Function should always be regarded as the most important subject before the consideration of form and space be fulfilled. The design reaches its level of aesthetic when it is able to integrate all the required relationships in the design process with clear objectives. This can be seen clearly in the case of mud clay architecture in Hadhramout region, Yemen. The issue of material durability, traditional construction techniques, beauty, and affordability becomes the crucial factors that will be able to fulfill the user’s level of satisfaction, comfort, financial, and spiritual needs. Based on the architectural knowledge gained over the years, the Hadhrami local master builders have acquired brilliant skills and expertise to shape the regional environment and architectural heritage. They always consider ‘functional spaces’ before the buildings and houses are erected. This study investigates the use of mud clay architecture in relation to the design of the building function with its specific architectural form and space in Wadi Hadhramout. It focuses on the residential and religious buildings.
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studiesSarthakKedia1
Environmental studies is called as a topic which is multidisciplinary in nature as it includes studies of multiple topics in order to understand it in a much more better end more explained and detailed manner.
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
*Dr.OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA1,Dr.MOHDHISYAMRASIDI2,Dr.ISMAIL SAID3, MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN4,MA.ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON5
1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
Environmental Studies NOW makes a plea to expand the domain of Environmental problem solving from the domain of the Sciences to include Humanities such Politics, History, Culture for solving problems in Nepal eg Community Forestry and Climate Change governance as well as that of the Earth, by making overdue changes in Environmental curriculum in Universities beginning with Nepal
Environmental studies is a multidisciplinary research discipline that studies human interaction with the environment systematically. In order to solve specific contemporary environmental problems, environmental studies incorporates concepts from the physical sciences, trade / economics, arts , and social sciences.
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studiesSarthakKedia1
Environmental studies is called as a topic which is multidisciplinary in nature as it includes studies of multiple topics in order to understand it in a much more better end more explained and detailed manner.
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
*Dr.OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA1,Dr.MOHDHISYAMRASIDI2,Dr.ISMAIL SAID3, MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN4,MA.ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON5
1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
Environmental Studies NOW makes a plea to expand the domain of Environmental problem solving from the domain of the Sciences to include Humanities such Politics, History, Culture for solving problems in Nepal eg Community Forestry and Climate Change governance as well as that of the Earth, by making overdue changes in Environmental curriculum in Universities beginning with Nepal
Environmental studies is a multidisciplinary research discipline that studies human interaction with the environment systematically. In order to solve specific contemporary environmental problems, environmental studies incorporates concepts from the physical sciences, trade / economics, arts , and social sciences.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources Maitry Agrawal
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources presentation will help you in knowing the actual meaning of environmental studies and it's scope and importance in layman's language. we will be also discussing about natural resources, types, individual's role in conservation of natural resources and sustainability.
Promoting Affordability Through Sustainable Built EnvironmentJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to define that sustainability makes a commercial sense and looking at the life cycle cost sustainable development makes all building affordable in the real sense of the term
Green Infrastructure as Network of Social Spaces for Health and Well-Being - Malaysia.
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Investigation and evaluation of the role of urban regeneration in the vitalit...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Today, urban spaces do not meet the needs of space users and do not have environmental
qualities. One of the important and constructive qualities of responsive spaces is their vitality and dynamism.
Improving the quality of urban spaces and creating dynamic urban spaces is one of the most important results of
urban regeneration. Using the urban regeneration approach, while respecting the values of the past, paying
attention to the needs of today's life and using this approach help restore dynamism and vitality in the ancient
urban fabric. Zargandeh neighborhood, which is a clear example of urban self-motivation neighborhoods, has
grown in the process of further development as a rural-urban context. Existence of decay has also caused high
risk against natural disasters, traffic and transportation problems, relief work, loss of identity and neighborhood
culture, and so on. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study the role of urban regeneration in creating a
dynamic and lively atmosphere in Zargandeh neighborhood of District 3 of Tehran. The present study was of
analytical-combinational type (combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods) and data
collection was done using documentary and survey methods and also information and data analysis was done
using SWOT and QSPM methods. Criteria and sub-criteria of the research have been designed in the form of a
qualitative questionnaire and have been provided to experts, city officials and citizens of the target area.
Strategies developed in this research have been presented according to the criteria of urban dynamism and
vitality in Zargandeh neighborhood of Tehran, in terms of economic, physical-infrastructural and environmental
dimensions. Finally, the proposed alternatives have been proposed according to the strategies. The results of this
study can have several applications for each of the groups involved, such as consultants, contractors, employers
and especially its stakeholders.
