3 Blood Tests Used in Cancer Diagnosis
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In case the doctor suspects that their patient is suffering from cancer, they might prescribe certain cancer blood tests in addition to laboratory tests like a biopsy of the suspicious area. Samples collected for the blood tests for cancer are analyzed thoroughly in the lab for any signs of cancer cells, proteins, or some other substance made by cancer.
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Haematology Analyzer
Hematology analyzers are automated machines that can count and classify the different types of blood cells through various techniques such as flow cytometry, fluorescent dyes, electrical impedance, light scattering, and radiofrequency. They provide precise and accurate cell counts, as well as additional data like hemoglobin and platelet levels, that are collectively known as a complete blood count. The automated counts eliminate errors associated with manual counting and can process over 100 samples per hour, aiding in medical specialties like internal medicine and oncology.
Automation in haematology bernard
Automated cell counters provide several advantages over manual cell counting including objectivity, elimination of errors, higher precision, and ability to measure more parameters. They work using principles of impedance, optical light scattering, or both. Quality control and daily maintenance are important to ensure accurate results. While automated counts are precise, manual review of films is still needed when results are abnormal. Newer automated hematology analyzers can measure over 30 parameters using technologies like flow cytometry.
Automation in haematology
Automated hematology instruments can measure more variables than semi-automated instruments with fewer manual steps required. Fully automated instruments use electrical impedance or light scattering to count and size red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from a blood sample. These instruments provide highly precise results and can flag abnormal readings. Automated instruments also measure hemoglobin concentration and calculate derived red blood cell indices.
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This document discusses hematological parameters analyzed in laboratory hematology. It describes the main anticoagulants used in blood collection and how they work. It also summarizes the methods used to analyze red blood cell parameters like red cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration both manually and using automated hematology analyzers. Key factors that affect the accuracy of these measurements are also highlighted.
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Haematology Analyzer
Hematology analyzers are automated machines that can count and classify the different types of blood cells through various techniques such as flow cytometry, fluorescent dyes, electrical impedance, light scattering, and radiofrequency. They provide precise and accurate cell counts, as well as additional data like hemoglobin and platelet levels, that are collectively known as a complete blood count. The automated counts eliminate errors associated with manual counting and can process over 100 samples per hour, aiding in medical specialties like internal medicine and oncology.
Automation in haematology bernard
Automated cell counters provide several advantages over manual cell counting including objectivity, elimination of errors, higher precision, and ability to measure more parameters. They work using principles of impedance, optical light scattering, or both. Quality control and daily maintenance are important to ensure accurate results. While automated counts are precise, manual review of films is still needed when results are abnormal. Newer automated hematology analyzers can measure over 30 parameters using technologies like flow cytometry.
Automation in haematology
Automated hematology instruments can measure more variables than semi-automated instruments with fewer manual steps required. Fully automated instruments use electrical impedance or light scattering to count and size red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from a blood sample. These instruments provide highly precise results and can flag abnormal readings. Automated instruments also measure hemoglobin concentration and calculate derived red blood cell indices.
Positions in the Clinical Laboratory
The document discusses the clinical/anatomical laboratory profession. It notes that 70-80% of medical decisions are based on laboratory test results and that modern medicine relies heavily on laboratory tests. It describes various laboratory professional roles like medical technologists, technicians, and pathologists' assistants. It also outlines the different areas of study within clinical and anatomical pathology laboratories like microbiology, hematology, chemistry, and provides examples of common laboratory tests and procedures.
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Introduction to hematology lab
This document discusses techniques used in hematological labs, including examination of blood and bone marrow, flow cytometry, and cytogenetics. It focuses on examination of blood and bone marrow, describing how careful assessment of blood elements can provide diagnostic information. Cellular morphology, quantification of components, and evaluation of parameters from automated cell counters are used to analyze blood. Bone marrow examination can reveal involvement by myeloproliferative neoplasms or lymphoproloferative disorders through analysis of cellularity, clusters of cells, and fibrosis levels.
Flowcytometry
Flow cytometry can be used for a variety of clinical applications including analysis of leukemia and lymphoma through immunophenotyping of cells. It is used to monitor transplant rejection through detection of antibodies and T cell counts. Other uses include stem cell enumeration, detection of autoantibodies, monitoring HIV infection through CD4 counts, analysis of fetal-maternal hemorrhage, evaluation of immunodeficiency diseases, analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, measurement of contaminating leukocytes in blood transfusions, and platelet counting and functional analysis. The principles of flow cytometry involve light scattering and fluorescence detection of cells in a hydrodynamically focused stream that are then separated electrostatically for sorting based on multivariate data analysis.
