300 words or more
Discussion
Subject
: Here you will have the chance to share your impressions of the August Coup and the destruction of the Soviet Union.
Step-by-Step Directions
1.Watch this video:
Collapse of the Soviet Union
2. Read the lecture notes in this module
3. In your first post, report on your impressions on what you learned and include your source website strings and pictures. Try to post your report by Friday evening. To post pictures, open up the edit ribbon to show 3 rows. Find the picture icon and click this. Follow the directions to post your picture.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCFREwQ846o
LECTURE NOTES
Here you will find all of the lecture notes:
PERESTROIKA, GLASNOST, AND GORBACHEV
What I want you to know: Mikhail Gorbachev is remembered in Soviet history as the man that nailed the first nail in the coffin of Soviet Socialism. His ideas for reform for the Soviet Union’s economy and society were radical in the mid ‘80’s. He felt that he could somehow improve the Soviet Union and revive it’s ailing economy. He had no idea that what he started would end the Soviet Union instead of save it.
I. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
A. Born March 2, 1931 in Privolnye in Southern Russia
B. Became a Party Boss in the Stavropol krai and by 1985 had become General Secretary of the CPSU
C. 1986, influenced by Yuri Andropov’s attempts at reform, Gorbachev began his period of political openness (Glasnost’) and economic “Perestroika” (restructuring) intended to modernize the USSR and “democratization” of the Soviet Government
D. 1990: Awarded the Nobel Peace prize for his reform efforts.
E. 1991: Removed from office in the August Coup and replaced by Boris Yeltsin.
F. Today, Gorbachev gives many speeches worldwide and is very busy with humanitarian groups. He founded the
Green Cross
an international organization that is concerned about preserving the Earth’s environment. He still lives in Moscow.
G. Richard Nixon suggested that Gorbachev become Time’s “Man of the Century” said this of him:
“He has decided that he would risk his power in order to save his reforms, rather than risk his reforms to save his power.”
http://www.mikhailgorbachev.org
II. GLASNOST’
A. 1986 Gorbachev un-cuffed the press and no longer censored & punished journalists for openly criticizing the government, economy, political officials.
B. Dissidents were released from prison. Andrei Sakharov, a prominent Physicist who was arrested on the streets of Moscow and deported to Gorky for protesting the Soviet’s involvement in Afghanistan, was realeased in 1986.
C. Banned literature, art, music was legalized again. Solzhenitsen’s “A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, Akhamatova, Pasternak. Now the Soviets could again enjoy the fruits of their famous artists.
D. Peaceful protests were allowed in the streets. (Tatars in Red Square).
E. Religion became tolerated again and believers were no longer pe.
Due Date June 1Here you will find all the lecture notesPEREAlyciaGold776
Due Date June 1
Here you will find all the lecture notes:
PERESTROIKA, GLASNOST, AND GORBACHEV
What I want you to know: Mikhail Gorbachev is remembered in Soviet history as the man that nailed the first nail in the coffin of Soviet Socialism. His ideas for reform of the Soviet Union’s economy and society were radical in the mid-’80s. He felt that he could somehow improve the Soviet Union and revive its ailing economy. He had no idea that what he started would end the Soviet Union instead of saving it.
I. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
Born March 2, 1931, in Privolnye in Southern Russia
Became a Party Boss in the Stavropol krai and by 1985 had become General Secretary of the CPSU
1986, influenced by Yuri Andropov’s attempts at reform, Gorbachev began his period of political openness (Glasnost’) and economic “Perestroika” (restructuring) intended to modernize the USSR and “democratization” the Soviet Government
1990: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his reform efforts.
1991: Removed from office in the August Coup and replaced by Boris Yeltsin.
Today, Gorbachev gives many speeches worldwide and is very busy with humanitarian groups. He founded the Green Cross an international organization that is concerned about preserving the Earth’s environment. He still lives in Moscow.
II. GLASNOST’
1986 Gorbachev un-cuffed the press and no longer censored & punished journalists for openly criticizing the government, economy, and political officials.
Dissidents were released from prison. Andrei Sakharov, a prominent Physicist who was arrested on the streets of Moscow and deported to Gorky for protesting the Soviet’s involvement in Afghanistan, was released in 1986.
Banned literature, art, and music were legalized again. Solzhenitsen’s “A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, Akhamatova, Pasternak. Now the Soviets could again enjoy the fruits of their famous artists.
Peaceful protests were allowed in the streets. (Tatars in Red Square).
Religion became tolerated again and believers were no longer persecuted.
History, crimes, and mistakes of the Government were revealed. (Stalin, nuclear testing, accidents) So much was being revealed that in 1988, the school history exams were canceled because the Soviet people were only then learning the “real” history.
Chernobyl accident became a watershed. Four days went by before the Soviets admitted to their neighbors that there had been an accident. After that, the Soviets came clean and kept the rest of the world informed about it.
The facts were coming out and the Soviets were demanding more and more. The press began openly printing, with names, negative information re: Govt. etc.
III. PERESTROIKA= “RESTRUCTURING” Gorbachev wanted to revive the sagging Soviet rate of industrial and agricultural output with a two-pronged approach:
1. Psychological: needed to improve worker discipline.
Number one problem: Alcoholism Began a major crackdown on alcohol. The sale o ...
The Soviet Union collapsed between 1985-1991 due to reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev and rising nationalist sentiments. Gorbachev implemented policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the 1980s that weakened the Soviet system. This led to independence movements in the Soviet republics. By 1991, hardliners launched a failed coup against Gorbachev and republic leaders, like Boris Yeltsin, declared independence. The Soviet Union was formally dissolved that December.
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union between 1985 and 1991. Key events included Gorbachev implementing reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the late 1980s. This weakened the Communist Party's control and empowered independence movements. In 1991, hardliners attempted a coup against Gorbachev but failed, accelerating the collapse. The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991 and split into 15 independent nations.
The Soviet Union collapsed between 1985-1991 due to various political and economic factors. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and introduced reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) that weakened the Soviet system. By 1991, independence movements grew and republics began declaring independence. Gorbachev resigned in December 1991, dissolving the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union faced many economic and political problems in the 1980s under Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership. Gorbachev introduced reforms like perestroika to restructure the Soviet economy and political system, reducing the Communist Party's power. However, tensions rose as ethnic groups demanded independence. By 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved as Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared its end and Gorbachev resigned.
INTRODUCTION
CHILDHOOD
POLITICAL CAREER
CPSU AND DOMESTIC REFORMS (1985-1989)
‘NEW THINKING’
COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNION
THE AUGUST COUP AND FINAL COLLAPSE
ACTIVITIES AFTER RESIGNATION
TIMELINE
Created by Manjula Gunathilake - Sri Lanka 011-2729972
Mikhail Gorbachev introduced political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union in the 1980s known as perestroika and glasnost. This loosening of control led Eastern European nations to overthrow their communist governments in 1989. Germany reunified in 1990 and the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Ethnic tensions also rose in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, leading to war as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo declared independence from Serbia.