KEYWORDS: urban regeneration, dynamic atmosphere, vitality, Zargandeh neighborhood
The green areas facilitate in encouraging human interaction while promoting community involvement and ownership. Local Green Spaces contribute to local identity, character of the area and sense of the place. They make an important contribution to the physical form and layout of the settlement. They may link up with other open spaces and allow views through or beyond the settlement, which are valued locally. The green areas must be aesthetically pleasing, tranquil and possess recreational value for the local communityUse of native, drought-tolerant plantings will create habitat for birds and insects, reduce water use, and aid adaptation to changing climate conditions. Planting of shady trees will reduce the urban heat island effect, creating more livable outdoor spaces. Edible landscaping is a responsible and worthwhile use of landscape space, even in the front yard. Water retention and filtering will help protect water quality.
The soft landscaping in forms of trees, lawns, hedges, flower gardens can be around public areas such as monuments, industrial areas, commercial areas, along the drains and roads.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources Maitry Agrawal
The multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and natural resources presentation will help you in knowing the actual meaning of environmental studies and it's scope and importance in layman's language. we will be also discussing about natural resources, types, individual's role in conservation of natural resources and sustainability.
Promoting Affordability Through Sustainable Built EnvironmentJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to define that sustainability makes a commercial sense and looking at the life cycle cost sustainable development makes all building affordable in the real sense of the term
Green Infrastructure as Network of Social Spaces for Health and Well-Being - Malaysia.
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Investigation and evaluation of the role of urban regeneration in the vitalit...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Today, urban spaces do not meet the needs of space users and do not have environmental
qualities. One of the important and constructive qualities of responsive spaces is their vitality and dynamism.
Improving the quality of urban spaces and creating dynamic urban spaces is one of the most important results of
urban regeneration. Using the urban regeneration approach, while respecting the values of the past, paying
attention to the needs of today's life and using this approach help restore dynamism and vitality in the ancient
urban fabric. Zargandeh neighborhood, which is a clear example of urban self-motivation neighborhoods, has
grown in the process of further development as a rural-urban context. Existence of decay has also caused high
risk against natural disasters, traffic and transportation problems, relief work, loss of identity and neighborhood
culture, and so on. Therefore, the aim of this study is to study the role of urban regeneration in creating a
dynamic and lively atmosphere in Zargandeh neighborhood of District 3 of Tehran. The present study was of
analytical-combinational type (combination of quantitative and qualitative analytical methods) and data
collection was done using documentary and survey methods and also information and data analysis was done
using SWOT and QSPM methods. Criteria and sub-criteria of the research have been designed in the form of a
qualitative questionnaire and have been provided to experts, city officials and citizens of the target area.
Strategies developed in this research have been presented according to the criteria of urban dynamism and
vitality in Zargandeh neighborhood of Tehran, in terms of economic, physical-infrastructural and environmental
dimensions. Finally, the proposed alternatives have been proposed according to the strategies. The results of this
study can have several applications for each of the groups involved, such as consultants, contractors, employers
and especially its stakeholders.
KEYWORDS: urban regeneration, dynamic atmosphere, vitality, Zargandeh neighborhood
The green areas facilitate in encouraging human interaction while promoting community involvement and ownership. Local Green Spaces contribute to local identity, character of the area and sense of the place. They make an important contribution to the physical form and layout of the settlement. They may link up with other open spaces and allow views through or beyond the settlement, which are valued locally. The green areas must be aesthetically pleasing, tranquil and possess recreational value for the local communityUse of native, drought-tolerant plantings will create habitat for birds and insects, reduce water use, and aid adaptation to changing climate conditions. Planting of shady trees will reduce the urban heat island effect, creating more livable outdoor spaces. Edible landscaping is a responsible and worthwhile use of landscape space, even in the front yard. Water retention and filtering will help protect water quality.
The soft landscaping in forms of trees, lawns, hedges, flower gardens can be around public areas such as monuments, industrial areas, commercial areas, along the drains and roads.
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments:
Effect of gentrification in the process of sustainable urban revitalization
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
E mail: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)1-9
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Second report of the conference written by Prof. Virendra Kr. Paul, Department of Building Engineering & Management, School of Planning and Architecture.
