This document provides an overview of trends in computing and ethical issues. It discusses topics like AI, VR, augmented reality, IoT, and associated social impacts and ethical concerns. Specific applications of emerging technologies are covered by different students. The document also summarizes key issues around intellectual property rights, data protection, software piracy, free and open source software, cyber crimes and laws.

1. Trends in computing and ethical
issues
YEAR - 2021-22

2. SUBTOPICS NAMES
AI MADHUR
APPLICATION OF AI AADRITA
VR AARAV JOSAN , PALAK
AUGMENTED REALITY ANANYA
IOT MAYANK
SOCIAL IMPACT AND ETHICAL ISSUES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS
KHUSHI,PEHEL
DATA PROTECTION ON THE INTERNET
SOFTWARE PIRACY
CHENGAPPA
FREE SOFTWARE
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
ADIT UNNI , MEETH
GPL,SPAM POORVI
CYBER CRIME,CYBER LAWS YASH
NETIQUETTE AADIT VISHAL, YEVA

3. Research in AI has focused chiefly on the following components of intelligence:
learning
reasoning
problem solving
perception
using language

4. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a
computer to do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require
human intelligence and discernment.
The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed
with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to
reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience.
The term ‘artificial intelligence’ was coined by John McCarthy.

6. AI can help us in the following ways.
AI can help make driving easier and safer.
AI can transform the way students can learn in schools and colleges.
AI can help us become more energy efficient.
AI can help in gathering data and collecting information.
And more….

7. Applications of AI
Artificial Intelligence is used in Healthcare, Transportation, Banks, the Gaming
Industry etc. The following slides focus on a few specific interesting applications
Aadrita

8. Journalism
AI journalism involves softwares collecting, interpreting, and transforming huge amounts of data into
comprehensible text. It’s used primarily in data based fields like sports game reports, weather reports
etc.
For example, here is a report of an earthquake automatically generated by a software application called
QuakeBot:
Aadrita

9. In Search Algorithms
When you make a search, Artificial Intelligence is used to determine things like:
● Scope of the query
● Closest Synonyms
● Language
● Locality
● Freshness
Aadrita

10. Accessibility
● Virtual Assistants
● Text-to-Speech software
● Image Description generators
● Transcription apps
● Self-Driving Cars
● Translators
Aadrita

11. Healthcare
● AI in healthcare is often used to automate the initial evaluation of a CT scan or EKG or to identify high-
risk patients
● Microsoft has developed AI to help doctors find the right treatments for cancer. Microsoft is working on
a project to develop a machine called "Hanover" Its goal is to memorize all the papers necessary to
cancer and help predict which combinations of drugs will be most effective for each patient.
● One study was done with transfer learning, the machine performed a diagnosis similarly to a well-
trained ophthalmologist, and could generate a decision within 30 seconds on whether or not the
patient should be referred for treatment, with more than 95% accuracy.
● According to CNN, a recent study by surgeons at the Children's National Medical Center in
Washington successfully demonstrated surgery with an autonomous robot.
Aadrita

12. GPL and spam.
The General Public License (GPL) is a popular and widely used free software license originally written by
Richard Stallman for the GNU project. It permits people to use and redistribute the software without being
required to pay anyone a fee for doing so. You can modify the software and create derivative work, without
having to ask for permission. This is different from the permissive free software licences, for example, the BSD
licences.
SPAM is any sort of unsolicited digital communication that is sent out in bulk, often via email. It can also be sent
via text messages and phone calls. They often contain commercial advertising and can also be dangerous since
they may contain links that lead to phishing websites or sites that are hosting malware. Spam not only wastes our
time but also occupies the memory space of the system and can cause serious problems. Some useful antivirus
software that can help stop spam are Spam attack, Spam Hater etc. Avoid reading Emails, messages and picking
up calls from unknown senders.