The document discusses Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in the 1980s which aimed to reform and open up the communist system. It led to increased transparency and freedom of speech. Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Eastern Europe and weakened the power of the Communist Party, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. There was an attempted coup by KGB and military hardliners to remove Gorbachev from power and stop reforms, but it failed within days. Gorbachev transformed the world by ending the Cold War and dismantling the Soviet communist system, though Russia faced economic hardship in the process.
Due Date June 1Here you will find all the lecture notesPEREAlyciaGold776
Due Date June 1
Here you will find all the lecture notes:
PERESTROIKA, GLASNOST, AND GORBACHEV
What I want you to know: Mikhail Gorbachev is remembered in Soviet history as the man that nailed the first nail in the coffin of Soviet Socialism. His ideas for reform of the Soviet Union’s economy and society were radical in the mid-’80s. He felt that he could somehow improve the Soviet Union and revive its ailing economy. He had no idea that what he started would end the Soviet Union instead of saving it.
I. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
Born March 2, 1931, in Privolnye in Southern Russia
Became a Party Boss in the Stavropol krai and by 1985 had become General Secretary of the CPSU
1986, influenced by Yuri Andropov’s attempts at reform, Gorbachev began his period of political openness (Glasnost’) and economic “Perestroika” (restructuring) intended to modernize the USSR and “democratization” the Soviet Government
1990: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his reform efforts.
1991: Removed from office in the August Coup and replaced by Boris Yeltsin.
Today, Gorbachev gives many speeches worldwide and is very busy with humanitarian groups. He founded the Green Cross an international organization that is concerned about preserving the Earth’s environment. He still lives in Moscow.
II. GLASNOST’
1986 Gorbachev un-cuffed the press and no longer censored & punished journalists for openly criticizing the government, economy, and political officials.
Dissidents were released from prison. Andrei Sakharov, a prominent Physicist who was arrested on the streets of Moscow and deported to Gorky for protesting the Soviet’s involvement in Afghanistan, was released in 1986.
Banned literature, art, and music were legalized again. Solzhenitsen’s “A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, Akhamatova, Pasternak. Now the Soviets could again enjoy the fruits of their famous artists.
Peaceful protests were allowed in the streets. (Tatars in Red Square).
Religion became tolerated again and believers were no longer persecuted.
History, crimes, and mistakes of the Government were revealed. (Stalin, nuclear testing, accidents) So much was being revealed that in 1988, the school history exams were canceled because the Soviet people were only then learning the “real” history.
Chernobyl accident became a watershed. Four days went by before the Soviets admitted to their neighbors that there had been an accident. After that, the Soviets came clean and kept the rest of the world informed about it.
The facts were coming out and the Soviets were demanding more and more. The press began openly printing, with names, negative information re: Govt. etc.
III. PERESTROIKA= “RESTRUCTURING” Gorbachev wanted to revive the sagging Soviet rate of industrial and agricultural output with a two-pronged approach:
1. Psychological: needed to improve worker discipline.
Number one problem: Alcoholism Began a major crackdown on alcohol. The sale o ...
The Soviet Union collapsed between 1985-1991 due to reforms introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev and rising nationalist sentiments. Gorbachev implemented policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the 1980s that weakened the Soviet system. This led to independence movements in the Soviet republics. By 1991, hardliners launched a failed coup against Gorbachev and republic leaders, like Boris Yeltsin, declared independence. The Soviet Union was formally dissolved that December.
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union between 1985 and 1991. Key events included Gorbachev implementing reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the late 1980s. This weakened the Communist Party's control and empowered independence movements. In 1991, hardliners attempted a coup against Gorbachev but failed, accelerating the collapse. The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991 and split into 15 independent nations.
The Soviet Union collapsed between 1985-1991 due to various political and economic factors. Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and introduced reforms of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) that weakened the Soviet system. By 1991, independence movements grew and republics began declaring independence. Gorbachev resigned in December 1991, dissolving the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union faced many economic and political problems in the 1980s under Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership. Gorbachev introduced reforms like perestroika to restructure the Soviet economy and political system, reducing the Communist Party's power. However, tensions rose as ethnic groups demanded independence. By 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved as Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared its end and Gorbachev resigned.
INTRODUCTION
CHILDHOOD
POLITICAL CAREER
CPSU AND DOMESTIC REFORMS (1985-1989)
‘NEW THINKING’
COLLAPSE OF SOVIET UNION
THE AUGUST COUP AND FINAL COLLAPSE
ACTIVITIES AFTER RESIGNATION
TIMELINE
Created by Manjula Gunathilake - Sri Lanka 011-2729972
Mikhail Gorbachev introduced political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union in the 1980s known as perestroika and glasnost. This loosening of control led Eastern European nations to overthrow their communist governments in 1989. Germany reunified in 1990 and the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Ethnic tensions also rose in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, leading to war as Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo declared independence from Serbia.
The document discusses Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in the 1980s which aimed to reform and open up the communist system. It led to increased transparency and freedom of speech. Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Eastern Europe and weakened the power of the Communist Party, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. There was an attempted coup by KGB and military hardliners to remove Gorbachev from power and stop reforms, but it failed within days. Gorbachev transformed the world by ending the Cold War and dismantling the Soviet communist system, though Russia faced economic hardship in the process.
Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and introduced reforms like perestroika and glasnost to restructure the failing economy. However, his reforms destabilized the country and emboldened independence movements. By 1991, hardliners launched a coup against Gorbachev but failed, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Surrounding countries like those in Eastern Europe gained independence but struggled with transitioning to capitalism from communism and faced economic and social difficulties. The fall of the USSR continues to impact geopolitics today.
End of Cold War - Poland's Solidarity, Gorbachev, Fall of USSRJoanie Yeung
The document discusses the Prague Spring of 1968 and the Soviet Union's increasing loss of control over Eastern Europe from the 1960s-1980s. It summarizes that Dubcek in Czechoslovakia attempted to reform communism with "socialism with a human face" but was crushed by the Soviet invasion of 1968, reaffirming the Brezhnev Doctrine. In the 1980s, the Solidarity movement in Poland challenged Soviet dominance and Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost further weakened Soviet control, culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and collapse of Soviet rule over Eastern Europe.
Reasons the Cold War ended - role of Mikhail Gorbachevmrmarr
Mikhail Gorbachev introduced major reforms as the leader of the Soviet Union in the 1980s that ultimately led to the end of the Cold War. His policies of perestroika and glasnost relaxed central government control of the economy and increased openness and transparency, moving the USSR away from strict Communist rule. Gorbachev's reforms transformed the Soviet system and its adversarial relationship with the West, bringing the decades-long Cold War confrontation to a peaceful conclusion.
Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. In 1989, he implemented economic reforms hoping to improve the Soviet economy but instead caused shortages. That same year, communist governments fell across Eastern Europe as countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia experienced peaceful revolutions calling for democracy. The Berlin Wall fell in November 1989 as East Germans were allowed to travel to West Berlin.
Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. In 1989, he implemented economic reforms hoping to improve the Soviet economy but instead led to shortages and instability. That same year, communist governments fell across Eastern Europe as countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia experienced peaceful democratic revolutions, ending Soviet control of the region.