11(4) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articlesdrboon
Research papers 2020 Behavioral finance; Personality traits; Behavioral factors; Overconfidence bias; Locus of control; Decision-making; Biased behavior Carbon (CO2) emissions; Economic Growth; Energy consumption; Trade; ARDL Approach; Granger Causality; Energy use Pedestrian start-up time; Street crosswalk, Pedestrian traffic signals; Pedestrians traffic lights; zebra crossings; Intersection crossings Service Attributes; Relationship quality; Relationship outcomes; Banking services; Electronic Customer Relationship Management; Virtual relationships; eBanking; eCRM College town landscape; College town character; Campus community; Urban identity; College town space; Sense of a place; Public Space; University gardens; Cultural identity; Campus identity; Businesses in college towns Emotional quotient; Self-emotional appraisal; Workplace Advice Network (WAN) Centrality; Service Sector Organizations; Sociometric matrix; Interconnectivity of nodes
11(3) 2020 ITJEMAST Multidisciplinary Research Articles drboon
Non-destructive testing method Heat loss Thermal conductivity Specific heat Know-how Psychological contract breach Employees' Workplace behaviour Workplace spirituality Human resource management (HRM) Power sector Positive classroom Male teachers Classroom management system Public primary schools Private primary school Positive motivation students Quality primary education Grout rheology Construction workings High-precision lining Tunneling complex Cement slurry Reinforcement solutions Smart building systems Green architecture Green roof Green design Sustainable environmental architecture Smart energy management Architecture technology Neo-Functionalism Trade integration CPEC agreement Economic integration Regional cooperation Pak-China relations Pak-Iran relations Central Asia Republics Sino-Pakistan Agreement
11(2)2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Ap...drboon
Multidisciplinary Management, Journalism and Mass Communication Science (Information and Media Sciences), Political Sciences (International Affairs), Global Studies), Animal Sciences, Feeding Technology, Healthcare Management.
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
In a world of rapidly increasing urbanization, striving to develop more livable cities, the city’s streets designing and planning should be high on the agenda for policymakers, city planners and other practitioners, as well as researchers. Designing streets is not as easy as it might originally seem, however, done correctly it means that one third of the city was designed successfully with an immense impact on the rest of the city. The key challenge in developing sustainable and fulfilling streets is to develop an integrated approach in planning them, where it is necessary to consider all aspects involved. Meanwhile, efforts devoted to this topic vary considerably from place to place. Thus, this paper aims at discussing the main elements involved in designing streets for a livable city, in a comprehensive approach including pedestrians, vehicles, and parking areas.
Impact of Building Envelope Modification on Energy Performance of High-Rise A...drboon
In residential buildings, providing comfortable living environment for building occupants is a major challenge for architects, engineers and those who involved in the building industry. It is reported that considerable energy is consumed to provide and maintain acceptable indoor conditions for thermal comfort in residential buildings in hot-humid climate. The observable increase in energy consumption is chiefly resulting from the growing use of air conditioning system. There are various energy conservation measures which can be applied to reduce energy consumption and among these measures are passive envelope design measures. This paper addresses the energy performance of selected high-rise apartments in Kuala Lumpur. Energy Plus software is utilized in measuring the performance because of its availability, validity and accuracy. Possible energy savings due to passive envelope design measures integration are investigated. This includes investigating the effect of thermal insulation and glazing type on potential energy savings.
Enhancement of Space Environment Via Healing Gardendrboon
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air have been known as important component of healing in healthcare facilities. This paper presents the finding of an exploratory study on healing garden elements in healthcare facilities. The purpose of the paper is to find the elements of healing gardens and its healing factors in the existing garden design. In conducting this research study, site observation and informal interview at selected healthcare facilities have been performed. The study reveals the elements of existing garden design, the interactivity and the end users expectation on a garden. The finding shows that lacking some of the elements of garden design lead to less user friendliness and interactivity in the garden. It also shows that the visibility, accessibility, quietness and comfortable condition in the garden give impact to the utilization of the garden.
Design of Quadruped Walking Robot with Spherical Shelldrboon
We propose a new quadruped walking robot with a spherical shell, called "QRoSS." QRoSS is a transformable robot that can store its legs in the spherical shell. The shell not only absorbs external forces from all directions, but also improves mobile performance because of its round shape. In rescue operations at a disaster site, carrying robots into a site is dangerous for operators because doing so may result in a second accident. If QRoSS is used, instead of carrying robots in, they are thrown in, making the operation safe and easy. This paper reports details of the design concept and development of the prototype model. Basic experiments were conducted to verify performance, which includes landing, rising and walking through a series of movements.
Motion Analysis of Pitch Rotation Mechanism for Posture Control of Butterfly-...drboon
We developed a small flapping robot on the basis of movements made by a butterfly with a low flapping frequency of approximately 10 Hz, a few degrees of freedom of the wings, and a large flapping angle. In this study, we clarify the pitch rotation mechanism that is used to control its posture during takeoff for different initial pitch and flapping angles by the experiments of both manufactured robots and simulation models. The results indicate that the pitch angle can be controlled by altering the initial pitch angle at takeoff and the flapping angles. Furthermore, it is suggested that the initial pitch angle generates a proportional increase in the pitch angle during takeoff, and that certain flapping angles are conducive to increasing the tendency for pitch angle transition. Thus, it is shown that the direction of the flight led by periodic changing in the pitch angle can be controlled by optimizing control parameters such as initial pitch and flapping angles.
