections that energy and water demand will increase by 40% and food demand by 50%, putting pressure on scarce land and water resources. Meeting these competing demands through single sector approaches is limiting sustainability. Integrated governance and public-private collaboration will be needed to promote resource efficiency and manage these interconnected systems. Science can contribute by better understanding feedbacks within the nexus and linking global changes to local conditions to inform effective policymaking across scales.
The document discusses the importance of sustainable living. It notes that our lives and economies depend on resources from the earth, and that living sustainably means living off the earth's natural income without depleting resources. It then discusses some key issues with the current unsustainable model like CO2 emissions, deforestation, and population growth. Deforestation is removing forests faster than they can regrow, which causes problems like droughts, wildfires and animal extinction. High CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use are also causing problems like more severe weather. The document argues that societies need to pursue more sustainable economic development that improves lives without degrading earth's life support systems. It provides some examples of sustainable practices around resource and energy use.
The document discusses environmental challenges facing Malawi and potential solutions. It identifies the top 9 challenges as: 1) human habitat degradation; 2) soil and land degradation; 3) forestry degradation; 4) fisheries degradation; 5) water resources degradation; 6) loss of biological diversity; 7) air pollution and climate change; 8) lack of environmental education; and 9) impacts from industry, energy and mining. Potential solutions include more sustainable agricultural practices, afforestation, integrated water management, reducing pollution, and increasing environmental education. Addressing these challenges will help Malawi achieve sustainable development and build resilience to climate change.
The Future We Want:CLEWs Nexus Framework for Global Sustainable DevelopmentAshutosh Vajpeyi
"Eliminating poverty and hunger; feeding, nurturing, housing, educating and employing 9 billion people; securing peace, security and freedom; and preserving the Earth’s life support systems in the next two generations”
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 56 on The Land-Water-Energy nexus and the Sustainability of the Food System organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat and Concord was held on 3rd of July 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C.
This document discusses strategies for reducing agricultural emissions and transitioning to a more sustainable food system in the UK. It proposes reducing livestock production which would free up 75% of grazing land for alternative uses like growing biomass crops, expanding forests and restoring peatlands to capture carbon. Transitioning to a plant-based diet with less meat and dairy would reduce emissions, land usage, and improve health. Vertical farming in urban areas is presented as a potential solution to food access issues, though more research is still needed to evaluate its feasibility.
The Quadruple Squeeze – Meeting the dual challenge of development and sustain...SIANI
The document discusses the dual challenge of meeting development goals while staying within planetary boundaries. It notes that 850 million people are malnourished, 1.1 billion live in poverty, and many depend on ecosystem services threatened by global change. Agriculture is key to development but increased yields could impact nutrient cycles, pollution, land use, and water availability. Tradeoffs and synergies between development and sustainability must be assessed across scales, criteria, and sectors to identify opportunities while remaining within critical environmental thresholds.
This presentation is targeted to the community development practitioners who are working in various field of human welfare as livelihood improvement, human health, water and sanitation, renewable energy etc. this presentation intends to expand their understanding on climate change. Climate change issues are multisectoral and require a multi-stakeholder consultation and action in order to apply adaption and mitigation schemes. It needs to be thought broadly that the problem they are addressing might be the impacts of climate change. Community development workers are the agents of change. They must start advocating on 2°C warmer world as their dissemination of information are quite effective than other means and media.
The document discusses the challenges at the water-energy-food nexus by 2030 if current trends continue. It notes projections that energy and water demand will increase by 40% and food demand by 50%, putting pressure on scarce land and water resources. Meeting these competing demands through single sector approaches is limiting sustainability. Integrated governance and public-private collaboration will be needed to promote resource efficiency and manage these interconnected systems. Science can contribute by better understanding feedbacks within the nexus and linking global changes to local conditions to inform effective policymaking across scales.