Changing Cold War Relations - 1980s changes in the ussrmrmarr
Under Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership in the 1980s, the Soviet Union underwent major political, economic, and military reforms including glasnost (openness), perestroika (economic restructuring), and democratization. These reforms weakened the Soviet system and empowered independence movements in Eastern Europe, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War by 1991.
Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost weakened the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This led to the fall of communist governments across Eastern Europe in 1989, culminating in the destruction of the Berlin Wall. In 1991, conservative Soviet leaders launched a coup against Gorbachev but failed due to opposition led by Yeltsin. This led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
The document summarizes the breakup of the Soviet Union in 3 key points:
1. The USSR was a union of 15 republics formed in 1922 that dissolved in 1991 due to economic troubles, ethnic tensions between nationalities, and the liberalizing reforms of Gorbachev which weakened central control.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) relaxed censorship and aimed to transition to a market economy but had the unintended effect of empowering nationalist movements.
3. In 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States, bringing the
The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
20th Century History : Core content : How secure was the USSR’s control over ...Wan Farida Hamimi
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background information on how countries like Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that challenged this control, like the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet Union used military force to assert its dominance each time. The rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland in the 1980s further declined Soviet influence in the region.
20th century history core content: How secure was the USSR’s control over Eas...Serena Sephora
The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
- After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev publicly denounced Stalin and began destalinization, opening up the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, Nixon and Brezhnev initiated détente and SALT talks to limit nuclear weapons. Reagan took a stronger stance against communism in the 1980s.
- Mikhail Gorbachev implemented glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the 1980s to reform the Soviet Union. This led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990.
- Attempts to depose Gorbachev in a 1991 coup failed when Yeltsin and the people refused to back down. This
Discuss three (3) ways that large organizations are increasingly eng.docxrhetttrevannion
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Describe the concept of ‘Third Sector’ innovation and reflect on the motive of non-profit entrepreneurial organizations to service these social needs. Next explain how the concept of uneven global distribution of innovation influences this sector. Provide examples to support your rationale.
I am adding a web link for you to review, here are a few web links on Social Entrepreneurship
1. From Forbes.com here is a list of several young social entrepreneurs.
http://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/30-under-30/30-under-30_social.html
2.
From Stanford University:
Social Entrepreneurship: the case for Definition.
http://ssir.org/articles/entry/social_entrepreneurship_the_case_for_definition
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Discuss this week’s objectives with your team sharing related rese.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss
this week’s objectives with your team sharing related research, connections and applications made by individual team members.
Prepare
a 350- to 1,050- word Reflection from the learning that took place in your team forum with:
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An introduction
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A body that uses the objectives as headings (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, & 2.4 spelled out). After commenting on or defining the objectives (no names) include a couple of individual team member’s specific connections and/or applications by name.
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A conclusion that highlights a few specifics from the body of the Reflection.
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A reference page that lists the e-text plus at least two other sources.
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Initial Discussion - 300 words
2 Responses - each 250 words.
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Discuss the way the idea of heroism develops from
Gilgamesh
through
The Iliad
/
The Odyssey
, and
The Aeneid.
Focus your discussion of heroism in each text around both the connection between heroic action and divine will and the relationship between the hero and his people. THREE PARAGRAPHS
Compare the role of vengeance in
Agamemnon
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Medea
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Beowulf
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The Aeneid
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Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and introduced reforms like perestroika and glasnost to restructure the failing economy. However, his reforms destabilized the country and emboldened independence movements. By 1991, hardliners launched a coup against Gorbachev but failed, leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Surrounding countries like those in Eastern Europe gained independence but struggled with transitioning to capitalism from communism and faced economic and social difficulties. The fall of the USSR continues to impact geopolitics today.
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Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. In 1989, he implemented economic reforms hoping to improve the Soviet economy but instead led to shortages and instability. That same year, communist governments fell across Eastern Europe as countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia experienced peaceful democratic revolutions, ending Soviet control of the region.
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Under Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership in the 1980s, the Soviet Union underwent major political, economic, and military reforms including glasnost (openness), perestroika (economic restructuring), and democratization. These reforms weakened the Soviet system and empowered independence movements in Eastern Europe, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War by 1991.
Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost weakened the Soviet Union in the 1980s. This led to the fall of communist governments across Eastern Europe in 1989, culminating in the destruction of the Berlin Wall. In 1991, conservative Soviet leaders launched a coup against Gorbachev but failed due to opposition led by Yeltsin. This led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
The document summarizes the breakup of the Soviet Union in 3 key points:
1. The USSR was a union of 15 republics formed in 1922 that dissolved in 1991 due to economic troubles, ethnic tensions between nationalities, and the liberalizing reforms of Gorbachev which weakened central control.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) relaxed censorship and aimed to transition to a market economy but had the unintended effect of empowering nationalist movements.
3. In 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States, bringing the
The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background information on how countries like Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that challenged this control, like the Hungarian uprising in 1956 and Prague Spring reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968. The Soviet Union used military force to assert its dominance each time. The rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in Poland in the 1980s further declined Soviet influence in the region.
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The document discusses Soviet control over Eastern Europe from 1948 to 1989. It provides background on how countries like Hungary and Czechoslovakia lost democratic rights and freedoms after World War 2 and came under strict Soviet control. It then discusses some key events that showed opposition to Soviet dominance, such as the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring, and how the Soviet Union reacted with military force to maintain control each time. The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 was also explained as an attempt to stop the flow of people from East to West Germany. Finally, the rise of the Solidarity trade union movement in communist Poland in the 1980s increased dissent and had significance for the eventual decline of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
- After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev publicly denounced Stalin and began destalinization, opening up the Soviet Union. In the 1970s, Nixon and Brezhnev initiated détente and SALT talks to limit nuclear weapons. Reagan took a stronger stance against communism in the 1980s.
- Mikhail Gorbachev implemented glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in the 1980s to reform the Soviet Union. This led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990.
- Attempts to depose Gorbachev in a 1991 coup failed when Yeltsin and the people refused to back down. This
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Discuss three (3) ways that large organizations are increasingly eng.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss three (3) ways that large organizations are increasingly engaging in social entrepreneurship and the importance of stakeholder relationships in this effort.
Describe the concept of ‘Third Sector’ innovation and reflect on the motive of non-profit entrepreneurial organizations to service these social needs. Next explain how the concept of uneven global distribution of innovation influences this sector. Provide examples to support your rationale.
I am adding a web link for you to review, here are a few web links on Social Entrepreneurship
1. From Forbes.com here is a list of several young social entrepreneurs.
http://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/30-under-30/30-under-30_social.html
2.
From Stanford University:
Social Entrepreneurship: the case for Definition.
http://ssir.org/articles/entry/social_entrepreneurship_the_case_for_definition
.
Discuss this week’s objectives with your team sharing related rese.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss
this week’s objectives with your team sharing related research, connections and applications made by individual team members.
Prepare
a 350- to 1,050- word Reflection from the learning that took place in your team forum with:
·
An introduction
·
A body that uses the objectives as headings (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, & 2.4 spelled out). After commenting on or defining the objectives (no names) include a couple of individual team member’s specific connections and/or applications by name.
·
A conclusion that highlights a few specifics from the body of the Reflection.
·
A reference page that lists the e-text plus at least two other sources.