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1) Attempts to expand hematopoietic stem cells for clinical use have not achieved long-term engraftment, though total CD34+ cells are expanded with benefits.
2) Cord blood banking trends involve improving quality over quantity, and cord blood may be used for non-hematological diseases.
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Flow cytometry is a process that can quantify and categorize cells by measuring their physical and chemical characteristics. Cells pass through a flow cytometer one by one where they are hit by a laser beam, scattering light. Detectors then measure the light and determine characteristics like size, shape, and protein expression. This allows cells to be separated into subpopulations and quantified. Flow cytometry is useful for clinical and research applications like performing complete blood counts and identifying T cell subtypes.
Cytogenetic analysis in Hematological Malignancies
1. Cytogenetic analysis identifies recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in hematological malignancies that are important for diagnosis, classification, risk stratification, and treatment selection.
2. Specific abnormalities seen in cancers include t(9;22) in CML, t(8;21), t(15;17), and others in AML, and t(4;11) and others in ALL. Abnormalities in MDS include -Y, del(11q), and -7.
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Basophilia
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Information about cbc
The complete blood count (CBC) test measures the quantity of the main types of blood cells - white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It provides information on cell counts and other parameters to help identify issues like infections, anemia, bleeding disorders, and certain cancers. The CBC is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests and involves drawing a small blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm. The results are interpreted based on normal reference ranges to evaluate any abnormalities.
SERUM FREE LIGHT CHAIN ASSAY
1. The document discusses clinical uses of serum free light chain assays including screening for diseases with monoclonal gammopathy, monitoring multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders, and providing prognostic information.
2. It presents several case studies demonstrating how serum free light chain levels can aid in diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple myeloma, even when standard tests like serum and urine protein electrophoresis are negative or oligosecretory disease.
3. One case highlights "light chain escape" where the myeloma evolves to secrete higher levels of free light chains rather than intact immunoglobulins, which can be detected by rising serum free light chain levels.
Differential leukocyte count
The document provides information on differential leukocyte counting (DLC). It defines DLC as the relative proportion of different leukocytes expressed as a percentage. The main types of white blood cells (WBCs) described are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes/mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes). Pathologic variations in DLC counts include neutrophilia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, lymphopenia, monocytosis, eosinophilia, eosinopenia, and basophilia. Causes of each variation are outlined. Automated methods for differential counting are also discussed and compared to manual microscopic methods
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Flowcytometry
Flow cytometry can be used for a variety of clinical applications including analysis of leukemia and lymphoma through immunophenotyping of cells. It is used to monitor transplant rejection through detection of antibodies and T cell counts. Other uses include stem cell enumeration, detection of autoantibodies, monitoring HIV infection through CD4 counts, analysis of fetal-maternal hemorrhage, evaluation of immunodeficiency diseases, analysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, measurement of contaminating leukocytes in blood transfusions, and platelet counting and functional analysis. The principles of flow cytometry involve light scattering and fluorescence detection of cells in a hydrodynamically focused stream that are then separated electrostatically for sorting based on multivariate data analysis.
Flow cytometrypresentation
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special staining methods for blood cells - investigation of hemolytic anemias and haemorrhaegic disorders - blood banking serology , ABO blood grouping, Rh typing , special blood groups - blood transfusion, selection of donors, investigation of transfusion reaction.
Automated cell counter & its quality control
Automated hematology analyzers provide several advantages over manual methods including speed, accuracy, precision, and the ability to perform multiple tests on a single sample. They work using various principles such as electrical impedance, optical light scatter, and fluorescence to count and characterize red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Quality control measures like the use of controls analyzed daily and the application of rules like the Westgard rules help monitor the performance of these automated analyzers.
Data mining visualization to support biochemical markers for liver fibrosis i...
The reference diagnostic test to detect fibrosis is liver biopsy (LB), a procedure subject to various limitations, including risk of patient injury and sampling error. FibroTest (FT) and ActiTest (AT) are biochemical markers (noninvasive tests) used in determining the level of fibrosis and the degree of necroinflammatory activity in the liver. The objective of this work is to discover the differences in the temporal patterns between noninvasive tests and liver biopsy by visualization tools, which made it easier to understand the relations of the complicated rules. This Study ware focused on the major serum fibrosis markers (FT/AT). The test uses a combination of serum biochemical markers with visualization technique to evaluate whether biochemical markers can be used to estimate the stage of liver fibrosis and necro-inflammatory activity in the liver.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves collecting stem cells from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood and infusing them into a patient after intensive chemotherapy or radiation treatment. There are three main types of transplants - autologous using the patient's own stem cells, allogeneic using a donor's stem cells, and syngeneic using an identical twin's stem cells. The goal is for the transplanted stem cells to engraft and repopulate the patient's bone marrow and immune system. Some potential complications after transplantation include graft-versus-host disease, infections, organ toxicities from the conditioning regimen, and secondary cancers later on.