Analysis of Roll Rotation Mechanism of a Butterfly for Development of a Small...drboon
In this paper, we investigated the aerodynamic characteristics during roll rotation of a butterfly based on computational fluid dynamics using a three-dimensional high-speed camera information. This method allows to create a numerical model of a butterfly from the camera images and to analyze the flow field corresponding to the captured behavior. We photographed two behaviors different in rotational axis and analyzed the roll rotational mechanism. In a typical pitch rotational flight, the differential pressure was concentrated on the tip of fore wings. The magnitudes of reaction forces on left and right wings were roughly matched each other. On the other hands, the differential pressure of the roll rotational flight was distributed in the whole of wings. The magnitude of the right reaction force was twice greater than that of left at the first down stroke. The roll angle changed largely at the same time. These results show that a butterfly rotates about roll by changing the reaction forces on each side.
Effect of Oryzalin on Growth of Anthurium andraeanum In Vitrodrboon
Apical shoots and lateral buds of Anthurium andraeanum about 0.5 cm grew very well when cultured on MS medium supplemented with NAA, kinetin, sucrose and gelrite. When brought young plantlets (the same sized) of A. andraeanum soaked in various concentrations of oryzalin with different duration times. The A. andraeanum plantlets were subcultured into the same medium every 4 weeks for 3 times. It was found that 5.0 mg/l oryzalin with 24 and 72 hours gave the best average number of leaves per bunch, plant height and diameter of bunch. These parameters were reverse proportion, when increased concentration of oryzalin, the growth rate in each parameter was decreased with thick and pale green leaves.
Role of 2,4-D on Callus Induction and Shoot Formation to Increase Number of S...drboon
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Contribution of Historical Persian Gardens for Sustainable Urban and Environment Lessons from Hot Arid Region of Iran
1. 2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences
American Transactions on
Engineering & Applied Sciences
http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS, http://Get.to/Research
Contribution of Historical Persian Gardens for
Sustainable Urban and Environment Lessons
from Hot Arid Region of Iran
a* a
Raheleh ROSTAMI , Hasanuddin LAMIT , and
b
Seyed Mysam Khoshnava
a
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, MALAYSIA
b
Department of Construction Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, MALAYSIA
ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT
Article history: Sustainable development is a widely accepted strategic
Received April 20, 2012
Received in revised form framework in city planning and urban green spaces have an important
July 03, 2012 role in it. Beside, increasing empirical evidence indicates that the
Accepted July 24, 2012 presence of natural areas contributes to the quality of life in many
Available online July 25, 2012
ways. Also, urban nature provides important social and
Keywords: psychological benefits to human societies, which enrich human life
Sustainable Architect; with meanings and emotions. In order to exemplify the importance of
Hot arid regions; urban green spaces for sustainability this paper analyses some
Historical Persian gardens; historical Persian gardens for environmental sustainability and
Sustainable environment. citizens’ well-being. In this study, historical Persian Gardens were
chosen due to their historical background as first sample of Iranian
urban green spaces which are still being used successfully. Some
results of a survey conducted among visitors of historical gardens in
Iran are presented and discussed. The issues investigated people’s
motives for visiting gardens and the emotional dimension involved in
the experience of nature and its importance for people’s general
well-being.
2012 American Transactions on Engineering & Applied Sciences.
*Corresponding author (R. ROSTAMI). H/P: +06-177187197 E-mail address:
raheleh.rostami@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online 281
Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/281-294.pdf
2. 1. Introduction
Theory of sustainable architecture and urbanism is one of the contentious fields of
architecture. The idea of sustainable architecture is offered to answer the questions about quality
and types of relationship between design and environment. Sustainable architecture is a responsive
and active design toward environment and place features and conditions. Sustainable architecture
uses its ecological capabilities to create a suitable and desirable environmental condition. It
includes a mixture of aesthetic, environmental, political, social and moral values. Some studies on
the subject indicate that the concept of sustainability has a root in old customs and traditional
cultures of mankind. Therefore, traditional architecture are recognized for considering cultural and
social identities and help a great deal in creating social, environmental and economical
sustainability. So, traditional aspects were considered in sustainable design philosophy.
Furthermore, sustainability is also a widely accepted strategic framework in city planning and
urban green spaces have an important role in it and considered as one possible step towards
creating sustainable urban environments (Costanza et al., 1997; Jongman et al., 2004; Opdam et al,
2006; Jongman, 1995; Zhang and Wang, 2006). Also, open green spaces are of a strategic
importance for the quality of life of our increasingly urbanized society (Miller, 1988; Chiesura,
2004). In fact, increasing empirical evidence indicates that the presence of natural resources (i.e.