.
Discuss theoretical considerations or assumptions relevant to yo.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss theoretical considerations or assumptions relevant to your issue. To determine these, consider the research hypothesis you developed in earlier units. What theory or theories (e.g., social learning theory, critical theory, constructivism theory, human behavioral theory, network theory, routine activities theory, etc.) would help to explain the relationship you hypothesize exists between your independent and dependent variables?
.
Discuss theprinciple events of PROCESS AND THREAD used in both t.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the
principle events of PROCESS AND THREAD used in both the hosting OS and the OS management of the appropriate QUEUES. OS may only include Linux, Windows, Unix, ROS, RTOS, and Mainframe.
Initial Discussion - 300 words
2 Responses - each 250 words.
.
Discuss the Windows Registry System Hive1) What information.docxrhetttrevannion
The Windows Registry System Hive stores important system configuration settings and security incident information. Specifically, the System Hive retains logon events, user account changes, installed programs, network connections and security policy modifications. Forensic analysis of the System Hive can extract valuable evidence such as unauthorized logins, malware infections, and changes to user permissions that are critical for cybersecurity investigations.
Discuss the way the idea of heroism develops from Gilgamesh th.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the way the idea of heroism develops from
Gilgamesh
through
The Iliad
/
The Odyssey
, and
The Aeneid.
Focus your discussion of heroism in each text around both the connection between heroic action and divine will and the relationship between the hero and his people. THREE PARAGRAPHS
Compare the role of vengeance in
Agamemnon
,
Medea
, and
Beowulf
. In what ways does the avenger stand for justice? In what ways does the avenger pose a threat to the continuance of society? What does each text lead you to conclude about the viability of revenge in a civilized society? THREE PARAGRAPHS
Compare the depiction of love in
The Aeneid
,
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
, and the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale. What place does love have in society in each text? What problems does it pose? How, if at all, are those problems resolved? THREE PARAGRAPHS
1 PAGE
.
Discuss the ways in which the history of the U.S. was presented in t.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the ways in which the history of the U.S. was presented in the stock certificate for the 1876 Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia by F. O. C. Darley and S. J. Ferris. Compare it with the overall narrative of nationhood contained in the early 19th century relief sculptures above the doorways in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D. C. Be sure to comment on the ways in which these images would have been influenced by the locations in which they were viewed.
200-300 words, work sited
.
Discuss the value of Lean Systems Engineering to systems develop.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the value of Lean Systems Engineering to systems development (1 – 2 pages).
This assignment will be graded on two factors: 1.) the degree to which the response depicts clear and comprehensive understanding of the topic/material (80 points); and 2.) the degree to which the response is well thought through and clearly articulated (20 points).
.
discuss the various pathways interest groups use to influence politi.docxrhetttrevannion
discuss the various pathways interest groups use to influence politics and policy in the U.S. Discuss three way interest groups influence government. What are these methods, how do they work, and why are they effective at influencing government.
discuss the three components of political parties. Discuss party-in-the-electorate, party organization, and party-in-government. Briefly describe who makes up each component and what each component does.
.
Discuss the various tools and techniques used by an HCO to incre.docxrhetttrevannion
An healthcare organization (HCO) uses various tools and techniques to increase logistical efficiency, such as measuring the capacity (throughput) of resources like x-ray equipment and exam rooms. Measuring capacity allows an HCO to understand utilization and support decision making about resource allocation and patient flow. (Dobrzykowski & Tarafdar, 2015)
Discuss the various means by which slaves resisted the slave system..docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the various means by which slaves resisted the slave system. How widespread was such resistance? What were the most common and effective tactics? What does the prevalence of resistance reveal not only about slaves’ attitude toward slavery but also their ability to shape the conditions under which they lived and worked?
one page, doubled spaced, in Times New Roman font, with standard
1 inch margins on all sides
.
Discuss the typica l clinical presentation of the diagnosis , Hip Os.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the typica l clinical presentation of the diagnosis , Hip Osteoarthritis(OA), included possible therapeutic exercise treatment intervention, also recommendations for the management of the condition.
Introduction: First about OA and then write about Hip OA
Describe the pathophysiology of the diagnosis and the expected clinical presentation anticipated. If it varies, them describe common variations.
Discuss
etiology
and
demographics
related to the diagnosis(I.e., is this dx more common in men than women, what age, group ect)
Very important only use the articles provides, not citation work submitted via turnitin!!!!
.
Discuss the types of resources, tools, and methods that are availabl.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the types of resources, tools, and methods that are available to leaders for data collection and analysis, including organization assessments such as Baldrige, SWOT, and others. What techniques does your organization utilize to make decisions?
You can use US Navy for the organization.
.
Discuss the types of items that should be examined in a firewall log.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the types of items that should be examined in a firewall log:
a. IP addresses that are being rejected and dropped
b. Probes to ports that have no application services running on them
c. Source-routed packets
d. Suspicious outbound connections
e. Unsuccessful logins
.
Discuss the types of property, providing an example of each an.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the types of property, providing an example of each and why each falls into its classification.
Provide an instance of when you have seen eminent domain in action in your community. If you have not seen this situation, create an example of how this may occur.
.
Discuss the type of personality it takes to become a police officer..docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the type of personality it takes to become a police officer. Why is this type of individual personality required for police work? What are the dangers to having this type of individual in police work?
Be sure to support your position with a very detailed explanation or a source citation.
.
Discuss the two major sources of crime statistics for the United Sta.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the two major sources of crime statistics for the United States. Uniform Crime Report (UCR), National Crime Victim Survey (NCVS), and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), including
but not limited to
: the Part I and II offenses, UCR terminology, how the UCR and NCVS collect crime data, types of information collected and not collected by the NCVS, accuracy issues with the UCR and NCVS, and the role and purpose of the NIBRS
.
Discuss the two most prominent theories related to the stage of adul.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the two most prominent theories related to the stage of adulthood: Erikson’s Stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation and Levinson’s Season’s of a Man’s Life. Describe how theory conceptualizes middle adulthood and explain the growth of development changes that occur during this stage. Using Figure 16.7 as your reference, describe the impact of daily hassles and daily uplifts on the midlife stage of adulthood. In your post, please address the role of stress and personal control on life satisfaction and happiness during midlife development.
.
Discuss the two elements required for the consent defense. In ad.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the two elements required for the consent defense. In addition, please identify three situations where consent can operate as a legal defense.
The paper must be 1-2 pages.
Use proper APA formatting and citations, including ‘in-text’ citations.
Reference at least 2 outside credible resources.
DUE SUNDAY MORNING STAND PACIFIC TIME
.
Discuss the Truth in Lending Act and what role it places in financia.docxrhetttrevannion
Discuss the Truth in Lending Act and what role it places in financial and regulatory reports requirements in regards to funds acquisition strategies. What are various important terms which must be disclosed and their meaning?
Rose, P.S., & Marquis, M.H., chap. 4, 17, & 21
Due Date:
7/13/2014 11:59:59 PM (5 Days)
Total Pts:
125
Points Earned:
n/a
Deliverable Length:
600-800 words
Assignment Type:
Individual Project
.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
300 words or moreDiscussionSubject Here you will have the.docx
1. 300 words or more
Discussion
Subject
: Here you will have the chance to share your impressions of the
August Coup and the destruction of the Soviet Union.
