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26 ASBMB TODAY FEBRUARY 2021
Discovering an old DoGs’
new trick
Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate
a variety of signaling pathways that
control cell development and influ-
ence cell morphology via actin/cyto-
skeleton remodeling. There are four
main families of G proteins: Gi/Go,
Gq, Gs and G12/13. Researchers long
have thought that Gs, unlike its family
members, is coupled specifically and
exclusively to adenylyl cyclases.
In a new study published in the
Journal of Biological Chemistry,
Alejandro Castillo–Kauil of the
Center for Research and Advanced
Studies of the National Polytechnic
Institute and collaborators challenge
this dogmatic view by identifying a
new Gs target. Using biochemical,
molecular biological and chemo-
genetic approaches, the researchers
demonstrated that the Gαs subfamily
of G proteins can regulate the activity
of Rho GTPases such as Rho guanine
nucleotide exchange factor, or Rho-
GEF. The interaction identified by the
group activates the small G protein
Cdc42 by Gs-coupled GPCRs, stimu-
lating a rearrangement of the cyto-
skeleton and inducing formation of
fingerlike protrusions called filopodia.
These results provide new insight
into G protein activity and define a
new role for RhoGEF coupling in G
protein function.
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.015204
A pathogen’s proteins target
mitochondria
The tick-borne pathogen Coxiella
burnetii causes Q fever, or query fever,
a rare flulike disease that can spread
to humans who inhale dust particles
contaminated by infected farm or
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25
Noninvasive tool provides oral cancer prognosis
Oral squamous cell carcinoma, which affects about 34,000
people
in the U.S. each year, is found in the cells lining the lips and
mouth.
Metastasis to the lymph nodes is a sign of disease progression
and may
be accompanied by changes in proteolytic activity. During
proteolysis,
enzymes cut up proteins into short fragments called peptides.
Recent
work suggests that characterizing the sequence and abundance
of these
molecules — a method dubbed peptidomics — might provide
new in-
sight on cancer biology and in the clinic. In a recent paper in
the journal
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, Leandro Xavier Neves of the
Brazil-
ian Biosciences National Laboratory and a team of Brazilian
clinicians
and scientists describe their analysis of oral squamous cell
carcinoma
patient saliva using peptidomics.
After extracting peptides from saliva samples, the research team
ana-
lyzed and compared the peptide content in samples from
patients with
and without metastasis to the lymph nodes. They found more
than 1,000
uniquely expressed peptides in each group and an additional
1,628 pep-
tides expressed by both groups. A series of statistical analyses
identified
77 peptides of particular interest; all of these peptides are
overexpressed
in samples from patients with lymph node metastasis, which
supports the
hypothesis that proteolytic activity increases in metastatic
disease. Ten of
these peptides also correlated with clinical features of
metastatic tumors.
The researchers used a panel measuring the abundance of five
peptides to
classify patients according to metastatic state.
To predict which enzymes generated this distinctive saliva
peptidome,
the team compared the sequences of peptides and full-length
proteins to
identify the most common cleavage sites. Many of the predicted
en-
zymes are associated with the lysosome or vacuole, linked to
immunity
or present in the oral microbiome. They then examined the
expression
of these enzymes in
publicly available oral
squamous cell carcinoma
tissue data. This analysis
showed that enhanced
expression of enzymes —
but not the proteins they
target — associates with
metastasis and reduced
survival, further bolster-
ing the link between
proteolytic activity and
disease progression.
Together, these analy-
ses of proteolysis in oral
squamous cell carcinoma may be useful for patient prognosis.
DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002227
— Nuala Del Piccolo
CDC/UNSPLASH
Peptidomics analyses of saliva samples from oral
squamous cell carcinoma patients correlate with disease
metastasis. The technique may be a useful noninvasive
prognostic tool.
JOURNAL NEWS
FEBRUARY 2021 ASBMB TODAY 27
domestic animals. When C. burnetii
infects a human macrophage, it
transfers as many as 150 effector
proteins into the host cell. Research-
ers know these proteins change the
host’s physiology to support the
infection. However, they know little
about the contributions of the indi-
vidual effector proteins, partly due to
their diversity and scarcity.
