5. ● Systemic Routes
● The drugs administered through systemic routes are
intended to enter blood circulation & distribute to the
body & target site. Examples: Oral tablet, capsules,
suspensions, injections, etc
● Local Routes
● The drugs administered through local routes act locally
to the applied areas. The drug concentration is high at
application site without exposing to the other parts of
the body. Examples: topical ointment, lotion, cream,
spray, drops, suppositories, pessaries, etc
6. Oral or Enteral Route
Drugs are administered through the alimentary tract
(Enteron) known as Oral route.
This is the most common route of administration.
Oral refers to two methods of administration:
🞑 applying topically to the mouth
🞑 swallowing for absorption along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
into systemic circulation
7. Advantages
7
● Generally safest route of administration.
● Convenient for patient.
● Cheap than other form i.e. Economical
● Complications of the parenteral therapy are avoided
● Systemic distribution
● No need for sterile equipment
● Self-medication is easy
8. Disadvantages
• Slow absorption slow action - can not used in
• Irritable and unpalatable drugs- nausea and vomiting
• Sometimes inefficientdrug absorbed, some drugs are notabsorbed
• First-pass effect- Due to Biotransformation
• Food–Drug interactions and Drug-Drug interactions
• irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting
• destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive juices
9. Oral Dosage Forms
Common dose forms for oral administration
-Solid oral dosage forms
• Powders
• granules
• tablets
• capsules
-liquid oral dosage forms
• solutions
• suspensions
• syrups
• elixirs
10. Tablets
• Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form
containing medicaments with or without excipients.
• Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex
dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a
drugs or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.
• It is the most popular dosage form and 70% of the total
medicines are dispensed in the form of Tablet.
11. Ingested tablets are as follows…
1. Compressed tablet: These are uncoated tablets made by compression of granules. These
provides rapid disintegration and drug release. e.g. Paracetamol tablet.
2. Multiple compressed tablet
3. Sustained action tablet
4. Enteric coated tablet: These tablets are coated with the material which does not
disintegrate in stomach but passes These tablets dissolve in intestine and are site specific.
5. Sugar coated tablet: The compressed tablets with sugar coating are called sugar coated
tablets. It is done to mask the bitter and unpleasant taste and odour of the medicament.
6. Film coated tablet
7. Chewable tablet: These tablets are chewed in mouth and are broken into small pieces.
Types of tablet
12. Tablets applied in oral cavity
1. Buccal Tablets: These tablets are
to be placed in buccal pouch or
between the gum & lip or cheek.
Tablet dissolve & disintegrated
slowly & absorb directly.
2. Sublingual Tablet: These tablets
are to be placed under the longue.
They dissolve & disintegrated
quickly & absorbed directly
without passing into G.I.T.
13. Orodispersible
tablet
Lozenge tablet & troches:
These tablets are designed to
exert a local effect on mouth
or throat.
Dental cones
Effervescent tablets
Oral thin films
14. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
Easy to administered.
Easy to dispense.
More stable.
Accuracy in dose.
Bitter and nauseous substance can be easily dispensed.
Light and compact.
Economical.
Sustained release product is possible by enteric coating.
15. Disadvantages:
Problem with compression to crystalline drug.
Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for compressed tablets.
Drugs with low or poor water solubility, slow dissolution, may be
difficult to formulate.
Cost of production may be increase because of coating and
encapsulation to
remove bitter and unpleasant taste.
Swallowing is difficult especially for children and ill (unconscious)
patients.
16. EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLET FORMULATION
1. Diluents: The diluent is filler needed to increase the bulk when
quantity of medicament is very small in each tablet. e.g. Lactose, starch
etc.
2. Disintegrating agents: To break the tablet in smaller particles when
swallowed.
3. Glidants: To improve the flow properties of granules. e.g magnesium
stearate &Talc
17. 5. Lubricants: To reduce the interparticular friction during
compression and between tablet and die wall during ejection of
tablet. e.g. Talc & magnesium stearate.
6. Binding agents: these provides strength to the granules to keep the
tablet intact. e.g. gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose etc.
7. Colors, flavors and sweetening agents
18. TABLET COATING
• Reasons for coating:
1. To mask unpleasant taste and odor.
2. To improve the appearance of tablets.
3. Toprevent the medicament from atmospheric effects.
4. Tocontrol the site of action of drugs.
5. Toproduce the sustained release product.
• Methods of tablet coating :
1. Sugar coating:
2. Film coating
3. Enteric coating.
19. ENTERIC COATING
• Enteric Coated tablet:
• These tablets are coated with the material which does not disintegrate in stomach but
passes through as it is i.e. enteric polymer e.g.: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate etc.
• These tablets dissolve in intestine.
• These are site specific.
• Enteric coating is given to the tablets when:
1. Medicaments produce severe irritation in stomach.
2. Action required in intestine.
3. Medicament may decompose or destroyed by stomach pH.
4. Drug absorption is better in intestine.
5. Delayed action is needed.
20. Evaluation tests of tablets
1. Size and shape and appearance of tablet.
2. Content of active ingredient.
3. Uniformity of weight/weight variation test
4. Uniformity of content
5. Disintegration.
6. Dissolution.
7. Hardness test.
8. Friability