Step-by-Step Directions
1.Watch this video:
Collapse of the Soviet Union
2. Read the lecture notes in this module
3. In your first post, report on your impressions on what you
learned and include your source website strings and pictures.
Try to post your report by Friday evening. To post pictures,
open up the edit ribbon to show 3 rows. Find the picture icon
and click this. Follow the directions to post your picture.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCFREwQ846o
LECTURE NOTES
Here you will find all of the lecture notes:
PERESTROIKA, GLASNOST, AND GORBACHEV
What I want you to know: Mikhail Gorbachev is remembered in
Soviet history as the man that nailed the first nail in the coffin
2. of Soviet Socialism. His ideas for reform for the Soviet
Union’s economy and society were radical in the mid ‘80’s. He
felt that he could somehow improve the Soviet Union and revive
it’s ailing economy. He had no idea that what he started would
end the Soviet Union instead of save it.
I. Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev
A. Born March 2, 1931 in Privolnye in Southern Russia
B. Became a Party Boss in the Stavropol krai and by 1985 had
become General Secretary of the CPSU
C. 1986, influenced by Yuri Andropov’s attempts at reform,
Gorbachev began his period of political openness (Glasnost’)
and economic “Perestroika” (restructuring) intended to
modernize the USSR and “democratization” of the Soviet
Government
D. 1990: Awarded the Nobel Peace prize for his reform efforts.
E. 1991: Removed from office in the August Coup and replaced
by Boris Yeltsin.
F. Today, Gorbachev gives many speeches worldwide and is
very busy with humanitarian groups. He founded the
Green Cross
an international organization that is concerned about
preserving the Earth’s environment. He still lives in Moscow.
G. Richard Nixon suggested that Gorbachev become Time’s
“Man of the Century” said this of him:
“He has decided that he would risk his power in order to save
his reforms, rather than risk his reforms to save his power.”
3. http://www.mikhailgorbachev.org
II. GLASNOST’
A. 1986 Gorbachev un-cuffed the press and no longer censored
& punished journalists for openly criticizing the government,
economy, political officials.
B. Dissidents were released from prison. Andrei Sakharov, a
prominent Physicist who was arrested on the streets of Moscow
and deported to Gorky for protesting the Soviet’s involvement
in Afghanistan, was realeased in 1986.
C. Banned literature, art, music was legalized again.
Solzhenitsen’s “A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”,
Akhamatova, Pasternak. Now the Soviets could again enjoy the
fruits of their famous artists.
D. Peaceful protests were allowed in the streets. (Tatars in Red
Square).
E. Religion became tolerated again and believers were no longer
persecuted.
F. History, crimes, mistakes of the Government were revealed.
(Stalin, nuclear testing, accidents) So much was being revealed
that in 1988, the school history exams were canceled because
the Soviet people were only then learning the “real” history.
G. Chernobyl accident became a watershed. Four days went by
before the Soviets admitted to their neighbors that there had
been an accident. After that, the Soviets came clean and kept
the rest of the world informed about it.
The facts were coming out and the Soviets were demanding
4. more and more. The press began openly printing, with names,
negative information re: Govt. etc.
III. PERESTROIKA=
“RESTRUCTURING” Gorbachev wanted to revive the sagging
Soviet rate of industrial and agricultural output with a two-
pronged approach:
1. Psychological: needed to improve worker discipline.
a. Number one problem: Alcoholism Began a major crackdown
on alcohol. The sale of alcohol was banned before 2.
The number of outlets sharply curtailed.
b. Personally visited towns/factories urging people to work
harder, warning that if they did not do better their country
would suffer. Gorbachev appeared in remote areas where no
Soviet leader or Tsar had ever visited.
2. Economic Reform: Goal diminished role of administrative
decision making.
a. Sharply curtailed role of GOSPLAN
b. Transferred economic decision making to the enterprise
-had to self-finance & make a profit a failure=bankruptcy
-could choose what they would produce
-could independently import/export without Ministry of
Foreign Trade.
-For greater loyalty in the workplace, workers
could now elect managers and foremen by secret ballot.
5. -Small private business was allowed again.
-Joint-ventures with right to have foreign ownership
(49% max.). President and CEO had to be Soviet citizens.
Results:
Cooperatives, kiosks, open-markets boomed, services, foreign
consumer-goods appeared.
Ex: JV’s McDonalds & Pizza Hut
Problems:
1. Stigma on the financially successful
2. If industries sell product at “market price”, who could afford
it?
3. Pensioners
4. Housing
IV. DEMOKRATIZATION
*The immediate cause for the fall of Soviet Union.
A. 1989: Congress of Peoples’ Deputies (a new
representative organ) was created and filled by competitive
elections. 2/3 via local elections in territorial constituencies.
1/3 Reps of “public organizations”. Allowed representatives
from the CPSU but also high-caliber deputies from creative &
scientific unions. Example: Academy of Sciences (Andrei
Sakharov)
1. Inner body-smaller “Supreme Soviet” met constantly.
6. *Surprise! Real debate took place and political leaders could be
called to account for actions. BIG!!!!
*Beginnings of new political coalitions and parties. Although,
87.8% of first deputies were members of the CPSU.
B. 1990-Each republic was allowed to elect and set-up own
parliaments.
C. Gorbachev became the first elected president in 1990.
Elected by Congress of People’s deputies. Next election was to
be nationwide and open.
D. Boris N. Yeltsin became the first directly elected
President of Russia in June 1991
*Ended badly for Gorbachev. While on holiday in the Crimea,
the hard-line Soviet leaders barricaded themselves in the White
House and attempted to take over the Soviet Union again and
turn-back all reforms in August 1991. Yeltsin eventually
overthrew them and Gorbachev resigned.
YELTSIN AND THE COUP
THE PLAYERS IN THE COUP
I. THE DEFENDERS OF DEMOCRACY:
Mikhail Gorbachev:
President of USSR/General Secretary of CPS
Under house-arrest in Foros.
7. Boris Yeltsin:
President of the Russian Federation/Leader of the Defenders of
Democracy. In Moscow
The President’s Men:
Alexander Rutskoi: V.P. Russia
Konstantin Kobets: Defense Minister of Russia
Alexander Korzhakov: Yeltsin’s chief bodyguard
Sergei Kovalyov: Deputy
Boris Nemtsov: Deputy
Sergei Yevdikimov: Commander of tanks in
Tamansky
100,000+ Moscow patriots
II. THE PLOTTERS/MEMBERS OF THE STATE COMMITTEE
FOR THE EMERGENCY:
Gennadi Kryuchkov: KGB Chairman/Leader
Dmitri Yazov: Defense Minister USSR
Oleg Shenin: Communist Party Secretary
Oleg Baklanov: Politburo Member; defense industry chief
Valentin Pavlov: Prime Minister
Victor Boldin: Gorbachev’s Chief of Staff
8. Gennadi Yanaev: Soviet V.P.
Boris Pugo: Interior Minstry
Anatoli Lukyanov: Chairman of Supreme Soviet; Gorbachev’s
bestfriend.