urban parks, gardens and forests, green belts) and components (i.e. trees, water) in urban contexts
contributes to the quality of life in many ways. Protective factors of nature for physical,
psychological, and social health of people and community have been emphasized by various
researches (Takano et al, 2002; St Leger, 2003; Maller et al, 2005). Physically and psychologically,
view of natural scenes or elements foster stress recovery (Ulrich, 1981) by evoking positive
feelings, reducing negative emotions, and blocking stressful thoughts and provide a sense of
peacefulness and tranquility (Kaplan, 1983) and resulted in mental (Hartig et al., 1991; Conway,
2000) and physical health (Godbey et al., 1992). Therefore, local people consider urban nature and
daily outdoor recreation opportunities to be the main factors that enhance their every day
well-being (Eronene et al., 1997) even if used occasionally (Solecki &Welch,1995; Thompson
2002; Tinsley and Croskeys 2002; Chiesura 2004; Krenichyn 2004). Socially, nature can
encourage the use of outdoor spaces, increase social integration and interaction among neighbors
(Coley et al., 1997) which lead to trust, mutual understanding, shared values and supportive
282 Raheleh, Rostami, Hasanuddin Lamit, and Seyed Meysam Khsohnava
3. behavior (Loures et al., 2007). So, natural areas provide social, psychological and physical
services, which enrich human life with meanings and emotions which are of crucial significance
for the livability of modern cities and the well-being of urban dwellers which is a key component of
sustainable city.
Besides the aforementioned, the functions of urban nature can provide economic benefits for
both municipalities and citizens. Air purification by trees, for example, can lead to reduced costs of
pollution reduction and water purification, wind and noise filtration can lead to microclimate
stabilization. Furthermore, aesthetic, historical and recreational values of urban green spaces
increase the attractiveness of the city and promote it as tourist destination, thus generating
employment and revenues (Chiesura, 2004).
In order to exemplify the importance of urban green spaces for wellbeing of citizens and for
the sustainability of the city where they live in, this paper analyses some historical Persian gardens.
In this study, historical Persian Gardens were chosen due to their historical background as first
sample of Iranian urban green spaces which are still being used successfully. Beside, historical
Persian gardens are one of the well-known traditional methods in hot arid regions of Iran which
play a role in works of beauty and aesthetic as well as compensating poor humidity to create a
sustainable micro climate for human living.
2. Making Cities Sustainable
Nowadays, increasing in population, urbanization and the impact of urban areas on global
environment mean that creating more sustainable urban areas is essential to sustainability
(Ozdemir, 2007). Now, the question is: what is a sustainable city and how we can make a
sustainable city?
Whereas, there is no acceptable definition for sustainable city; therefore, the concept of
sustainable development which includes aspects of urban planning and community development is
considered for cities sustainability. According to Bruntland commission (The World Commission
*Corresponding author (R. ROSTAMI). H/P: +06-177187197 E-mail address:
raheleh.rostami@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online 283
Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/281-294.pdf
4. on Environment and Development, 1987) sustainable development meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’’. Also, Sibley
(1998) stated that sustainability refers to “the continuing ability of the planet to meet the needs of
its living inhabitants”. So, some cities have been developing their own sustainability indicators and
aspects such as “amount of public green spaces per inhabitant”, “public parks” and “recreation
areas” which are often mentioned as important factors to make the city livable, pleasant and
attractive for its citizens (Chiesura, 2004). But, from another point of view, developing more
sustainable cities is not just about improving the abiotic and biotic aspects of urban life, it is also
about the social aspects of city life, that is about people’s satisfaction, experiences and perceptions
of the quality of their everyday environments and quality of life issues are central to all.
To reach these goals, it is essential to follow all dimensions of sustainable development
(environmental, social and economic). According to principles which were presented in The
European Landscape Convention in Florence, 2000; to achieve sustainability, development should
be “based on a balanced and harmonious relationship between social needs, economic activities
and the environment”. Researchers (Beck, 1992; Sachs, 1995, Ferris et al, 2001; Loureset et al,
2007) claimed that urban landscape can be very positively linked to sustainability policies.
Thompson (2000) indicates that sustainable development seems to offer “landscape architects a
tangible way of relating their aesthetic, social and ecological values”. Urban green spaces benefits
urban communities environmentally, aesthetically, recreationally, psychologically, socially and
economically (Grahn, P., 1985; Burgess, J., Harrison, C., Limb, M.,1988; Conway, H., 2000; Gehl,
J., Gemzoe, L, 2001). Once more, urban green spaces are considered as key components in urban
sustainability.
3. Material and Method
Both, secondary (literature review) and primary data collection have been gathered. Primary
data have been collected through a survey conducted among residents of two historical cities of
Iran where, a lot of historical Persian gardens still exist and being used actively by urban residents.
To find the most popular and memorable garden among the existing samples, a pilot test was
undertaken based on residents’ preferences. The pilot test concluded Hasht Behesht Garden or/
Bagh-e- Bolbol (literally: Eight Paradise Garden or/ Nightingle Garden) which dating back to
284 Raheleh, Rostami, Hasanuddin Lamit, and Seyed Meysam Khsohnava
5. 1660, in Isfahan city and Shahzdeh Garden (literally: Prince garden), which is created in 18th
century, in Kerman as the most frequented.