The document discusses the importance of sustainable living. It notes that our lives and economies depend on resources from the earth, and that living sustainably means living off the earth's natural income without depleting resources. It then discusses some key issues with the current unsustainable model like CO2 emissions, deforestation, and population growth. Deforestation is removing forests faster than they can regrow, which causes problems like droughts, wildfires and animal extinction. High CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use are also causing problems like more severe weather. The document argues that societies need to pursue more sustainable economic development that improves lives without degrading earth's life support systems. It provides some examples of sustainable practices around resource and energy use.
The document discusses environmental challenges facing Malawi and potential solutions. It identifies the top 9 challenges as: 1) human habitat degradation; 2) soil and land degradation; 3) forestry degradation; 4) fisheries degradation; 5) water resources degradation; 6) loss of biological diversity; 7) air pollution and climate change; 8) lack of environmental education; and 9) impacts from industry, energy and mining. Potential solutions include more sustainable agricultural practices, afforestation, integrated water management, reducing pollution, and increasing environmental education. Addressing these challenges will help Malawi achieve sustainable development and build resilience to climate change.
Food (agriculture) production and distribution is estimated to cause approximately 25% of global warming (UN), which is causing drought in many areas. Agriculture uses 80% of the ground and surface water, increasing the water shortage. AgLantis is creating an urban farm right in the middle of heavy industry and will use hydroponic greenhouse production which yields as much as 40 times the produce using 10% of the water. The farm is on unused public buffer land, uses recycled agricultural grade water and is an innovate, replicable solution that dramatically decreases the carbon and water footprint of food production and distribution. Using recycled water high in nitrogen and phosphorus also eliminates the need for fossil fuel based fertilizers. The UN estimates 40% of agriculture is lost from farm-to-mouth. Growing in urban centers dramatically decreases that loss, much of which is due to long distane transportation.
The document discusses the three dimensions of sustainable development - environmental, economic, and social. For the environmental dimension, it describes the importance of healthy ecosystems and two approaches to minimizing human impact: environmental management and human consumption management. It then discusses specific aspects of environmental management like atmosphere, freshwater, oceans, and land use. For the economic dimension, it talks about decoupling environmental degradation from economic growth. Finally, for the social dimension, it emphasizes the importance of peace, security, social justice, and addressing poverty.
Cades lecture november 2013: agriculture, food & globalisationchris claes
Smallholder farming and its contribution to saving the world.
The document discusses the importance of smallholder farming in addressing issues related to global food security and poverty reduction. It notes that smallholder farmers currently produce most of the world's food but many live in poverty and face challenges from factors like climate change, competition for resources, and market pressures. Investing in smallholder farming could help feed the growing global population, reduce rural poverty, and lessen environmental impacts compared to industrial agriculture models. The world will need to support smallholder systems if it wants to achieve food security and sustainability goals by 2050.
This document discusses finding sustainable sources of energy and food for humanity. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and have environmental impacts. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro are introduced as more sustainable alternatives. Sustainable agriculture techniques that conserve soil and water are also described. Achieving global food security requires addressing issues like population growth, land degradation, and equitable food distribution. Creating a sustainable society involves meeting present needs without compromising the future through efficient energy and resource use, reducing pollution, and stabilizing population growth.
Business Case for Sustainable DevelopmentSatish Bidgar
The document discusses the three dimensions of sustainable development - environmental, economic, and social. It provides details on key aspects of each dimension. For the environmental dimension, it describes the importance of ecosystems and different approaches to environmental management. It also discusses sustainable consumption and various resource categories like energy, water, food, and materials. For the economic dimension, it talks about decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. Finally, for the social dimension, it focuses on aspects like social justice, poverty reduction, and their links to sustainability.
This document discusses sustainable engineering and the environment. It begins by defining sustainability and outlining the UN's 17 sustainable development goals. Some of the major challenges for engineers in achieving sustainability are depletion of resources, waste management, land degradation, and climate change. Environmental impacts from human activities can include various forms of pollution, loss of habitat, and increased greenhouse gases. The document then discusses practices to achieve sustainability, such as renewable energy and green technologies. Industries can impact the environment through resource extraction, land and water use, and waste generation. Air and water pollution are also discussed. The overall document provides an overview of concepts in sustainable engineering and environmental challenges.