BORIS YELTSIN CHRONOLOGY
December 1985
Yeltsin elected first secretary of the Moscow city party
committee.
February 1986
Yeltsin elected candidate member of the politburo.
October 1987
Yeltsin criticizes perestroika and Gorbachev’s rule at a
central committee plenum and falls from favor.
November 1987
Yeltsin severely censured and removed as first secretary of
Moscow.
February 1988
Yeltsin removed from politburo and appointed first deputy
chairman of State Construction Trust. Member of Central
Committee of the Party
March 1989
Yeltsin elected by Moscow to the USSR Congress of People’s
Deputies, the Soviet legislature.
March 1990
Yeltsin elected by Sverdlovsk as deputy to the Russian
Congress of People’s Deputies, the national legislature of the
9. Republic of Russia.
May 1990
Yeltsin elected chairman (speaker) of the Russian Supreme
Soviet (standing parliament).
June 1990
Russian Congress adopts a Declaration on the Sovereignty of
Russia.
July 1990
Yeltsin quits the Communist party at its 28th Congress.
August 1990
500-Day Program for economic reform is drafted but later
rejected by Gorbachev.
January 1991
Soviet troops seize the Vilnius television station, killing
fourteen. Yeltsin flies to Tallinn and signs a Treaty of
cooperation with Baltic republics.
February 1991
Yeltsin calls on television for Gorbachev’s resignation.
March 1991
Popular referendum shows majority support for preservation of
a renewed Soviet Union but also for popular election of a
Russian president.
April 1991
Gorbachev, Yeltsin, and heads of eight other Union republics
sign the Novo-Ogaryova Agrova, which initiates negotiations to
replace the Soviet Union with a loose confederation.
June 1991
10. Yeltsin elected president (and Alexander Rutskoi VP) of
Russia in a landslide.
August 1991
Reactionary security ministers and their colleagues attempt
to depose Gorbachev and take power. Yeltsin leads the
resistance to the coup from the Russian White House.
October 1991
Yeltsin becomes prime minister of new Russian government
and delegates economic reform. Gennady Burbulis and Yegor
Gaidar. Supreme Soviet grants Yeltsin extraordinary powers of
Rule by decree.
November 1991
Yeltsin issues a decree banning the Communist party of the
Soviet Union.
December 1991
Yeltsin and leaders of Belarus and Ukraine sign the
Beloverzshy Agreement, effectively dissolving the Soviet Union
and creating the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in
its place.
December 1991
Gorbachev resigns and hands over the “nuclear button” and the
general secretary’s secret archives to Yeltsin. At the Kremlin,
the Soviet flag is replaced by the Russian flag.
March 1993
Yeltsin drafts decree on emergency rule but constitutional
court declares it unconstitutional.
March 1993
A parliamentary motion to impeach Yeltsin narrowly fails to
receive the necessary majority.
11. April 1993
Yeltsin receives a clear vote of confidence for himself and his
reform policies in a national referendum.
September 1993
Yeltsin decrees the dissolution of Russian parliament, but
rebel deputies led by Rutskoi and Speaker Khasbulatov refuse to
leave the White House.
October 1993
Yeltsin orders security ministries to suppress the rebellion of
the parliament and its supporters. The official death toll after
the storming of the White House is more than a hundred.
December 1993
Elections are held for the new parliament, called the Federal
Assembly, consisting of the State Duma and Council of
Federation, Gaidar’s party, Russia’s Choice, does poorly, and
extrimist Vladimir Zhirinovsky gains a quarter of the vote. A
new Russian Constitution is approved.
BORIS YELTSIN
1991-1999
What I want you to know:
A man with a strong personality but no experience with
democracy is good to lead a revolution but dangerous a builder
of democratic institutions.
I.
Post-Coup
A.
12. Vacuum at the Political Center
1. KGB: 5 Generals-including Kryuchkov in prison, 29 to-
ranking officers fired, 13 officially admonished.
2. Military: Defense Minister Dimitry Yazov & top General
Valantin Varreninikov=prison. 8 deputy Defense Ministers, 7
Commanders of Military Districts of the Army and Navy are
sacked.
3. CPSU: Deeply compromised by supporting coup.
Majority of Secretariat, Central Committee, 2/3 of regional
party organizations, 70% of local Soviets supported the State
Committee of the State of Emergency.
*Since the leadership of the S.U. had been decapitated. The
former Soviet Republics turned to their own governments for
leadership and the S.U. broke apart within 4 months.
-All Republics declared independence.
-All Government bodies of SU suspended
-Former power of SU ended-up in the Russian Republic.
B. Gorbachev & Yeltsin: The Final Act
1. Gorbachev finally accepted defeat on Dec 25, 1991.
2. Y & G met 8 times in the meanwhile.
a. Yeltsin insisted that G not make any decisions without
his consent.
*G just could not change his ways. He did not understand that
13. everything
was different now.
3. A transitional Government was created giving the powers
of the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies to a Council of
Heads of State. A body made up of the President of the USSR
and the leaders of the Union Republics.
4. Yeltsin recognized that the Union of Sovereign States
would never come together as planned and began working on an
alternative plan. The Beloveshky Agreement of December 1991
created the CIS and effectively removed Gorbachev from power.
5. Recognizing defeat, G submitted his compensation
package that included a healthy pension indexed to inflation, a
presidential apartment, dacha, car and driver, and a foundation (
A large, fully-equipped building) in the center of Moscow.
Yeltsin met all his demands.
*Dec 24, 1991, Gorbachev passed the “ Nuclear Button” to
Yeltsin and it was over: the Soviet Union was dead.
II.
The First Russian Republic
. A. Bad Choices from the Beginning
1. Yeltsin wanted to have continuity in his new government.
*He believed that though new, young, bold people were needed,
he felt it was possible to use some of the work-experienced
executives, organizers, and leaders to stay in the Gov’t.
2. His focus was on improving the economy quickly; not
restructuring the government.
14. 3. He decided to keep the parliamentary system that
Gorbachev had chosen. Reelections for the legislature would
wait.
(Fatal mistake!)
4. He also kept the state structure of the Soviet Union in
place. Said in his memoirs: “It would have been disastrous to
destroy the Government administration of such a large state.”
B. Dyarchy or Dual-Power
1. Gorbachev had chosen not to revise the Soviet
Constitution of 1978 and simply grafted the strong executive
presidency onto the two-tiered parliamentary system.
a. This led to a constant and on-going power struggle between
the executive and legislative branches.
*Big Problem: Parliament enjoyed extensive powers under the
existing Constitution and dominated by conservative groups,
was able to block the executive’s ideas about constitutional
reform and to undermine the governments’ economic reform
program.
2. Yeltsin and the Russian Federation adapted this same
system and it led to civil war by 1993.
C. Congress out of Control
1. By 1993, the congress of Peoples Deputies, using it’s
power to amend the Constitution, had introduced 320 changes to
the country’s Basic Law aimed at strengthening the Congress
and weakening the Presidency.
2. Inexperienced with Democracy, the need to form
15. coalitions, cooperate with other gov’t branches, and the need to
be responsible to the people they represent, Yeltsin and
Parliament (under the leadership of Ruslan Khasbulatov) began
a bitter battle to the end.