Laura Fielden and colleagues at
the University of Melbourne hy-
pothesized that C. burnetii effector
proteins target the mitochondria —
known as the powerhouse of the cell
— because that organelle is crucial
in cellular homeostasis. To test this,
the team isolated mitochondria
from human macrophages infected
with C. burnetii and analyzed the
proteins using high-sensitivity mass
spectrometry.
The team’s recent paper in the
journal Molecular & Cellular
Proteomics identified seven C.
burnetii proteins associated with
the mitochondria, including two
not previously found in the organ-
elle. They found that one of these
effector proteins, MceC, moves to
the inner mitochondrial membrane
and interacts with mitochondrial
proteins involved in quality control
and metabolic function.
This study presents an adapt-
able method for characterizing the
contributions of a pathogen’s effector
proteins.
DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002370
Pinpointing therapies
in PAK pathways
The serine/threonine kinase
P21-activated kinase-1, or PAK1,
influences cancer-related biologi-
cal processes such as cell migration,
invasion and angiogenesis. However,
researchers have not completely
delineated the network of signaling
molecules linked to PAK1.
Jae-Hong Kim of Kyungpook
National University and a team of in-
ternational collaborators used genetic
transformation screens, RNAi, phar-
macological inhibition and migration
assays to characterize PAK1-mediated
signal transduction pathways thor-
oughly. The researchers selected 19
candidate PAK1 genetic interactions
that had human orthologs and were
expressed in glioma for further ex-
amination in mammalian cells, brain
slice cultures and orthotopic glioma
models. RNAi and pharmacological
inhibition of potential PAK1 interac-
tors confirmed the importance of
several genes related to the mitotic
spindle, proteolysis, autophagy and
metabolism in PAK1-mediated glioma
cell migration, drug resistance and
proliferation.
These results, published in the
Journal of Biological Chemistry,
provide a comprehensive view of
PAK1-mediated signal transduction
pathways and identify new drug
targets for glioma therapy.
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.014831
Nuala Del Piccolo ([email protected]
ucdavis.edu) is a science writer
in the biomedical engineering
department at the University of
California, Davis. She earned her
Ph.D. in materials science and
engineering at Johns Hopkins
University.
Anand Rao ([email protected])
is an ASBMB science communi-
cator. Follow him on Twitter
@AnandRaoPhD.
Lisa Nicole Learman ([email protected]
jhmi.edu) is a Ph.D. candidate
studying molecular neurosci-
ence at Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine. Follow her on
Twitter @LearmanLisa.
Laurel Oldach ([email protected]
asbmb.org) is a science writer for
the ASBMB. Follow her on Twitter
@LaurelOld.
Wednesdays | 12 p.m. EST
Lipid Research Division Seminar Series
Presentations from researchers highlighti ng
their recent work in the field of lipids.
Hosted by the ASBMB’s Lipid Research Division.
LEARN MORE AT:
asbmb.org/meetings-events/lrd-seminar-series
JOURNAL NEWS
Principles of Business (Level 40)
Name: ___________________________________
1. What are the five types of insurance?
_____________ ______________ ________________
_________________ _______________
2. What is the difference between insurance and assurance?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
3. What are two main types of assurance?
____________________ _____________________
4. Explain the difference between the two types of life
assurance.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__
5. List the four (4) types of Marine Insurance.
__________________ __________________
____________________ _____________________
6. Explain any two (2) types of Marine Insurance.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_
7. Distinguish between third party and fully comprehensive
motor insurance.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
__
8. Explain the following terms:
Employers’liability_____________________________________
___________________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Public
liability______________________________________________
______________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Aviation
insurance________________________________________ _____
____________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Fidelity______________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Mortgage
Guarantee____________________________________________
___________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Annuity
Scheme______________________________________________
_____________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Credit
insurance_____________________________________________
______________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Consequential loss
insurance_____________________________________________
____________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
Direct loss
insurance_____________________________________________
__________________
_____________________________________________________
___________________________
9. List four (4) types of insurance that businesses may invest in:
_________________ _________________
____________________ ___________________
10. State on type of insurance which you would recommend for
each of the following. Give reason for your answer.
No.
Situation
Type of Insurance
Reason for type of insurance chosen
1
A factory engaged in manufacturing a highly inflammable
product.