Respondents were randomly selected among visitors of gardens from various age groups.
Also, personal attributes like gender, occupation, and educational background were considered.
Respondents were asked to fill the questionnaire during their stay in the gardens, so the answers
would reflect their immediate experiences. Questionnaires were distributed on weekdays and
weekends, in different hours of the day, and in different parts of the gardens. Responses formats
were either closed (multiple choices) and open ended. The questionnaires addressed a broad range
of issues, ranging from motives for respondents to visit gardens, their activities during visit periods
and their feelings towards the gardens. Both descriptive and inferential techniques have been used
to analyze and interpret the answers.
4. Results
In total, 252 respondents took part in both cities. Sample includes 152 respondents (60.31%) in
Esfahan and 100 respondents (39.68%) in Kerman. In total, male gender constitute prevalent
respondents (57.5%). Age classes ranged from below 10 years old to over 60 and prevalent by
20-30 age groups (48.0%). Most of the respondents had university degree and categorized as
student in occupation. The mean of living period in cities is about 23 years (S.D = 16.16).
4.1 Motives for Visiting Gardens
To calculate the data about people’s motives to visit the gardens, respondents were asked:
“Why do you visit this garden?” The following alternative options were given: I visit this garden
because of its nature and vegetation, its diversity, its beauty, it’s fascinating, its restorativeness
effect, its accessibility, its silence, its familiarity, its representativeness and others. A frequency
analysis of people’s motives to visit gardens showed that gardens nature and vegetation achieved
highest percentage (54.4%) among other options (Fig. 1). This motive reflects the need of natural
environment in urban context.
*Corresponding author (R. ROSTAMI). H/P: +06-177187197 E-mail address:
raheleh.rostami@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online 285
Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/281-294.pdf
6. I'm familiar with it 8.3%
It’s a meeting place 11.9%
A sense of attachment to place 17.5%
Its silence 17.5%
It is a representative place of city 18.3%
Its visual diversity 18.3%
Its accessibility 24.2%
Its open view 24.6%
Its restorativeness effect 27.4%
It's Fascinating 29%
Its Beauty 42.9%
Its Nature 54.4%
Figure 1: Motivations of gardens for visitors: Frequency distribution.
Beauty of gardens stands out as second most effective factor for 42.9% of respondents. This
motive revealed the relation of aesthetic attributes and people’s preferences and emphasized the
effect of aesthetic on preferences like other researches (See: Nasar, 1983; Lothian, 1999;
Kaltenborn & Bjerk, 2002; Parsons & Daniel, 2002; Hidalgo, Berto, Galindo, and Getren, 2006).
So, gardens became fascinating for 29% of the respondents. Also, aesthetic attributes can
affect place’s restorativeness (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995; Hernandez, Hidalgo,
Berto, and Peron, 2001; Staats, Kieviet, and Hartig, 2003; Koole, Vnder, and Wulp, 2003; Galindo
and Hidalgo, 2005) which was mentioned by almost 28% of respondents. Restorativeness effects
of gardens can create a place for relaxation and step away from daily worries, breath fresh air and
relax mentally and physically.
Garden’s open view and easy accessibility were cited by almost 24% of respondents. Findings
also, indicates that 18.3% of respondents visit garden because of its visual diversity and because it
is a representative place of the city. 62.7% of respondents mentioned that these gardens are historic
and represent a symbol for their cities. Hence, sense of attachment to these gardens was identified
by 17.5% of respondents. Sense of attachment to a place result in a sense of belonging to towns and
society and consequently enhance society’s health status. Silence of gardens, meeting people and
familiarity option follow in decreasing frequency. Motives like garden’s silence and consideration
of garden as meeting place reflect needs of experiencing solitude, as well as social relation and
integration.
286 Raheleh, Rostami, Hasanuddin Lamit, and Seyed Meysam Khsohnava
7. 4.2 Functional Aspects of the Gardens
Another aspect of gardens is how gardens are to be used by residents. To understand the
functions of gardens in urban area, respondents were asked: “What is your experience and activity
during visitation of garden?” The following alternative options were given: I come to visit this
garden for recreation, for sitting alone, for wandering and walking, for family picnic, to be with
others, to do exercise, to observe nature and to be part of nature. A frequency analysis of people’s
activity in gardens revealed that the most important experience which is considered by respondents
is recreation. 49.6% of respondents visit gardens for recreation (Fig. 2). This result denotes the
psychological effects of nature which evoke calm and relaxation as well as stress reduction.
Subsequently, this confirms why 40% of respondents considered natural observation as second
most important experience of garden. Also, 27.8% of respondents mentioned that visiting gardens
is like being a part of nature. This result reflects again the importance of nature.
For walking 4%
To do exercise 7.5%
For sitting 17%
To be with others 22.2%
For family picnic 25.4%
To observe nature 27.8%
For Recreation 49.6%
Figure 2: Experiences and activities in garden.
