This document provides an overview of global transboundary aquifer assessment activities. It discusses that many aquifers cross political borders and need assessment to understand groundwater flows and quality. It summarizes various assessment programs including the UNESCO-led ISARM program, UNECE regional assessments in Europe and Central Asia, and GEF-funded projects assessing specific transboundary aquifer systems. The document also introduces TWAP as a new global program to assess and prioritize transboundary surface waters and aquifers.
Baltic SCOPE workshop discussion on ENVIRONMENT at Baltic SCOPE Central Baltic case (involving Latvia, Estonia and Sweden) stakeholder conference on 31 May - 1 June 2016 in Jurmala, LATVIA
Read more on: www.balticscope.eu
* The information presented is the working exercise on the cross-border maritime spatial planning discussions and can not be treated as the official opinion of the European Commission and the Member States involved in the consortium of the Baltic SCOPE project.
Progress of the Baltic SCOPE Ecosystem Approach topic at project's partner meeting on 21-22 June 2016 in Szczecin, POLAND
Read more on: www.balticscope.eu
* The information presented is the working exercise on the cross-border maritime spatial planning discussions and can not be treated as the official opinion of the European Commission and the Member States involved in the consortium of the Baltic SCOPE project.
Baltic SCOPE workshop discussion on ENVIRONMENT at Baltic SCOPE Central Baltic case (involving Latvia, Estonia and Sweden) stakeholder conference on 31 May - 1 June 2016 in Jurmala, LATVIA
Read more on: www.balticscope.eu
* The information presented is the working exercise on the cross-border maritime spatial planning discussions and can not be treated as the official opinion of the European Commission and the Member States involved in the consortium of the Baltic SCOPE project.
Progress of the Baltic SCOPE Ecosystem Approach topic at project's partner meeting on 21-22 June 2016 in Szczecin, POLAND
Read more on: www.balticscope.eu
* The information presented is the working exercise on the cross-border maritime spatial planning discussions and can not be treated as the official opinion of the European Commission and the Member States involved in the consortium of the Baltic SCOPE project.
Towards a Methodology for Assessment of Internationally Shared Aquifers (IWC5...Iwl Pcu
Neno Kukuric, IGRAC
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia (during the pre-conference workshop for freshwater ecosystems, Global Changes and Water Resources Workshop).
The two countries in southern Africa have classic configuration of being located in transboundary basins. There are many similarities as regards their interdependence on riparians. The presentation summarises possible complementarity and consistency in transboundary water management. The findings are based on almost 30 months of work in the region.
Development of a TDA and SAP for the Protection of the Western Indian Ocean C...Iwl Pcu
Peter Scheren, UNEP (Western Indian Ocean Land Based Activities)
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia during the project management workshop on TDA-SAP Development.
Similar to 3 neno kukuric- igrac - global tba activities twap (20)
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
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This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
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Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
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IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
3 neno kukuric- igrac - global tba activities twap
1. Overview of Global Transboundary
Aquifer Assessment Activities
Neno Kukurić
Almaty, July 2013
2. What is a Transboundary Aquifer?
Transboundary aquifer or transboundary aquifer system
means, respectively, an aquifer or aquifer system, parts of
which are situated in different States;
3. Why do we need a TBA assessment?
The fact: many aquifers cross the political borders
Potential cross-boundary problems: changes
in groundwater flow, levels, volumes
(quantity) and dissolved
substances (quality).
Actions: TBA assessment,
monitoring and appropriate
management.
Benefits: eliminating potential
sources of conflict and
improving the overall benefit
from groundwater.
4. Overview of global TBA assessments
Global, regional and aquifers-based assessment
ISARM (Internationally Shared Aquifer Resources
Management) programme
Regional UNECE Assessments in Europe and
Central Asia (EU WFD and other regional
assessments)
GEF (Global Environment Facility) projects
introducing TWAP
Concluding comments
5. ISARM Programme
The worldwide ISARM (Internationally Shared Aquifer
Resources Management) Initiative is an UNESCO led multi-agency
effort aimed at improving the understanding of
hydrogeological, socio-economic, legal, institutional and
environmental issues related to the management of
transboundary aquifers.