Climate change, water scarcity, rising energy costs, and increasing global food demand are converging threats that must be addressed together through integrated solutions. Agricultural systems need to use resources like climate, water, energy, and nutrients more efficiently while transitioning to renewable energy and sustainable practices. Long-term food security in Timor-Leste requires building agricultural knowledge and capacity, strengthening legal frameworks, conducting environmental research, and considering these interconnected issues now to determine future success.
This document summarizes a presentation on the role of bioenergy in the UK. It discusses how bioenergy can impact land use, climate change, and food security. The presentation addresses whether land is constrained globally or in the UK and examines options for more efficient land use. It recommends policies and practices to promote sustainable bioenergy development, including intensifying agriculture without expanding land use.
The document provides an introduction to environmental studies, defining key terms like environment, environmental science, and sustainability. It outlines the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies, describing the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It then discusses important environmental issues like pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, natural resource depletion, and water scarcity in India. The importance of environmental studies is to promote sustainability, conservation, efficient resource use, and raising awareness of environmental problems.
This document discusses natural resources and their importance. It covers different types of renewable and non-renewable resources. It also discusses wildlife/forests, water access, dams, fossil fuels like coal/petroleum. Steps are provided to better manage these resources sustainably, like promoting renewable energy, conservation efforts, reducing waste. The conclusion emphasizes the need for sustainable management of natural resources for future generations through cooperation between governments, communities and individuals.
Food, water , energy nexus, presentation golam rasul, senior economistICIMOD
Food, Water, and Energy Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Nexus Perspective
With limited land resources, inadequate energy supply, and growing water stress, South
Asia faces the challenge of providing enough water and energy to grow enough food for the
burgeoning population. Using secondary data from diverse sources, this paper explores the
food, water, and energy nexus from a regional dimension, emphasizing the role of Hindu
Kush Himalayan (HKH) ecosystem services in sustaining food, water, and energy security
downstream. The analysis reveals that the issues and challenges in the food, water, and
energy sectors are interwoven in many complex ways and cannot be managed effectively
without cross-sectoral integration. The most distinctive feature of the nexus in South Asia is
the high degree of dependency of downstream communities on upstream ecosystem
services for dry-season water for irrigation and hydropower, drinking water, and soil fertility
and nutrients. This finding suggests that along with cross-sectoral integration to improve
the resource-use efficiency and productivity of the three sectors, regional integration
between upstream and downstream areas is critical in food, water, and energy security.
Within the nexus approach in South Asia, equal attention should be paid to management of
HKH ecosystems–especially the watersheds, catchments, and headwaters of river systems–
and to tapping the potential of collaborative gains in water, hydropower, and other
ecosystem services through coordination across HKH countries.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL Arvind Kumar
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A CRITICAL
ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL by DR. I.D. MALLDepartment of Chemical Engg.Indian Institute of Technology, RoorkeeRoorkee- 247667
Mr. Sebastian Belle - Problems, Stumbling Blocks and Solutions for U.S. Aquac...John Blue
This document discusses the growing global demand for food and challenges facing food production. It notes that the world's population is projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050, requiring food production to double. However, resources like arable land and fresh water are limited. Aquaculture is presented as a solution, as it is more efficient than terrestrial animal or plant production and can use water resources. The US imports over 90% of its seafood but aquaculture represents a major opportunity, though it faces challenges like lack of coordination and political support. Solutions proposed include developing a national aquaculture program to support the industry. Maine is seen as well positioned for growth due to its resources and infrastructure.
World Engineers Summit Conf, Singapore July 2015 [Compatibility Mode]Roger Falconer
Global water security faces several challenges:
- Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed and declining due to factors like climate change and population growth.