2
A firm employing six sales reps. each of whom drives a
company car.
3
A business employing people handling a large amount of cash.
4
A partner in a firm of lawyers.
5
Mrs. Jones wants a policy that would enable her to benefit from
the proceeds during her lifetime.
6
Edmond wants to insurance his business against possible theft
by public.
 26 ASBMB TODAY FEBRUARY 2021Discovering an old DoGs’ ne

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26 ASBMB TODAY FEBRUARY 2021Discovering an old DoGs’ ne

  • 1. 26 ASBMB TODAY FEBRUARY 2021 Discovering an old DoGs’ new trick Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate a variety of signaling pathways that control cell development and influ- ence cell morphology via actin/cyto- skeleton remodeling. There are four main families of G proteins: Gi/Go, Gq, Gs and G12/13. Researchers long have thought that Gs, unlike its family members, is coupled specifically and exclusively to adenylyl cyclases. In a new study published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Alejandro Castillo–Kauil of the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute and collaborators challenge this dogmatic view by identifying a new Gs target. Using biochemical, molecular biological and chemo- genetic approaches, the researchers demonstrated that the Gαs subfamily of G proteins can regulate the activity of Rho GTPases such as Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, or Rho- GEF. The interaction identified by the group activates the small G protein
  • 2. Cdc42 by Gs-coupled GPCRs, stimu- lating a rearrangement of the cyto- skeleton and inducing formation of fingerlike protrusions called filopodia. These results provide new insight into G protein activity and define a new role for RhoGEF coupling in G protein function. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.015204 A pathogen’s proteins target mitochondria The tick-borne pathogen Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, or query fever, a rare flulike disease that can spread to humans who inhale dust particles contaminated by infected farm or CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25 Noninvasive tool provides oral cancer prognosis Oral squamous cell carcinoma, which affects about 34,000 people in the U.S. each year, is found in the cells lining the lips and mouth. Metastasis to the lymph nodes is a sign of disease progression and may be accompanied by changes in proteolytic activity. During proteolysis, enzymes cut up proteins into short fragments called peptides. Recent work suggests that characterizing the sequence and abundance of these
  • 3. molecules — a method dubbed peptidomics — might provide new in- sight on cancer biology and in the clinic. In a recent paper in the journal Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, Leandro Xavier Neves of the Brazil- ian Biosciences National Laboratory and a team of Brazilian clinicians and scientists describe their analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patient saliva using peptidomics. After extracting peptides from saliva samples, the research team ana- lyzed and compared the peptide content in samples from patients with and without metastasis to the lymph nodes. They found more than 1,000 uniquely expressed peptides in each group and an additional 1,628 pep- tides expressed by both groups. A series of statistical analyses identified 77 peptides of particular interest; all of these peptides are overexpressed in samples from patients with lymph node metastasis, which supports the hypothesis that proteolytic activity increases in metastatic disease. Ten of these peptides also correlated with clinical features of metastatic tumors. The researchers used a panel measuring the abundance of five peptides to classify patients according to metastatic state. To predict which enzymes generated this distinctive saliva peptidome,
  • 4. the team compared the sequences of peptides and full-length proteins to identify the most common cleavage sites. Many of the predicted en- zymes are associated with the lysosome or vacuole, linked to immunity or present in the oral microbiome. They then examined the expression of these enzymes in publicly available oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue data. This analysis showed that enhanced expression of enzymes — but not the proteins they target — associates with metastasis and reduced survival, further bolster- ing the link between proteolytic activity and disease progression. Together, these analy- ses of proteolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma may be useful for patient prognosis. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002227 — Nuala Del Piccolo CDC/UNSPLASH Peptidomics analyses of saliva samples from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients correlate with disease metastasis. The technique may be a useful noninvasive prognostic tool.