Lab request form erick
This document is a lab request form from MSF Holland-Ethiopia Mission. It lists a variety of hematology, parasitology, fluid analysis, rapid diagnostic, and clinical chemistry tests that can be requested. The form collects information about the patient like name, ID, age, gender, sample type, and clinical indication for the tests. It also records who requested and performed the tests.
CTC Methods in comparison
Maintrac liquid biopsy allows quantitative detection of circulating tumor cells without fixation, isolation, or enrichment. It uses fluorochrome-labeled antibody targeting EpCAM antigen on circulating tumor cells. In contrast, Cellsearch uses fixation and enrichment procedures that lead to loss of cells and antigenicity, resulting in dead cells. Comparison of the two methods using the same blood sample from a patient showed Maintrac detected more total events and circulating tumor cells than Cellsearch. Other CTC detection technologies have limitations such as relying too heavily on EpCAM expression or assuming CTCs are larger than blood cells. Cell-free tumor DNA analysis has problems like representing destroyed cells and additional mutations from DNA degradation.
Blood groups and blood levels final
This document provides information about a social relevant project on blood groups and blood levels conducted by students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering under the guidance of an assistant professor. The project discusses blood composition, the four main blood groups, components of blood like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It includes two case studies on conditions related to low hemoglobin and white blood cell count. It also discusses the importance of blood donations and blood banks. Finally, it outlines foods and supplements that can help raise blood and platelet levels naturally.
CellTherapyTrends10
The document summarizes current trends in cell therapy, including:
1) Attempts to expand hematopoietic stem cells for clinical use have not achieved long-term engraftment, though total CD34+ cells are expanded with benefits.
2) Cord blood banking trends involve improving quality over quantity, and cord blood may be used for non-hematological diseases.
3) Over 3000 patients have been treated safely for heart diseases with cell therapy, and the field is growing rapidly though mechanisms are better understood as trophic rather than differentiation.
Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue inside some bones that produces stem cells which develop into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Bone marrow diseases occur when stem cells are abnormal, such as in leukemia where abnormal white blood cells are produced, or aplastic anemia where red blood cells are not produced. A bone marrow transplant replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells delivered through the bloodstream. There are different types of bone marrow transplants including autologous using the patient's own stored stem cells, allogeneic using donor stem cells, and umbilical cord transplants using stem cells from umbilical cord blood. The transplant process involves medical tests and isolation in the hospital during
Flowcytometry
Flow cytometry is a process that can quantify and categorize cells by measuring their physical and chemical characteristics. Cells pass through a flow cytometer one by one where they are hit by a laser beam, scattering light. Detectors then measure the light and determine characteristics like size, shape, and protein expression. This allows cells to be separated into subpopulations and quantified. Flow cytometry is useful for clinical and research applications like performing complete blood counts and identifying T cell subtypes.
Cytogenetic analysis in Hematological Malignancies
1. Cytogenetic analysis identifies recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in hematological malignancies that are important for diagnosis, classification, risk stratification, and treatment selection.
2. Specific abnormalities seen in cancers include t(9;22) in CML, t(8;21), t(15;17), and others in AML, and t(4;11) and others in ALL. Abnormalities in MDS include -Y, del(11q), and -7.
3. Cytogenetic testing aids in diagnosis, determining prognosis, assessing treatment response over time, and detecting relapse in diseases like CML, AML, MDS, lymphoma, CLL and MM.
Basophilia
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
Information about cbc
The complete blood count (CBC) test measures the quantity of the main types of blood cells - white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. It provides information on cell counts and other parameters to help identify issues like infections, anemia, bleeding disorders, and certain cancers. The CBC is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests and involves drawing a small blood sample, usually from a vein in the arm. The results are interpreted based on normal reference ranges to evaluate any abnormalities.
SERUM FREE LIGHT CHAIN ASSAY
1. The document discusses clinical uses of serum free light chain assays including screening for diseases with monoclonal gammopathy, monitoring multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders, and providing prognostic information.
2. It presents several case studies demonstrating how serum free light chain levels can aid in diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple myeloma, even when standard tests like serum and urine protein electrophoresis are negative or oligosecretory disease.
3. One case highlights "light chain escape" where the myeloma evolves to secrete higher levels of free light chains rather than intact immunoglobulins, which can be detected by rising serum free light chain levels.