- Nearly 2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation.
- Water demand exceeds sustainable limits in many regions due to increasing food and energy needs.
- Integrated water resource management and new hydroscience tools are needed to help close the gap between water supply and demand as part of efforts to achieve global water security.
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
Sustainable-Development by Hardik Agrawal.pptxHardikAgrawal49
The document discusses the key concepts of sustainable development including its definition, historical background, and pillars. It outlines priority areas for sustainable development action identified by the UN such as water and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity protection. For each area, it discusses some important issues such as ensuring access to clean drinking water and sanitation for all, increasing access to energy sources in rural areas, reducing mortality rates from diseases, addressing soil fertility issues in agriculture, and protecting ecosystems and genetic diversity.
Climate change is having widespread impacts globally and presenting new challenges for environmental organizations. Developing countries are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, which include threats to human health from diseases, heat waves, and extreme weather; risks to social systems from issues like food and water insecurity; and economic impacts including damage to infrastructure and agriculture. Biodiversity is also at risk as climate change disrupts ecosystems. Concerted global action is needed to address this urgent issue, including efforts to reduce emissions, mobilize funding to help vulnerable nations mitigate and adapt to impacts, and enhance environmental monitoring to better inform policy responses to emerging problems.
Types of water resources,Use Of water, overview of global distribution, reuse of water, Water Requirements,Water Scarcity, Cause of Water Scarcity, Water Management, Uses of Reclaimed Water, Water Budget of India etc. presented in this presentation
This document provides an outline and learning objectives for a chapter on populations, communities, and species interactions. It covers topics such as how species diversity arises, why species live in different locations, how species interact and affect one another's fate and community structure. It discusses concepts such as population growth, carrying capacity, competition, predation, symbiosis, adaptation, speciation, and community properties like productivity, diversity, complexity, and stability. Examples are provided to illustrate key points and terms.
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Food (agriculture) production and distribution is estimated to cause approximately 25% of global warming (UN), which is causing drought in many areas. Agriculture uses 80% of the ground and surface water, increasing the water shortage. AgLantis is creating an urban farm right in the middle of heavy industry and will use hydroponic greenhouse production which yields as much as 40 times the produce using 10% of the water. The farm is on unused public buffer land, uses recycled agricultural grade water and is an innovate, replicable solution that dramatically decreases the carbon and water footprint of food production and distribution. Using recycled water high in nitrogen and phosphorus also eliminates the need for fossil fuel based fertilizers. The UN estimates 40% of agriculture is lost from farm-to-mouth. Growing in urban centers dramatically decreases that loss, much of which is due to long distane transportation.
The document discusses the three dimensions of sustainable development - environmental, economic, and social. For the environmental dimension, it describes the importance of healthy ecosystems and two approaches to minimizing human impact: environmental management and human consumption management. It then discusses specific aspects of environmental management like atmosphere, freshwater, oceans, and land use. For the economic dimension, it talks about decoupling environmental degradation from economic growth. Finally, for the social dimension, it emphasizes the importance of peace, security, social justice, and addressing poverty.
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The document discusses the importance of smallholder farming in addressing issues related to global food security and poverty reduction. It notes that smallholder farmers currently produce most of the world's food but many live in poverty and face challenges from factors like climate change, competition for resources, and market pressures. Investing in smallholder farming could help feed the growing global population, reduce rural poverty, and lessen environmental impacts compared to industrial agriculture models. The world will need to support smallholder systems if it wants to achieve food security and sustainability goals by 2050.
This document discusses finding sustainable sources of energy and food for humanity. It notes that fossil fuels are finite and have environmental impacts. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro are introduced as more sustainable alternatives. Sustainable agriculture techniques that conserve soil and water are also described. Achieving global food security requires addressing issues like population growth, land degradation, and equitable food distribution. Creating a sustainable society involves meeting present needs without compromising the future through efficient energy and resource use, reducing pollution, and stabilizing population growth.