ISARM operates as an umbrella programme, (co)organising
various TBA-related activities around the world.
6. ISARM Background
June 2000: in recognition of the
importance of transboundary aquifer
systems as a source of freshwater in
certain regions of the world,
UNESCO IHP Council decided to
launch an ISARM initiative to
promote studies on transboundary
aquifers.
A cooperation was established with
IAH (TARM commission), UNECE,
FAO and other regional and
international institutions.
A framework document in 2001,
describing the main aspects of the
internationally shared aquifers and
setting up the basis for the TBA
assessment
7. TBA Assessment Methodology
Hydrogeological Aspect
Delineation and description
Classification, diagnostic analysis and zoning
Data harmonisation and information
management
Environmental issues
Socio-economic framework
Institutional settings
International legal framework
9. ISARM Regional Activities
Since its start in 2000, ISARM launched a number of regional initiatives
designed to assess transboundary aquifer systems and to encourage
aquifer sharing states to work cooperatively toward mutually beneficial
and sustainable aquifer development.
Cooperation with regional organisations is crucial for success of
ISARM activities.
The most numerous initiatives carried out in Africa
(Tripoli 2002 , Cape Town 2005, 2007, Tripoli 2008,
Nairobi 2010, 2011, Duala 2011, 2012…)
The most advanced assessment so far is of
ISARM Americas (hydrogeology, legal and institutional
frameworks, socio-economic framework...)
South East Europe Caucasus and Central Asia
in cooperation with UNECE
ISARM Western Asia in cooperation with Geological
Survey of China
12. Atlas of Transboundary Aquifers
Includes basic info about aquifers, regional cooperation and
references
The first global publication (other
than a map – delineation process)
Very limited info/no analysis
15. UNECE TBA inventory assessments
The UNECE Inventory 1999
Lesson learned - challenges of:
TB groundwater assessment
international data harmonisation
Added value:
Pioneering role in addressing TBAs!
Formulating TBA characteristics
Pan European overview
The First UNECE Assessment 2007
followed the Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Responses
(DPSIR) framework adopted by the EEA - recommended
a clear regional overview of current groundwater status (including
the transboundary impact and management measures), of
pressures and of future trends and prospects.
19. UNECE TBA inventory assessments
The Second UNECE Assessment
It is still difficult to implement a balanced IWRM approach, especially
in areas with large rivers where groundwater easily remains
insufficiently addressed.
EU WFD defines groundwater
bodies (GWBs) rather than
aquifers, causing the
harmonisation difficulty at the
borders of the EU.
Country-based questionnaires
contain still unprocessed
information that is potentially
useful for TWAP
20. Other regional TBA assessments
EU Water Framework Directive
Concept of groundwater bodies
Quality standards and threshold values
Mapping approach
ESCWA 2012 - mapping approach
SADC (GEF/others)
Northern Africa (GEF/others)
Others….
21. GEF TBA assessment projects
In the last decade, Global Environment Facility co- funded
several large TBA assessment projects
Comparing with ISARM and UNECE, GEF projects concentrate
often on one aquifer (system) allowing in depth analysis.
Projects:
Nubian Aquifer System
Guarani Aquifer System
SADC (Limpopo Basin)
NW Sahara Aquifer System
Iullemenden Aquifer System
DIKTAS Aquifer System
other GEF IW groundwater
projects (MedParterschip,
Eastern Desert of Egypt, ..
22. GEF TBA assessment projects
TDA - Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
Transboundary specifics are usually found in (hydro)geological
classifications, data and information management, legislation,
organisational structure, etc.