Family picnic (25.4%) and to be with others (22.2%) constitute another important aspects of
garden’s function. These functions reveal the social aspects of gardens which encourage people to
use urban green spaces as part of their daily life style and to be with others. Subsequently, increase
social interaction and integration invoke trust and supportive behaviors. Other activities like
sitting, exercising and walking follow in decreasing frequency and less considered by respondents.
4.3 The Emotional Dimension of Gardens’ Experience
Another important research interest was to explore the emotional dimension of nature based
*Corresponding author (R. ROSTAMI). H/P: +06-177187197 E-mail address:
raheleh.rostami@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online 287
Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/281-294.pdf
8. experiences, the benefits people perceive through natural contact and the relationship with their
well-being. To explore emotional aspects of garden, respondents were asked to answer the
following question: “What feelings do gardens evoke you?” and the following alternative options
were given: safety, freedom, comfortable, happiness, calm and tranquility, memories
remembrance, feeling healthier, feeling that you are closer to nature and feeling that you are
different. Frequency analysis of the answers about the feelings experienced (Fig. 3) shows that
“calm and tranquility” is the feeling most frequently cited by respondents, which accounts for 50%
of the answers. The tranquil atmosphere of the garden inspires reflection, meditation, and a general
feeling of harmony between one self and the surrounding. Also, it is assumed that feelings and
emotions we perceive in natural environment are relevant part of our experiences in nature. So,
integration of results of first important experience in gardens (recreation) and current finding verify
the assumption. Memories remembrance is another emotional aspects which was considered by
42.8% of respondents.
Feel I am different 2%
Freedom 14.7%
Safety 15.5%
Feel healthier 19.4%
Comfortable 21.8%
Closer to nature 33.7%
Happiness 35.3%
Memories remembrance 42.8%
Calm and tranquility 50%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 3: Feelings and emotional experiences.
Happiness is another feeling that gardens evoke for respondents, accounting almost 35% of the
answers. Also, 33.7% of respondents mentioned feeling closer to nature. Therefore, it can be
proven that there is a relationship between nature and positive feelings like happiness as well as
comfortable (21.8%) and feeling healthier (19.4%). Feeling safe and freedom follow in decreasing
frequency. Feeling “I am different in this garden” was less considered by respondents (2%).
288 Raheleh, Rostami, Hasanuddin Lamit, and Seyed Meysam Khsohnava
9. 4.4 Garden Visitation and Wellbeing
For better understanding about the importance of natural experience for people’s well-being,
respondents were asked to rank the importance of visiting gardens for emotional and physical
disease like: depression, sadness, tiredness and sickness along a 1–5 points measurement scale (1,
not important at all; 2, not important; 3, important; 4, very important; 5, essential). A frequency
analysis showed that responses range from important to essential. Respondents believed that
visiting gardens could mostly reduce depression (94%) as well as removing tiredness, accounting
almost 90% of answers. Also, results show that sadness (81.6%) and physical sickness (76.3%)
could be better during and after garden visitations. Overall, findings revealed nature effects on
betterment of both emotional and physical disease, widely emotional ones.
Table 1: Variables that Affect People Presence in the Gardens.
Variables Very Much Much Less Very Less Not Effective
Organization 37.9% 6.7% 6.7% 0.0% 3.0%
Representative 37.9% 6.3% 6.5% 1.3% 2.4%
Accessibility 27.2% 12.5% 10.1% 0.0% 4.5%
Familiarity 27.2% 17.2% 8.4% 0.2% 1.3%
Symbolism 28.2% 14.4% 6.0% 1.1% 4.3%
Emotion 14.2% 14.7% 1.1% 0.9% 1.9%
Activity 13.4% 5.4% 6.5% 2.4% 5.2%
Memories 7.8% 8.6% 7.3% 3.4% 6.6%
Naturalness 17.9% 6.5% 3.9% 0.6% 3.9%
At the end, to articulate aspects of historical Persian garden that could affect people’s
presence, respondents were asked to rank the importance of the following features for people
presence. Features include: garden’s organization, accessibility, familiarity, activity, naturalness,
emotion and memory of respondents about gardens, garden’s representativeness and symbolisms.
Findings indicate that all features ranged as essential one with different frequency (See Table 1).
Garden’s organizations as well as representativeness are considered as most important features that
could affect people presence for almost 37.9% of respondents. Symbolism identified as second
*Corresponding author (R. ROSTAMI). H/P: +06-177187197 E-mail address:
raheleh.rostami@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online 289
Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/281-294.pdf
10. most important feature that affect 28% of people who visit these gardens. Most of respondents
mentioned that people visit this garden because these gardens are historic. Accessibility and
familiarity achieved a same value (27.2%) for people presence in gardens. Emotional and physical
(activity) aspects of gardens follow in decreasing frequency, accounting around ¼ of the answers.