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The document discusses the three dimensions of sustainable development - environmental, economic, and social. It provides details on key aspects of each dimension. For the environmental dimension, it describes the importance of ecosystems and different approaches to environmental management. It also discusses sustainable consumption and various resource categories like energy, water, food, and materials. For the economic dimension, it talks about decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. Finally, for the social dimension, it focuses on aspects like social justice, poverty reduction, and their links to sustainability.
This document discusses sustainable engineering and the environment. It begins by defining sustainability and outlining the UN's 17 sustainable development goals. Some of the major challenges for engineers in achieving sustainability are depletion of resources, waste management, land degradation, and climate change. Environmental impacts from human activities can include various forms of pollution, loss of habitat, and increased greenhouse gases. The document then discusses practices to achieve sustainability, such as renewable energy and green technologies. Industries can impact the environment through resource extraction, land and water use, and waste generation. Air and water pollution are also discussed. The overall document provides an overview of concepts in sustainable engineering and environmental challenges.
Climate change, water scarcity, rising energy costs, and increasing global food demand are converging threats that must be addressed together through integrated solutions. Agricultural systems need to use resources like climate, water, energy, and nutrients more efficiently while transitioning to renewable energy and sustainable practices. Long-term food security in Timor-Leste requires building agricultural knowledge and capacity, strengthening legal frameworks, conducting environmental research, and considering these interconnected issues now to determine future success.
This document summarizes a presentation on the role of bioenergy in the UK. It discusses how bioenergy can impact land use, climate change, and food security. The presentation addresses whether land is constrained globally or in the UK and examines options for more efficient land use. It recommends policies and practices to promote sustainable bioenergy development, including intensifying agriculture without expanding land use.
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Food, water , energy nexus, presentation golam rasul, senior economistICIMOD
Food, Water, and Energy Security in the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region: A Nexus Perspective
With limited land resources, inadequate energy supply, and growing water stress, South
Asia faces the challenge of providing enough water and energy to grow enough food for the
burgeoning population. Using secondary data from diverse sources, this paper explores the
food, water, and energy nexus from a regional dimension, emphasizing the role of Hindu
Kush Himalayan (HKH) ecosystem services in sustaining food, water, and energy security
downstream. The analysis reveals that the issues and challenges in the food, water, and
energy sectors are interwoven in many complex ways and cannot be managed effectively
without cross-sectoral integration. The most distinctive feature of the nexus in South Asia is
the high degree of dependency of downstream communities on upstream ecosystem
services for dry-season water for irrigation and hydropower, drinking water, and soil fertility
and nutrients. This finding suggests that along with cross-sectoral integration to improve
the resource-use efficiency and productivity of the three sectors, regional integration
between upstream and downstream areas is critical in food, water, and energy security.
Within the nexus approach in South Asia, equal attention should be paid to management of
HKH ecosystems–especially the watersheds, catchments, and headwaters of river systems–
and to tapping the potential of collaborative gains in water, hydropower, and other
ecosystem services through coordination across HKH countries.
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This document discusses the growing global demand for food and challenges facing food production. It notes that the world's population is projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050, requiring food production to double. However, resources like arable land and fresh water are limited. Aquaculture is presented as a solution, as it is more efficient than terrestrial animal or plant production and can use water resources. The US imports over 90% of its seafood but aquaculture represents a major opportunity, though it faces challenges like lack of coordination and political support. Solutions proposed include developing a national aquaculture program to support the industry. Maine is seen as well positioned for growth due to its resources and infrastructure.
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- Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed and declining due to factors like climate change and population growth.
- Nearly 2 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation.
- Water demand exceeds sustainable limits in many regions due to increasing food and energy needs.
- Integrated water resource management and new hydroscience tools are needed to help close the gap between water supply and demand as part of efforts to achieve global water security.