13. Virtual Reality
Virtual reality simply put is an environment created digitally by computers mirroring actual environment.
The sounds, visuals etc appear to be so real that the user believes and accepts it as the real environment.
Thus, the term virtual reality means near reality.
Currently, standard virtual reality systems use either virtual reality headsets or multi-projected
environments to generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that simulate a user's physical
presence in a virtual environment. All of these are created by a computer. A person using virtual reality
equipment is able to look around the artificial world, move around in it, and interact with virtual features
or items.

14. Uses and Examples of VR
● The simplest example is the use of VR in the entertainment industry, particularly in gaming.
Sony, the makers of the playstation introduced the Playstation VR headset(PSVR) in
October 2016. It uses high quality oled screens paired with sensors which sense your
movement and simulate the environment according to that. Pair it with the playstation
controller and your favourite game and you are sure to lose yourself in a virtually created
environment. CLICK HERE FOR THE OFFICIAL PROMOTIONAL VIDEO OF THE PSVR.
● Smaash, a famous gaming arena uses Virtual Reality and pairs it with fun games and
activities, making sure you enjoy the time you spend with them

15. Uses and Examples of VR
● Therapeutic virtual reality (VR), the use of the immersive, computer-
generated technology in medicine. your doctor can prescribe a visit to a
VR world to ease your pain or anxiety or to explain a complex medical
procedure or condition. VR can also be used to train medical students
and also provide an environment for them to practice their skills in.
● Virtual reality is used as a training aid in many sports such as golf,
athletics, skiing, cycling etc. It is used as an aid to measuring athletic
performance as well as analysing technique and is designed to help with
both of these.

16. Advantages of Virtual Reality
Safe Practice / Simulation:With VR technology, one can say that the opportunity to conduct training and
practice by simulating potentially dangerous real-world operations like surgery, combat, flight, etc.would
simply be the best practical advantage of this technology.
Helps with Impressive Visualization: You can be sure about the greatness of virtual reality. It helps in
exploring various facts and can even alternate the level of experience. If you wear a VR headset, you can
experience the best quality visualizations.

17. Disadvantages of Virtual Reality
● Expensive: Even though Virtual Reality is one of the most prominent technologies that we can find out there, it is still expensive for
people.The main reason why Virtual Reality is so expensive is because of the different advanced features that are associated with it.
● Isolated:After spending significant amounts of time in the virtual world, one becomes addicted to it and tend to enjoy it
more there than in the real world. Thus, they spend more time with their friends in the virtual world like in games. This
eventually leads them to become isolated from the real world.
● Getting Addicted:The most common disadvantage associated with Virtual Reality is the addiction to it. People who
experiment with Virtual Reality will often find themselves spending hours with technology. This can create a negative impact
on people.

18. SOCIAL IMPACT AND
ETHICAL ISSUES
With the advancement of Information Technology
(IT) , the world is witnessing vast changes. IT helps
us to make new inventions and discoveries.
At the same time we also come across with many
ethical dilemmas while using IT. Therefore , we
should ensure that the information or technology
is not misused to make any negative impact on the
society and people , at large.

19. Intellectual property rights
Intellectual Property Rights means the
‘OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS’ , which is created by
using the skills and mental ability of a person. The
development of a software mainly requires the
ability to create first-hand knowledge, which is
unique.the software/program originally
developed by a person(s), becomes the
intellectual property of that person(s). The
intellectual software has the following
properties:
1)Software copyright
2)Software patents
3)Trademark

20. Piracy
Online piracy is the practice of downloading and distributing copyrighted content digitally
without permission, such as music or software. Although the idea behind piracy has
predated the creation of the web, its popularity arose alongside the internet.
One of the earliest recorded acts of unauthorised content copying was when fourteen-
year-old Mozart visited the Sistine Chapel around 1771 and heard Allegri's Miserere being
performed.The piece's sheet-music was owned by three people: Leopold I, Holy Roman
Emperor, John V of Portugal, and Giovanni Battista Martini. After having heard it once
Mozart went back to his hotel and transcribed the entire piece from memory. In the
months following his transcription publication, Mozart's fame for the act had gotten so
high that Pope Clement XIV summoned him to Rome in order to grant him papal
knighthood.