Differential leukocyte count
The document provides information on differential leukocyte counting (DLC). It defines DLC as the relative proportion of different leukocytes expressed as a percentage. The main types of white blood cells (WBCs) described are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes/mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, monocytes). Pathologic variations in DLC counts include neutrophilia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, lymphopenia, monocytosis, eosinophilia, eosinopenia, and basophilia. Causes of each variation are outlined. Automated methods for differential counting are also discussed and compared to manual microscopic methods
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple My...
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple My...MedicineAndHealthUSA
1. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) are premalignant conditions where patients have a higher risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related diseases.
2. Studies show the prevalence of MGUS increases with age, affects more African Americans, and higher M-protein levels are associated with increased risk of progression.
3. SMM is defined by an M-protein ≥3g/dL and bone marrow plasma cells ≥10%, and carries higher risks and faster times to progression than MGUS. Treatment is typically not recommended until end organ damage occurs.Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Pediatrics
This document discusses hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatrics. It defines hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as any procedure where stem cells from any donor or source are given to a recipient with the intention of repopulating or replacing their hematopoietic system. The document then reviews the history of stem cell transplantation, different stem cell sources including bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood, and types of transplantation including autologous, allogeneic, and syngeneic. It also discusses procedures, conditioning regimens, and applications of autologous transplantation.
Maldi tof-ms analysis in identification of prostate cancer
MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was used to generate proteomic profiles from plasma samples to identify biomarkers for prostate cancer. Samples were prepared using magnetic beads to separate proteins, then analyzed using MALDI-TOF-MS. Bioinformatics tools were used to generate classification models to distinguish prostate cancer patients from healthy controls based on differences in peak intensities. A 5-peak model achieved 87.5% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. The study demonstrated the potential of MALDI-TOF proteomic profiling for early prostate cancer screening and diagnosis in Egypt. Proteomic biomarkers may help reduce unnecessary biopsies and stratify patients in the future.
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This document summarizes various methods for screening colon cancer, including both invasive and non-invasive tests. Invasive tests like colonoscopy directly examine the colon but require bowel preparation and sedation. Non-invasive tests like fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) and fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) screen for hidden blood in stool but lack sensitivity and require multiple samples. More accurate non-invasive screening is needed. Recent research has explored microRNA biomarkers extracted from stool or blood as a potential screening method, as microRNAs are stable and their expression levels could indicate early cancer. If validated, a microRNA-based screening test could enable widespread early detection of colon cancer.
TUMOR MARKERS OF COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in western countries. Early detection through screening can prevent over 50% of deaths, but screening rates remain low. Current noninvasive screening methods like fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Blood markers like CEA, LASA, and CA19-9 are not adequate screening tools. Stool markers show more promise, like immunochemical FOBT, colonocytes, and stool DNA testing which can detect mutations. While promising, stool DNA testing needs more research on cost effectiveness and patient acceptance before being recommended for general screening. Overall, no single marker is sufficient for screening and early detection remains a challenge.
Blood investigations In Oncology
1. Hematological investigations like complete blood count and blood smear examination provide important information for cancer diagnosis by evaluating red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and detecting any morphological abnormalities.
2. Tumor markers found in blood can indicate certain cancer types and help monitor treatment effectiveness. Common tumor markers include PSA, CEA, CA125, and beta-HCG.
3. Hormonal assays of substances like PTH, calcitonin, ACTH help identify endocrine tumors as their source. Biochemical markers such as enzymes, metabolic products, and proteins are also analyzed to provide clues about cancer presence and behavior.
Genomics 2015 Keynote - Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinic
Dr. Andreas Scherer discussed Golden Helix's bioinformatics tools and pipelines for analyzing cancer sequencing data. Golden Helix has over 20 years of experience in developing software for variant analysis, annotation, and reporting. Their tools can align sequencing reads, call variants, annotate variants with public databases, perform tumor-normal comparisons to identify somatic mutations, and generate clinical reports on pathogenic variants relevant for cancer treatment. Dr. Scherer emphasized the challenges of variant annotation and described Golden Helix's extensive variant databases and customization options to support clinical cancer sequencing workflows.
Pathology Presentation
This document provides an overview of various diagnostic techniques used in pathology. It discusses light microscopy, electron microscopy, special staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular pathology/cytogenetics which are used to assist in diagnosis. It also discusses techniques used to diagnose chronic kidney disease, hepatitis C, bone cancer, peptic ulcer, and diabetes including blood tests, imaging tests, biopsies, and other assays.