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
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Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
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2. CLEWS Country Module
1. The food-energy-water nexus and sustainable development
2. The need for integrated planning: case studies
3. The CLEWS modelling approach
4. CLEWS case studies
5. Hands-on exercises with CLEWS
5. • Undernourishment: 900 million people
• 108 countries with over 5% of people deprived
• 28 countries with over 20% of people deprived
• No access to electricity: 1.1 billion people
• 50 countries with over 33% of people deprived
• No modern fuels, cooking or heating: 3 billion people
• No safe water: 900 million people
• 36 countries with over 20% of people deprived
• No adequate sanitation: 2.6 billion people
• 66 countries with over 20% of people deprived
• Risk of climate change, pollution, health and environment hazards
• Risks higher where development needs are greater
Development
challenges
7. Water
Development challenges
• Population growth, economic growth,
urbanization
• Provide sufficient water to feed a growing
population
• Provide safe drinking water and sanitation
to all
• More efficient use of water resources
• Protect groundwater resources
Environmental concerns
• Climate change (droughts/floods/sea level
rise)
• Pollution, eutrophication
Sustainable
water
management
Water
quantity
Ecosystems
Water
quality
8. Energy
Development challenges
• Access to sustainable energy for all
• Support industrial development
• Energy for the needs of the 21st century
• Efficient use of land and water
Environmental concerns
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Mining (mountain top removal, other)
• Environmental emissions (NOx, SOx, lead,
particulates)
• Indoor air pollution
• Solid and liquid wastes, radioactive waste
Sustainable
energy
Universal
access
Safe,
reliable,
affordable
Clean
9. • Highly interlinked systems
• Often referred to as the
nexus
Sustainable development: food-
energy-water nexus
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
10. Interlinkages: water use for agriculture
Production of food accounts for the largest component of the human
water footprint.
• About 70% of freshwater withdrawals worldwide are for agriculture
• Can be as high as 90% in some low-income countries
• Lower in most higher income countries
National
sustainable
development
policies
Food
Water
Energy
11. Interlinkages: water for energy supply
Approximately 20% of freshwater
withdrawals are for industrial
purposes
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
• Cooling thermal processes in the
power and manufacturing sectors
• Primary fuel extraction
• Fuel refining and conversion
• Emissions control
• Biofuel/biomass production
12. Interlinkages: water for electricity generation
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
13. Interlinkages: water for energy
resource extraction, refining and fuel production
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
14. The water supply chain is energy intensive (around 7% of global
electricity use)
Supply:
• Surface water: 0-2,400 kWh per million litres for transportation
depending on distance and change in elevation
• Groundwater: Varies with depth (e.g., 140 kWh per million litres at
35 metres and 530 kWh per million litres at 120 metres)
Interlinkages: energy for water supply
Treatment:
• 26 kWh per million litres for high-quality groundwater
• 300-1400 kWh per million litres for brackish groundwater
desalination
• 3,600-4,500 kwh per million litres for seawater desalination
Distribution:
• Average of 290 kWh per million litres, but varies widely
depending on distance and change in elevation
National
Sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
15. Interlinkages: land use for energy
A growing share of land is
dedicated to supplying energy
• Bioenergy accounts for a little more
than 10% (60 EJ) of the world’s total
primary energy supply
• On average 11% of coarse grains, 11%
of oil seeds and 21% of sugarcane
were used for biofuel production from
2008 to 2010
• 495 TWh of electricity was produced
from biomass in 2014 or 2% of world
electricity generation
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
16. Interlinkages: land use for
energy
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
COAL NUCLEAR GAS PV SOLAR
THERMAL
WIND HYDRO BIOMASS
Land
transformation
(m2/GWh
)
Source: V. Fthenakis and H. C. Kim (2008). “Land use and electricity generation: A life-cycle analysis.” Renewable and sustainable energy reviews.
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000 National
sustainable
development
policies
Food
Water
Energy
17. Interlinkages: land use for energy
Selected biotechnologies
Source: International Energy Agency (2011). “Technology Roadmap—Biofuels for Transport.”