21. The Pros and Cons
PROS CONS
● Helps in preservation of software ● Small Developers aren't supported
and project might get abandoned
● Offers resource like textbooks and
courses for free
● Companies have to spend extra for
expensive DRMs
● Pushes companies to offer better
services
● Content creators lose out on profit
● Allows users to use software
without supporting unjust
corporations
● Hurts indie projects from gaining
momentum

22. In its Defense
Piracy gives user the ability to use software without supporting companies they don’t agree with like
Activision Blizzard. With current harassment lawsuits most people don't feel comfortable playing their
games even though their livelihoods depend on it.
Also as it turns out piracy doesn't hurt profits: The EU Suppressed a 300-Page Study That Found Piracy
Doesn’t Harm Sales
At the end of the day seeing piracy like a crime because it causes “losses” for a company like considering
window shopping a crime. Most people who would have spent money on a product do.

23. Augmented Reality
The word “augment” according to the cambridge dictionary is “to increase the value of
something by adding something to it” and that is what augmented reality is all about. It alters
the reality by adding digital aspects to it.It allows us to experience an enhanced version of
the reality.
In the AR technology,the 3D graphics would appear from the viewpoint of the camera and
superimpose the computer generated images over the user’s view of the real world.
Medical imaging,Snapchat,GPS(when locating),Pokemon go are some of the uses of
Augmented reality.

24. Free Software
“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community.
Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study,
change and improve the software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not
price.
A program is free software if the program's users have the four essential freedoms.

25. 4 Essential freedoms
The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose.
The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing
as you wish.
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others.
The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.

26. Netiquette
netiquette, abbreviation of Internet etiquette or network etiquette,They
are basically guidelines for courteous communication in the online environment.
It simply means the use of good manners in online communication such as email,
blogs and social networking sites.
The following slide talks about some basic rules of Netiquette

27. Some Basic Rules of Netiquette
● Use Respectful Language
● Respect People's Privacy
● Avoid spamming
● Give credit to original creator
● Fact Check Before Reposting
● Know where you are in your cyberspace

28. Cyber Crime and Cyber Laws
Cyber crime is a term which is broadly used to describe any criminal activity , in which computers and computer
networks are used as a tool. This includes crime like hacking, espionage, theft of intellectual property, etc.
Threatening emails, identity theft, harassment, spam and phishing are some examples where computers are used
to commit the crime .
Viruses, industrial espionage, software piracy and hacking are some examples where computers become the
target of the crime.

29. Major cyber crimes reported in India are :
● Hacking
● Spamming and phishing
● Denial of Service Attack.

30. Cyber laws in India
Section 65 - Tampering with computer source documents :
A person who intentionally conceals, destroys or alters any computer source code (such as programmes, computer
commands, design and layout), when it is required to be maintained by law commits an offence and can be punished with 3
years’ imprisonment or a fine of 2 Lakhs INR or both.
Section 66 F - Acts of Cyber terrorism :
A person can face life imprisonment if he/she denies an authorized person the access to the computer resource or attempts to
penetrate/access a computer resource without authorization, with an aim to threaten the unity, integrity, security or sovereignty
of the nation. This is a non-bailable offence.

31. Section 69- Govt’s power to block websites :
If the government feel it necessary in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of India, it can intercept, monitor or decrypt any
information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer resource. The power is subject to compliance of
procedure. Under section 69A, the central government can also block any information from public access.
Section 43A - Data protection at Corporate level :
If a body corporate is negligent in implementing reasonable security practices which causes wrongful loss or gain to any
person, such body corporate shall be liable to pay damages to the affection person.