3. Nov/Dec 1991: Yeltsin tried to ban the Communist party
but it was overturned by the Constitutional Court. Because of
this, a deputy called on the Constitutional Court to remove
Yeltsin for numerous infringements on the Constitution.
a. Motion failed but the idea kept coming up.
4. To try to appease the Congress, Yeltsin replaced Egor
Gaidar (a strong economic reformer and acting Prime Minister)
for a centrist candidate, Victor Chernomyrdin.
5. March ’93-Congress stripped Yeltsin of his right of
emergency powers that allowed him to issue decree having
equal force with laws adapted by Parliament (given in Nov
1991).
6. April ’93: Yeltsin (fed-up with Congress) decided to
appeal to the Russian public for a vote of confidence.
*58% expressed confidence in Y
*53% expressed confidence in the gov’t social-economic
policies.
*2/3 in favor of holding early elections for a new Parliament.
D. October Civil War 1993
1. September 21st, Yeltsin decided that the Parliament
needed to be dissolved, so he could start fresh. New elections
Dec 12
16. 2. Predictably, the Constitutional Court announced Yeltsin’s
decree unconstitutional and offered grounds for removal
3. Sept 22, Supreme Soviet made V.P. Rutskoi acting
President of Russia.
a. Rutskoi names acting defense minister and acting
security minister.
4. Oct 3-Rutskoi assembled at the White House a force
consisting of:
-3 battalions of Moscow reservists
-100 Spetsnaz soldiers (special forces)
-former police operatives
-volunteer detachment of Cossaks
-representatives of ultra-left communist youth group.
-a well-trained neo-nazi unit of storm-troopers.
*Mass rallies were organized by 3 pm 5-10,000 people
swarmed the White House.
5. Oct 4-Yeltsin forces assaulted the White House and
crushed the rebellion.
-145 people killed
-733 wounded
E. Results
17. 1. Elections held for new Parliament in December.
2. Yeltsin becomes an increasingly paranoid, harsher, and
more brutal leader. He begins to distance himself from the “
Democrats”.
*surrounds himself with trusted confidants “The Family”
*lives under special “mini-KGB” protection.
III. The Second Russian Republic
A.
Parliamentary Elections Dec ‘ 93
1. Voters approved new draft Constitution that embodied a
strong presidency.
2. New Duma disappointing for Yeltsin. Dominated by
leftists=anti-reformers.
B. Invasion of Chechnya
1. Dec 1994-Russia invaded Chechnya to intimidate former
Soviet Republics in the Caspian region and to warn off the west
and it’s oil companies from working there.
*Prompted by Sept ’94 agreement. Azerbaijan signed 3
landmark offshore oil deals worth $8 billion with western oil
companies.
2. At first, the invasion was popular with elite Russians who
were becoming increasingly imperialist about the “near abroad”.
Soon, the war and the human loss for Russians made it
18. increasingly unpopular. It still is a big problem for Putin
today.
C. Corruption
1. Tycoons like Boris Berezovskii and other Oligarchs began
manipulating Yeltsin via his daughter, Tatiana Diachenko.
=Wealthy became wealthier and all become above the law.
2. Rule of law could not or would not be established under
Yeltsin.
*Rule of Law: Based on praise of rules. What we in the West
live by. Rules, rather than being seen as prisons, or
impediments to developing rich and supportive communities,
are seen as the conditions for freedom and diversity because
they limit, with the force of law, those that seek to limit others.
3. Yeltsin gets involved in various corrupt practices.
a. Eliminate economic enemy of “Family Members”:
*Vladimir Gusinskii, media mogul and banking magnate, is
picked for a “hit” by Yeltsin’s “Presidential Security Service”.
Dec. 2, 1994, narrowly escaping death, Gusinskii flees abroad
for safety.
b. Restoration of Chechnya
*Secret Decree No 86: Earmarked $6.6 billion from federal
budget to reconstruct Chechnya. It never made it there.
According to the Russian press, it ended-up lining the pockets
of Yeltsin and friends.
4. June ’96: Presidential Elections. Yeltsin is elected for a
19. second term by narrowly defeating Communist Party leader
Gennadi Zhuganov.
D. Soft State
1. Absence of rule of law and legal culture.
Thomas Remington, a Political Scientist described Yeltsin’s
Russia as:
“Yeltsin’s Russia today displays all the pathologies of a soft
state: the government cannot ensure policy is carried out, or
even guarantee the timely payment of wages to employees;
announcements about new state agencies and progress are made
and soon forgotten, and a crisis in law enforcement is
manifested by the enormous rise in organized crime, deep
government corruption, and lax fiscal control.”
2. The Russian citizens saw Yeltsin’s soft state as failing to
provide basic protection according to a poll conducted in early
1999.
3. In a nationwide poll in 1999. Answer to the question: Is
the country heading in the right direction?
*6% said yes
*71% said wrong direction
*13% said not moving at all
IV.
What went Right?
A. Glasnost continued
20. B. Democratic Elections: state and local dumas, regional
Governors=healthy decentralization of control
C. Rise in strong, pro-democracy reform parties. Ex:
Yabloko, United Russia
*Against this background, Vladimir Putin became Yeltsin’s
candidate for June 2000 elections. Yeltsin resigned early (Dec
1999) and Putin won election March 2000.
Excerpt from:
The Russian Way
;
Zita Dabars and Lillia Vokhmina, 2nd
Edition. Pp 59-64.
POLITICS & PARTIES
The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution brought the ommunist
Party to preeminence. Up until 1991 it was the only legal
political party in the Soviet Union. Membership in the
Communist Party was considered and honor and a privilege.
Those desiring to join the Communist Party generally became
members of the Komsomol (Young Communists group). They
were expected to lead a life of commitment to party goals and
service to society. Recommendations for membership and
support from three current Communist Party members were
required. Communist Party membership varied from 5 to 10
percent of the population.
Being a member of the Communist Party was a great
help in one’s career. Managers of factories, principals of high
schools, and chairs of university departments, as well as people
21. in higher positions, were all expected to be Party members.
However, since the Communist Party was a party of proletariat,
care was always taken to assure that a significant portion of the
members were workers.
Since there was only one party in the Soviet Union,
elections consisted not of tow people competing against each
other, but of the population voting for one name on the ballot.
That person had been nominated by the Communist Party
committee and then presented as a candidate by trade unions
and workers’ organizations. Usually, members of these
organizations had already earlier approved the nomination.
On the day of voting, the whole population was
expected to participate in the elections. Volunteers checked to
see who had not voted toward closing time and madder rounds
encouraging and cajoling the public to vote. Indeed, while the
Communist Party was in power, at least according to official
statistics, over 99% of the population voted.
Prior to Mikhail Gorbachev’s time, the government and
the Communist Party functioned as one. Gorbachev’s
perestroika in the mid-1980’s, Pamyat, a group with All-Russian
Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural
Monuments, attracted public attention because of its anti-
Semitic, nationalist orientation. After Chernobyl, ecologically
and environmentally minded groups, known as Greens, began to
campaign on issues such as pollution and the presence of
nuclear power stations in municipal areas. Another group,
Memorial, strove to rehabilitate the victims of Stalinism and to
raise funds for a memorial in their honor.