  • 5. JOURNAL NEWS FEBRUARY 2021 ASBMB TODAY 27 domestic animals. When C. burnetii infects a human macrophage, it transfers as many as 150 effector proteins into the host cell. Research- ers know these proteins change the host’s physiology to support the infection. However, they know little about the contributions of the indi- vidual effector proteins, partly due to their diversity and scarcity. Laura Fielden and colleagues at the University of Melbourne hy- pothesized that C. burnetii effector proteins target the mitochondria — known as the powerhouse of the cell — because that organelle is crucial in cellular homeostasis. To test this, the team isolated mitochondria from human macrophages infected with C. burnetii and analyzed the proteins using high-sensitivity mass spectrometry. The team’s recent paper in the journal Molecular & Cellular Proteomics identified seven C. burnetii proteins associated with the mitochondria, including two
  • 6. not previously found in the organ- elle. They found that one of these effector proteins, MceC, moves to the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with mitochondrial proteins involved in quality control and metabolic function. This study presents an adapt- able method for characterizing the contributions of a pathogen’s effector proteins. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002370 Pinpointing therapies in PAK pathways The serine/threonine kinase P21-activated kinase-1, or PAK1, influences cancer-related biologi- cal processes such as cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. However, researchers have not completely delineated the network of signaling molecules linked to PAK1. Jae-Hong Kim of Kyungpook National University and a team of in- ternational collaborators used genetic transformation screens, RNAi, phar- macological inhibition and migration assays to characterize PAK1-mediated signal transduction pathways thor- oughly. The researchers selected 19 candidate PAK1 genetic interactions
  • 7. that had human orthologs and were expressed in glioma for further ex- amination in mammalian cells, brain slice cultures and orthotopic glioma models. RNAi and pharmacological inhibition of potential PAK1 interac- tors confirmed the importance of several genes related to the mitotic spindle, proteolysis, autophagy and metabolism in PAK1-mediated glioma cell migration, drug resistance and proliferation. These results, published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, provide a comprehensive view of PAK1-mediated signal transduction pathways and identify new drug targets for glioma therapy. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.014831 Nuala Del Piccolo ([email protected] ucdavis.edu) is a science writer in the biomedical engineering department at the University of California, Davis. She earned her Ph.D. in materials science and engineering at Johns Hopkins University. Anand Rao ([email protected]) is an ASBMB science communi- cator. Follow him on Twitter @AnandRaoPhD. Lisa Nicole Learman ([email protected]
  • 8. jhmi.edu) is a Ph.D. candidate studying molecular neurosci- ence at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Follow her on Twitter @LearmanLisa. Laurel Oldach ([email protected] asbmb.org) is a science writer for the ASBMB. Follow her on Twitter @LaurelOld. Wednesdays | 12 p.m. EST Lipid Research Division Seminar Series Presentations from researchers highlighti ng their recent work in the field of lipids. Hosted by the ASBMB’s Lipid Research Division. LEARN MORE AT: asbmb.org/meetings-events/lrd-seminar-series JOURNAL NEWS Principles of Business (Level 40) Name: ___________________________________ 1. What are the five types of insurance? _____________ ______________ ________________ _________________ _______________ 2. What is the difference between insurance and assurance? _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
  • 9. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________ 3. What are two main types of assurance? ____________________ _____________________ 4. Explain the difference between the two types of life assurance. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __ 5. List the four (4) types of Marine Insurance. __________________ __________________ ____________________ _____________________ 6. Explain any two (2) types of Marine Insurance. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _ 7. Distinguish between third party and fully comprehensive motor insurance. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________
  • 10. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ __ 8. Explain the following terms: Employers’liability_____________________________________ ___________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Public liability______________________________________________ ______________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Aviation insurance________________________________________ _____ ____________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Fidelity______________________________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Mortgage Guarantee____________________________________________ ___________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Annuity
  • 11. Scheme______________________________________________ _____________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Credit insurance_____________________________________________ ______________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Consequential loss insurance_____________________________________________ ____________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ Direct loss insurance_____________________________________________ __________________ _____________________________________________________ ___________________________ 9. List four (4) types of insurance that businesses may invest in: _________________ _________________ ____________________ ___________________ 10. State on type of insurance which you would recommend for each of the following. Give reason for your answer. No. Situation Type of Insurance Reason for type of insurance chosen 1 A factory engaged in manufacturing a highly inflammable
  • 12. product. 2 A firm employing six sales reps. each of whom drives a company car. 3 A business employing people handling a large amount of cash. 4 A partner in a firm of lawyers. 5 Mrs. Jones wants a policy that would enable her to benefit from the proceeds during her lifetime. 6 Edmond wants to insurance his business against possible theft by public.