Respondent’s garden related memories identified as the last factor that could affect people
presence in gardens (7.8%).
5. Discussions and Recommendations
The information emerged from the survey indicates that historical Persian gardens fulfils
important residents’ needs in urban context. Obtained results are according to previous researches
regarding people’s need to experience nature (Kaplan and Kaplan, 1989). People visit gardens
primarily because they want to relax. Recreation is as an important need fulfilled in Persian
gardens (49.6%). Residents considered gardens as recreational area which is mentioned in
Chiesura (2004) research and important factors to make the city livable, pleasant and attractive for
its citizens and this is why ¼ of respondents carry out social activities like being with others and
family picnic in these gardens. Social activities that happened in these gardens signify Coley et al
(1997) results that nature can encourage the use of outdoor spaces and increase social integration
and interaction among neighbors which lead to trust, mutual understanding, shared values and
supportive behavior (Loures et al., 2007). Therefore from the social point of view, historical
Persian gardens considered by residents as urban nature and daily outdoor recreation opportunities
are the main factors that Eronene et al (1997) believed could enhance every day well-being.
Furthermore, findings show that the experience of nature in the city is a source of a large array
of positive feelings to people. Calm and tranquility is the most important feeling that residents
experience in historical Persian gardens. Besides, feeling happiness, comfortable, safety, freedom
and even healthier were frequently mentioned by respondents. Results confirmed psychological
health effects of nature on positive moods like pleasure which were indicated by Ulrich (1982) as
well as reduction of negative effects like anger and anxiety (Rohde and Kendle, 1994) which evoke
calmness and tranquility and provide restorative environments that can help strengthen the
activities of the right hemisphere of the brain and restore harmony to functions on the brain as a
whole (Furnas, 1979). In other words, people who have access to nearby natural settings were
290 Raheleh, Rostami, Hasanuddin Lamit, and Seyed Meysam Khsohnava
11. found to be healthier overall than other individuals (Kaplan, 1989). And, all these emotional and
psychological benefits contribute critically to the quality of human life, which in turn is a key
component of sustainable development (Chiesura, 2004). This is why respondents ranged the
importance of visiting gardens for emotional and physical disease as important and even as
essential factors. Most of the respondents believed that during and after gardens’ visitation,
depression and tiredness decreased and even sadness and physical disease could be lessened.
6. Conclusion
In the context of this study, the role of historical Persian gardens as provider of social services
and their importance for city sustainability has been addressed. Some results have been presented
of a survey aimed at exploring the motives and perceptions of visitors of two well-known samples
of historical Persian gardens. Some conclusive remarks can be made.
First of all, historical Persian gardens as natural urban area fulfill many social functions and
psychological needs of citizens, which make these gardens a valuable municipal resource, and a
key ingredient for city sustainability.
Secondly, attributes of the physical environment interact with various human characteristics,
such as socio demographics and people’s perceptions of the environment could affect physical
activities and this in turn influences health outcomes. So, links among environmental attributes,
physical activity, body weight, and health can result in environmental compatibility and sense of
attachment to a place which result on the quality of life and well-being.
Therefore, valuation of the various amenities, social and psychological services of urban areas
should be integrated into project assessments’ procedure and be properly accounted for in policy
decisions and urban planning strategies as well as user’s satisfactions, needs and their
representation and participation in all aspects of urban life which are critical components in a
sustainable city.
*Corresponding author (R. ROSTAMI). H/P: +06-177187197 E-mail address:
raheleh.rostami@yahoo.com. 2012. American Transactions on Engineering &
Applied Sciences. Volume 1 No.3. ISSN 2229-1652 eISSN 2229-1660 Online 291
Available at http://TuEngr.com/ATEAS/V01/281-294.pdf
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Raheleh Rostami received her MSc in Architecture in 2006 from Islamic Azad University of
Kerman. Currently she is a PhD Candidate in Landscape Architecture in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Her current research interests are landscape design and its history and philosophy, people's
perceptions and behaviors with regard to urban landscapes and integration of public perceptions
and values in planning and management of urban open spaces.
Dr.Hasanuddin Lamit received his PhD in Architecture from Sheffield University, United Kingdom.
Currently, he is an Associated Professor in the Faculty of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia. His current research interests are urban design and history / philosophy of landscape
architecture.
Seyed Meysam Khoshnava is currently a master student in Construction Management in Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia. His current research interests are Green and Sustainability, and application of
softwares such as BIM, Autodesk Ecotech, and Auto desk Green Studio.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website. Note: This article
was accepted and presented at the 2nd International Conference-Workshop on
Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design (ICWSAUD) organized by School of
Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia from
March 3rd -5th, 2012.
294 Raheleh, Rostami, Hasanuddin Lamit, and Seyed Meysam Khsohnava