It was in 1989 that the first contested elections in the
Soviet Union in over 70 years took place. Gorbachev decided
that the seats for the Congress of People’s Deputies of the
Soviet Union should have competing candidates. For the first
22. time, ordinary citizens became politically involved. In the
process, many challenged the Communist Party officials. The
physicist Andrei Sakharov was one of the deputies elected; he
played a significant role when the Congress convened in May
1989. A political transformation took place as factions
mushroomed.
At the Twenty-Eighth Communist Party Congress in
July, 1990, Gorbachev tried to maneuver between the right and
left factions and satisfied neither. Toward the end of the
Congress, Boris Yeltsin publicly announced his resignation
from the communist Party. This action was repeated the
following day by St. Peterburg’s Mayor Anatoly Sobchak and
Moscow’s Mayor Gavriil Popov. Other important leaders soon
followed suit.
The failed coup of August 1991 against Gorbachev by
the hardliners signaled the end of the Communist Party as it had
existed for over 75 years. The party split up into opposition
factions which became separate parties. In December 1991 the
Soviet Union was officially dissolved. Power passed to Boris
Yeltsin. In June, 1991, he was the first person to run in
nationwide elections for President of Russia. He won with 60%
of the popular vote. The dramatic events of September-October
1993, when Yeltsin’s forces overwhelmed his opponents at the
Communist-dominated Parliament, led to a proliferation of
political parties.
In 1994 there were over 60 political parties registered
with the Ministry of Justice in Russia; in 199 they numbered
over 100. Parties, which some in the West would not call
parties but voter blocs or political movements, are constantly
changing; they mature, merge, split, or dissolve. Having no
previous experience with a multiparty system, Russia is just
learning how to deal with them. At this point, the parties are
small and weak, and their allegiance is centered on a political
23. leader more than a philosophy.
The parties can be divided into three groups and various
subgroups. The three main groups may be called “democrats”,
“communists”, and “nationalists”. The latter groups have
similar philosophies and are joined in a Union of Patriotic
Strength. The communist oriented parties want to see Russia
become a superpower with a state-run, planned economy,
following Marxist principles. Some desire the restoration of the
Soviet Union, at least of its Slavic part. Some denounce the
Bolshevik heritage. They invoke “socialism with a human face”
and an economy that is largely state-dominated but with some
small allowance for private enterprise.
Nationalist parties share a common view of Russia as a
superpower, with Russians as the dominant ethnic group. They
believe that Russia has its own unique destiny apart from the
Western world. Their economic platforms, however, differ.
Some advocate political pluralism and a mixed market economy,
while others want to bring back the monarchy, orthodoxy, and a
state-run economy. Nationalist parties are often backed by
paramilitary structures led by former “black berets” and Afghan
war veterans. In the parliamentary elections of December 1993,
the misnamed Liberal Democratic Party, with Vladimir
Zhirinovsky at its head, received 23 percent of the vote.
Zhirinovsky has proclaimed his desire to see Russia become a
colonial power and to regain the former territories of the
Russian tsarist empire, including Poland, Finland and the three
Baltic States, and even Alaska. At the end of the 1990’s,
Zhirinovsky’s popularity fell to one-fourth of its former level.
In the 2000 elections, his party received only with difficulty the
5 percent vote essential for a party’s deputies to enter the
Duma.
There are about 30 democratically oriented parties. The
most important of them, as represented in the Duma, are
24. “Yabloko”, Fatherland-All Russia, and the Union of Right-Wing
Forces. These parties are pro-Western in favor of a free-market
economy, and represent young, progressively minded
professionals, small business owners, and entrepreneurs.
The resurgence of the communist and nationalist parties
and the votes that they received in the December 1993
parliamentary elections came as a shocking surprise to many
who had expected the reformist parties to win. This resurgence
may have been a response to economic difficulties: as inflation
skyrocketed, many Russians lost faith in the reformers who
were pushing for a free-market economy. National pride was
also a factor, as the country lost its international clout and
superpower status. The military became dissatisfied; it no
longer enjoyed its preeminent position and was forced to absorb
units from Eastern Europe and the former republics into already
crowded quarters. The rural population from Russia’s vast
countryside, traditionally conservative, saw no reason to switch
and vote for the new reformist groups.
For the December 1999 parliamentary elections the
Kremlin created in the fall of 1999 a pro-government party
referred to as the Unity Party. It became the party to support
the candidacy of Vladimir Putin for president; every prime
minister before him had a similar power base. This party was
formed not for ideological reasons, but to create a pro-
government, pro-presidential bloc in the Duma. By supporting
President Putin, the party would benefit.
One of the most important steps taken by this group was
the reorganization of the upper house of parliament, the
Federation Council. Putin wanted to deprive regional governors
of their seas, saying they should at tend to their duties in their
regions. In the Yeltsin era, these governors ran their regions as
personal fiefdoms and often flouted federal laws. In place
federal of the democratically elected governors, the country is
25. divided into seven federal districts, which are controlled by
district governors appointed by the president. They are less
powerful than the elected regional governors were, and they are
responsible to the president. The central government has been
strengthened, and the seats in the Federation Council are now
filled by members elected by regional legislatures.
Russians hope that the new president can improve
conditions in Russia, but many are wary of him, assigning to
him the “dark” or “black” horse. The fact that he was a KGB
operative in Dresden in then-Communist East Germany from
1984-1990 and in 1998-1999 headed this agency worries many.
“Once you have been a KGB agent you continue to think like a
KGB agent”, they say. Most people felt that in 2000 there was
no viable alternative for president. Almost all political parties
support Putin in the early 2000’s, some primarily because he is
not like his predecessor, Yeltsin, who had squandered the
goodwill that the Russian people felt toward him when he
emerged as the hero of the new Russia in August 1991. Tired of
and disenchanted with Yeltsin toward the end of his presidency,
they are hoping that Putin, with his youth, decisiveness,
pragmatism, and reputation for being well-organized and not
scarred by corruption, will bring about a better future for the
people and there will be progress and a lessening of smothering
bureaucracy and corruption. Above all, Russians hope Putin
will bring the war in Chechnya to an end. Some worry about his
lack of support of free media, as evidenced in his battles with
the gutsy Vladimir Gusinsky. Gusinsky was jailed at one point
for embezzlement, but many believe that his sin, in the
government’s view, was heading and independent media group
that served as a center of resistance to Putin’s political
machine. In April 2001, NTV was taken over by Gazprom, the
magazine’s entire staff was fired, and the newspaper was shut
down.
It is important to emphasize that Russia has a
26. presidential form of government with virtually all authority
vested in the president, who sits above the three branches of
power: Executive (the government headed by the Prime Minister
at the pleasure of the president), Legislative (the Duma, which
can be disbanded by the president, and the Federation Council,
which can be overruled by the Duma), and Judicial (which has
no tradition of being fair and independent). With the
introduction of the Federal Districts, the presidential control
over the provinces got stronger, and there is speculation that the
regional governors, though popularly elected, could become
vulnerable to firing by the president.