The document discusses rocks and minerals. It begins by defining minerals as inorganic crystalline substances that make up rocks, and describes several of their physical properties like hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and crystal form. It then explains the three major categories of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and some of their characteristics. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form through accumulation and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to pre-existing rocks through heat and pressure. The document emphasizes that rocks and minerals are important building blocks of the earth's crust.

2. OPENING PRAYER
Lord God of all wisdom
We pray for the La Consolacion University
Philippines that she may be faithful to the
purpose of our foundresess, continue to
promote the search for the truth and
knowledge and be an inspiration for others to
follow.
May we be a community of scholars sharing
this ambition, caring for one another and loyal
to the truth revealed to us as your disciples.
AMEN.
Senior High School Faculty - Basic Education Department

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4. Earth Science

5. 4 Pics 1 Word

9. Rocks and Minerals

10. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be
able to:
Recall the
definitions of
major
categories of
rocks
1 2 3
Explain
the
meaning
of rock
cycle
Differentiate
rocks and
minerals

11. MINERALS
○ Building blocks of
rocks
○ Inorganic
○ Crystalline substance
■ Displays a specific,
repeated, 3-D
structure at the
molecular level

12. ○ Distinct and
recognizable
characteristics
■ Hardness
■ Color
■ Luster
■ Cleavage
■ Tendency to fracture
■ Shape of crystal
Minerals

13. ■ Color
• Most obvious
characteristics of a
mineral.
Physical Property
■ Streak
• Color of the
powdered mineral.

14. ■ Hardness
• Property to resist
abrasion
Physical Property

15. ■ Cleavage
• allows it to break
smoothly along
specific internal planes
(called cleavage
planes)
Physical Property

16. ■ Fracture
• breaking in a more or
less random pattern
with no smooth planar
surfaces.
• can be described
as conchoidal, rough,
smooth, or fibrous.
Physical Property

17. ■ Shape of Crystal/
Crystal Form
• geometric shape of
mineral crystals
Physical Property

18. ○ Categorized into groups
based on chemical
composition
○ Elements that combine
readily with other
elements
■ Silicon, oxygen, and
carbon
■ Most common mineral
groups are silicates,
oxides, and carbonates
■ Most common are
Silicates
Most common elements
in earth’s crust

19. ○ Most common mineral groups
Silicates
silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), the two most
abundant elements in the earth’s crust.

20. ○ Most common mineral groups
Carbonates
carbonate (CO3), a combination of carbon and
oxygen, combined with other elements.

21. ○ Most common mineral groups
Oxides
Oxide minerals are made up of oxygen
and one or more metals

22. ○ Most common mineral groups
Sulfides
are minerals whose chemical elements
include sulfur bonded to a metal ion

23. ○ Most common mineral groups
Native Elements
Minerals made of single element

24. Give the importance
of minerals?

25. Will this rock be there forever?

26. ROCKS
○ Aggregate of
various types of
minerals or
individual grains
of the same kind
of mineral
○ Most consist of
several minerals

27. ROCKS

28. ○ Igneous
○ Sedimentary
○ Metamorphic
Three (3) major categories of rocks

29. ○ Molten rock material
cools and solidifies
○ Magma (below
surface)
○ Lava (at surface)
○ Two major categories
of Igneous:
■ Extrusive
■ intrusive
Igneous rocks

30. Two (2) major categories of igneous rocks
INTRUSIVE ROCKS
EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
○ molten magma
solidifies (freezes)
○ slow cooling that occurs
there allows large crystals
to form.
○ Erupt on to the surface
(solidifies at the surfsce)
○ cool quickly to form
small crystals.

31. Chemical composition of igneous

32. ○ Accumulated sediment
○ Sediments are
compactedand
cemented together.
○ water and air attack
rocks of all kinds at
Earth’s surface through
the process called
weathering
Sedimentary rocks

33. ○ Clastic - made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks.
○ Chemical –dissolved materials precipitate from solution
○ Organic - accumulation of plant or animal debris.
Major categories of sedimentary rocks

34. ⚫Stratification
The layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those
igneous rocks formed at the Earth's surface, as from lava flows and
volcanic fragmental deposits.
⚫Strata
A layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.
⚫Bedding planes
The surface that separates each successive layer of a stratified rock
from its preceding layer
⚫Unconformity
Surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages
Sedimentary rocks

35. ○ Changes form due to enormous heat and
pressure
Metamorphic rocks

36. ○ Foliated
○ Has layers
○ Ex. Slate,
Schist, Gneiss
Metamorphic rocks
○ Non -
Foliated
○ No layers
○ Ex. Marble,
quartzite
and hornfels

37. What makes certain
rocks valuable?

38. Using a concept map generalize the topic
about rock and minerals
Generalization
Rocks and Minerals
Three (3) Classification of rocks
Igneous Metamorphic
Sedimentary