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Bio-Ethanol Bio-diesel Bio-Methane
Land
transformation
[m2/GJ]
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
18. Interlinkages: energy for agriculture and food
Energy is required to power agricultural
machinery for field preparation, crop
harvesting, drying and processing
• Direct energy use accounts for roughly 2.1%
of total final energy demand
Energy is required to produce fertilizers,
pesticides and other agricultural inputs
• Indirect energy use in agriculture is about
1.2% of total final energy demand
In addition, energy is needed to process,
transport, store, package and market food and
food products
National
sustainable
development
policies
Land
(food)
Water
Energy
19. Concluding remarks
• There are strong interlinkages among food production, land use,
energy and water.
• Policy decision-making needs to take these interlinkages into account.
• An integrated approach that simultaneously takes them into account
is advisable.
• Integrated narratives are useful, but numbers are needed, suggesting
the use of quantitative models.
Editor's Notes
Direct, inner circle, and indirect, outer circle, links with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs.
The objective is to illustrate the links among four components (water, land, energy and climate). They are featured in the SDGs, but beyond this, there are natural/structural interrelationships. There are also important indirect links to other issues.
The food-energy-water nexus directly relates to No Poverty (SDG 1), Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Life on Land (SDG 15), Renewable Energy (SDG 7) and Climate Action (SDG 13), among others.
The CLEWS framework can be used to assess the following issues:
i. The sustainability of infrastructure development (e.g., water and energy)
ii. Broader impacts of activities along production value chains
iii. How climate change impacts different sectors of the economy
Both food-energy-water nexus and CLEWS approaches can be employed in planning and capacity-building efforts.
Note: this is a reference slide, not to be presented thoroughly, but to underscore underlying food-energy water nexus issues.
Highlight the global and national policy dimensions of global goals. Country figures show the range of deprivation in countries.
The bottom billion people in developing countries lack subsistence-level access to food, energy and water goods and services; the lower middle-income people find themselves spending increasingly larger proportions of their incomes to gain access; the upper-middle and high-income people overuse these resources with a substantial share wasted.
Meeting global development goals will entail significant challenges for many countries. These countries must exert particularly strong efforts to implement effective sustainable development policies
The University of Notre Dame has calculated indexes of exposure to climate change and correlated them with income. See: http://index.gain.org/.
Agriculture and food systems face enormous challenges—feeding a world population of 9 billion to 10 billion, making more efficient use of water and fertilizers, and adapting to climate change.
Land-use changes have allowed civilizations to grow crops, feed livestock, obtain energy, build cities and carry out a wide range of other activities key to economic growth and human development. However, they also profoundly alter ecosystems. The human footprint has affected 83% of the global terrestrial land surface and has degraded about 60% of ecosystem services. In the past 50 years alone, 12% of the global land surface has been converted to cropland, approaching the 15% threshold “planetary boundary” proposed under the planetary boundary” concept. (See Rockström et al. (2009). “A safe operating space for humanity.” Nature 461: 472-475.)
Establishment of protected areas is a key means to safeguard habitats and promote biodiversity. Protected area increased by 38% from 1992 to 2010, and global net loss in forest area declined from 7.3 million hectares per year in the 1990s to 3.3 million hectares per year from 2010 to 2015. Biodiversity loss is still high, because it is naturally developed over long periods of time. Measures can therefore take a long time before they yield benefits.
Sustainable land management:
Maintain and enhance production (productivity)
Reduce the level of production risk (stability/resilience)
Protect natural resources (protection)
Be economically viable (viability)
Be socially acceptable (acceptability/equity)
How we manage water is fast becoming an urgent political issue.
Growing pressure on water resources—from population and economic growth, climate change, pollution and other challenges—has major impacts on our social, economic and environmental well-being. Many of our most important aquifers are being overpumped, causing widespread declines in groundwater levels. Quality is declining, threatening the health of people and ecosystems, and increasing the cost of treatment. Some 900 million people around the globe still lack access to clean water, and thousands perish daily for lack of it.