Further than an assessment: consultation/
cooperation mechanisms and agreeing
on joint strategic actions (SAP)
Outcomes presented in reports but also databases,
maps, websites
Accessibility : being improved (IW-LEARN)
but still insuficient
24. TWAP
Transboundary Water Assessment Programme
The term ‘transboundary waters’ ,
includes the Open Oceans, Large
Marine Ecosystems, River and Lake
Basins, and Aquifers with
transboundary drainage basins or
common borders.
The water-related ecosystems
associated with these waters are
considered integral parts of the
systems.
25. TWAP Objectives
1. The assessment will respond to the need
of GEF IW, other donors and governments
to prioritize, and to focus scarce
resources where they can be more cost-effective
in addressing transboundary
concerns
2. It will allow to monitor evolving trends,
and the impacts of GEF IW programs, and
those of other agencies and actors
3. It will bring to the global attention the
vulnerability of transboundary water
systems, and catalyze action
26. TWAP Outcomes
For all main transboundary River Basins, and Aquifers, all major Lakes, all
LMEs, and for Open Ocean assessment units, TWAP will produce a
synthesis of the data and information available, including information that
can be generated as a proxy from databases and through modeling.
Based on this, TWAP will help in understanding:
•What kind of human and ecosystem use of the water resources is affected
or impaired now (through conflicts, depletion, degradation)?
•What will be water use and conditions of use in near future?
•Where will this be occurring?
28. TWAP Groundwater
Objectives:
1.Provide a description of the present conditions and expected trends
of Transboundary Aquifers (TBAs) and Small Island Developing
States (SIDS) groundwater systems, to enable the GEF IW Focal Area
to determine priority aquifers/regions for resources allocation.
2.Bring to the global attention the potentialities and the vulnerability
of transboundary aquifer systems, and catalyze actions.
global groundwater consumption per sector
29. TWAP TBAs Methodology
Level 1: Baseline Global Assessment,
aimed at identifying areas of global
priority concern, also in view of possible
projections.
Level 2: Regional, providing more in
depth assessment of single
transboundary water-bodies, aimed at
proposing characterization standards and
indicators for water-body management
purposes.
30. TWAP TBA Scale and Scope
Scale
Global assessment – all international groundwater systems, however:
•TBAs: exclude very small systems ( 5,000 km2):
166 TBAs plus X
•SIDS: total of 43 SIDS to be assessed
Scope
Acquisition of sufficient information to understand characteristics
and trends of groundwater systems and the interconnected socio-economic
and environmental systems
Assessment will be:
•Based on existing information
•With a central role for national and regional experts
31.
32. TWAP TBAs: Partnership Arrangements
1.Core Group
2.Regional
Organisations and
Coordinators
3.Key Providers of
Expertise and Data
33. TWAP-TBAs: Execution Arrangements
Core Group
Overall Coordination and Oversight
UNESCO IHP, IGRAC, WWAP, FAO
Regional Coordinators and
Expert Networks
(inventory, characterization,
indicators)
OAS, SADC, UN Economic Commissions,
others
Task Force on Remote
Sensing and Modeling
Information
Management System
IGRAC
Advisory Panel
Key Expertise and
Data Providers
IAH, Geological Surveys,
NGOs, Academia
Countries
35. Thank you for your attention
United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
World Meteorological
Organization
Government of
The Netherlands
Editor's Notes
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.
The success of the characterisation of any aquifer relies heavily on availability and quality of related data. For the internationally shared aquifers, however, the harmonisation of data across the border plays an equally important role; if two data sets cannot be mutually compared (and further processed), they are not much of use. Besides, these data need to be made accessible internationally, which brings up the issue of information management.
Together with regional hydrogeologists, IGRAC is working on assessment of transboundary aquifers. The results are stored in the Global Groundwater Information System. GGIS shows delineation of the aquifers and the main aquifer attributes. It has two basic functions: to overview and compare, by browsing and searching.