This document discusses research and development (R&D) expenditures and activities around the world. It notes that the United States spends the most on R&D, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. R&D is important for developing new products, gaining intellectual property, and remaining competitive. The document also provides suggestions for how India can improve its R&D efforts, such as by establishing more school and university research departments, focusing funding on key issues, and improving international collaboration.

1. R&D Development
By Umang jani.

2. Importance of R&D
Increase the intellectual property of
Country.
Increase the revenue.
Knowledge hub.

3. Super power Nations
Rank
Country/Reg
ion
Expenditures
on R&D
(billions
of US$, PPP)
%
of GDP PPP
Year
1 United States 405.3 2.7% 2011
2 China 296.8 1.97% 2012
3 Japan 160.3 3.67% 2011
4 Germany 69.5 2.3% 2011
5 South Korea 55.8 3.74% 2011
6 France 42.2 1.9% 2011
7
United
Kingdom
38.4 1.7% 2011
8 India 36.1 0.9% 2011
Countries’ Expenditure on R&D.

4. R&D Use
 New product design and development is more often than not a crucial factor in the
survival of a company. In an industry that is changing fast, firms must continually
revise their design and range of products. This is necessary due to continuous
technology change and development as well as other competitors and the
changing preference of customers. Without a R&D program, a firm must rely
on strategic alliances, acquisitions, and networks to tap into the innovations of others.
 A system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and only
produces goods that are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which
establishes what is needed. If the development is technology driven then R&D is
directed toward developing that market research indicates will meet an unmet
need.
 In general, R&D activities are conducted by specialized units or centers belonging to
a company, or can be out-sourced to a contract research organization, universities,
or state agencies. In the context of commerce, "research and development"
normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in science or technology,
using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes
and with broad forecasts of commercial yield.

5. India’s Current position in R&D
 FICCI, in partnership with Department of Science and Technology
(DST), Government of India, has been organizing India R&D
conferences on an annual basis. Previous editions of the event met
with incredible success in terms of sensitizing the industry, R&D
institutes and investors on various issues influencing the growth of
India's science and technology.
 The program focused on the following themes- “India as World's
Knowledge Hub of the Future” (2005); “Commercialization of
Innovation: Mind to Market” (2006); “Innovation - Advantage India”
(2007); Nanotechnology- Science of the Future (2008); ICT
Innovations (2009); Geospatial Technologies (2009).

6. Ideas To Improve R&D
 Instead of Budget Making we should focus on Policy
Making.
 Reform Government Policies.
 We should create an environment of enthusiasm by
forming School level R&D department for students.
 A Separate Research Department in Schools and
Universities.
 Even we can Provide Blog of R&D.

7. Ideas To Improve R&D
 Each District should have institutions which develop
interest in Science.
 E.g.: Science city of Ahmedabad.
 There should be high-tech open access R&D centers.
 District write Review Research Journals.
 Increase in number of fellowships for experiment
conductivity.
 It should be Compulsory for each institution [ UGS, PG,
PhD] having its own R&D center.

8. Ideas To Improve R&D
 Research Channels should be in direct contact with
government authorities for strategy making, policy making,
budget making.
 As Railway budget sessions and Financial budget sessions
each year, There should be R&D sessions in the Parliament,
which concerns about budgets in R&D, problems in R&D,
“Practical Implement” of R&D and Future planning of R&D.
 Focusing on Primary issues like Health care, Information and
technology, Crude oil, Automobile, Production, Defense etc.
instead of ISRO missions.

9. International Aspects
 It is well established in the literature that there are intra- and inter-sectoral
knowledge spillovers, which are national and cross-border, and mean that the social
rate of return from R&D exceeds the private rate of return. It is essential to take such
spillovers into account when examining in the SIMPATIC project the Europe-wide
impact of R&D policies. One of the challenges is to include estimates of intra-
industry, inter-industry and international spillovers in order to assess the country- and
Europe-wide productivity and growth effects of R&D policies and R&D multipliers.
 The literature on (international) R&D spillovers and the various methods for measuring
such spillovers that have been proposed. The review suggests a number of stylized
facts that indicators of knowledge spillover should take into account. These stylized
facts relate to the importance of the strength of the technology at the source of the
spillover, the absorptive capacity of the receiver of the spillover, the potentially
negative R&D spillovers if firms are direct competitors on product markets, the
possibility of two-way international knowledge flows arising from foreign direct
investment, and the often ignored effects of spillovers from customers to suppliers.
Spillovers are also partly endogenous, because firms position themselves as best they
can to benefit from technology spillovers.

10. How to improve R&D?
Techno fairs, Exhibitions & etc.
International Conferences.
Competition.
Special Event On Science & Technology
Awareness through Updates

11. How to improve R&D?
Study of Ancient literature of our country
like Ayurveda.
Development of a Cell on Literature.
Involve students, scientists, academics,
industries and committees in this Cell

12. Organizations which Promotes R&D
 DST
 CSIR
 PPP
 III
 WHO
 GUJ
 CFF IPRA

13. Thank You