At the same time, population growth and dietary changes mean that a dramatic increase in food production is necessary. Yet increasing water security challenges facing agriculture have been a significant contributor to food price volatility. The symptoms of this problem can be seen in three related areas: global food and commodity prices, the changing volumes of trade and price trends for other food and agricultural commodities, and knock-on effects in other markets for various crops and foodstuffs, which in and of themselves are not necessarily water stressed
About 40% of water used in irrigation is wasted through practices such as field flooding. Efficient irrigation systems, however, can be combined with crop protection and crop enhancement products to save water and increase productivity. Modern herbicides allow no-till and minimal tillage so ploughing isn’t necessary and soil structure is preserved. As a result, soil is able to receive and retain water more effectively and reduce runoff.
This illustrates some of the trade-offs in energy use.
* There is an increasing need to provide access to cleaner forms of energy.
Reliability of supply and affordability are also important factors to consider.
With increasing demand, countries need to plan effectively to manage their energy resources to generate electricity. Loss of supply is very expensive, and people start using more and more stand-alone diesel generators to compensate.
A diagram of the food, energy and water nexus illustrates multiple interconnections.
When efficient irrigation is combined with steps for increased productivity and water efficiency, farmers produce more food and become better stewards of their land. There is greater protection against rain runoff, soil erosion, water or heat stress on plants, flooding and desertification. Policy reform (water pricing, water rights, subsidies, etc.) and technology are vital. Free or underpriced inputs lead to wasteful practices.
Water is important in the energy sector:
Used for cooling in thermal and nuclear power plants
Used (not consumed) in hydropower plants
Heavily used for fuel extraction and refining
Emissions control technology
Growing fuel crops like jatropha, sugarcane, etc.
Explain the difference between water withdrawal and consumption.
Explain the change in unit on the x-axis.
Explain the difference between water withdrawal and consumption.
Explain the change in unit on the x-axis.
Water needs to be brought from the source to where it is needed. While some water supply systems are gravity driven, many need pumping to bring the water to consumption centres. The amount of energy required will vary widely from system to system, mainly determined by distances the water needs to be conveyed and topography. For groundwater, the energy requirement is directly related to the depth of the water table. As the water table drops, the amount of energy needed to lift water to the surface increases accordingly.
The treatment of water (before and after consumption) is dependent on treatment technology, the quality of the water source, and the desired quality of water for consumption.
Distribution from treatment facilities to the end-user also requires pumping.
As water demand increases and we need to access lower quality sources, such as seawater or brackish water, supplying water becomes more energy intensive. Technological improvements are making treatment more energy efficient, however. With the world population congregating in cities, the demand for water will become increasingly concentrated and intensify the need for water transportation
Sources: Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Natural Resources Defense Council and Pacific Institute (2004) “Energy down the drain: The hidden costs of California’s water supply.” US Department of Energy (2006). “Energy Demand on Water Resources: Report to Congress on the Interdependence of Energy and Water.” Electric Power Research Institute (2000). “Water and sustainability: US electricity consumption for water supply and treatment—The next half century.”
The importance of land for energy:
Growing crops for producing biofuel is leaving a big footprint on land use.
Land use is an important factor in large-scale photovoltaic power plants and wind turbines.
There are some innovative ways to increase efficiency in the use of land for solar energy, such as by placing the panels on top of canals and on land with scattered vegetation.
Different technologies have widely different land footprints (note the break in the y-axis).
This chart shows land transformation; land occupation would rank technologies differently.
Examples of the ranges of land use for bioenergy sources.
Energy, primarily electricity and fossil fuels, is vital for agriculture. It is actually used throughout the life cycle of crops: from transportation of seeds to the farm, all the way to transporting agricultural products to markets for consumption.