Pathology Presentation
This document discusses various pathological techniques and their use in diagnosing different conditions. It begins with an introduction to pathology and techniques used in diagnosis such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, special staining, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and molecular pathology. It then discusses specific techniques and their use in diagnosing chronic kidney disease, hepatitis C, bone cancer, and peptic ulcer. In chronic kidney disease, tests like detecting kidney damage through proteinuria and hematuria, and measuring renal function through glomerular filtration rate and creatinine are used. For hepatitis C, tests include HCV antibody tests, HCV RNA tests, genotype tests, liver biopsy, and non-invasive liver tests. Bone cancer diagnosis involves blood tests, biopsy, and imaging
Biomarkers for early diagnosis ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
A biomarker is a characteristic ‘substance’, analyte, or otherwise a ‘thing’ that can be objectively measured as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or a pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. These are used for many purposes including disease diagnosis and prognosis, prediction and assessment of treatment response.
Biomarkers can be characteristic biological properties or molecules that can be detected and measured in parts of the body like the blood or tissue. They may indicate either normal or diseased processes in the body.
Biomarkers can be specific cells, molecules, or genes, gene products, enzymes, or hormones.
Blood Cancer
Blood cancers, or hematologic cancers, affect the production and function of blood cells. Most of these cancers start in the bone marrow where blood is produced.
MedicalResearch.com Top Medical Research Interview August 14 2015
MedicalResearch.com publishes exclusive interviews with medical researchers from major and specialty medical journals and health care meetings.
Importance of CBC with Differential in Healthcare | The Lifesciences Magazine
Importance of CBC with Differential in Healthcare | The Lifesciences MagazineThe Lifesciences Magazine
CBC with Differential plays a pivotal role in evaluating the health status of individuals across different age groups, from pediatric to geriatric populations. biomarcare_journal.pone.0159522.PDF
This study aimed to develop an unbiased RNA profiling approach for the early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) and advanced adenomas (AA) using blood samples. The researchers combined a literature review with microarray analysis of circulating RNA purified from plasma to identify RNA biomarker panels. They tested the panels on two cohorts, detecting CRC with 75% sensitivity and 93% specificity using an 8-gene panel, and detecting AA with 60% sensitivity and 87% specificity using a 2-gene panel. The study demonstrates the feasibility of unbiased molecular diagnosis of CRC and AA from blood and introduces circulating RNA profiling as a potential non-invasive screening approach.
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Liquid biopsies- Learn about the newer ways of diagnosing malignancy
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MiRNAs for the diagnostic screening of early stages of colon cancer in stool ...
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Genomics 2015 Keynote - Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinic
Genomics 2015 Keynote - Utilizing cancer sequencing in the clinic
Biomarkers for early diagnosis ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
Biomarkers for early diagnosis ppt by Dr C P PRINCE
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Importance of CBC with Differential in Healthcare | The Lifesciences Magazine
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Non-respiratory Functions of the Lungs.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Valuable Content of Human Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary system as per PCI Syllabus for Pharmacy and PharmD Students.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
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The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
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3 Blood Tests Used in Cancer Diagnosis
- 1. 3 Blood Tests Used in Cancer Diagnosis
- 2. In case the doctor suspects that their patient is suffering from cancer, they might prescribe certain cancer blood tests in addition to laboratory tests like a biopsy of the suspicious area. Samples collected for the blood tests for cancer are analyzed thoroughly in the lab for any signs of cancer cells, proteins, or some other substance made by cancer. These blood tests may even provide the doctors with a basic idea about how well the organs of the patients are functioning, and whether they have been affected by cancer. The following slides underline a few of the blood tests: Introduction
- 3. This is an extremely common blood test that is used for measuring the number of diverse types of blood cells present in the sample of blood. Blood cancers might be detected with the help of this test in case too few or too many of a single type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. Subsequent to this, a bone marrow biopsy might be used to confirm a diagnosis of blood cancer. Complete blood count (CBC)
- 4. This test is done to examine the diverse types of proteins present in the blood sample. Such tests can aid in detecting particular abnormal immune system proteins or immunoglobulins, which are at times elevated in people who have multiple myeloma. Other types of tests, such as bone marrow biopsy are commonly used for the purpose of confirming a suspected diagnosis. Blood protein testing
- 5. This type of blood test has come up quite recently. It is used to orderly detect cells that been broken away from the original site of cancer, and subsequently are floating in the bloodstream. Circulating tumour cell tests
- 6. People can easily get blood tests for cancer done at any renowned and reliable pathological laboratory. There are many prominent providers of diagnostic and related healthcare tests operating across the country that offer services for cancer blood tests. Conclusion
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