This document provides an outline and overview of key topics related to data structures and algorithms that will be covered in an ECE 250 course, including different types of memory allocation (contiguous, linked, indexed), examples of basic data structures (arrays, linked lists, trees), analysis of algorithm runtimes for different operations (find, insert, erase) on various data structures, and a brief overview of subsequent topics to be addressed in the course like asymptotic analysis, specific linearly ordered and relation-free data structures, sorting algorithms, and algorithm design techniques.
This document discusses data structures and their organization in computer memory. It defines a data structure as a way of storing and organizing data in memory for efficient use. There are two main types of data structures - linear and non-linear. Linear data structures like arrays and linked lists represent sequential relationships, while non-linear structures like trees and graphs represent hierarchical relationships. Memory can be allocated contiguously, linked, or indexed to implement different data structure formats. Common examples discussed are arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
Data structures and algorithms short note (version 14).pdNimmi Weeraddana
The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses why data structures are needed, common measurements of efficiency, and the costs of algorithms. It defines abstract and concrete data structures, and provides examples of stacks and queues as abstract data types that can be implemented using concrete data structures like arrays. It also discusses algorithms for operations like sorting, searching, insertion and removal. Overall, the document serves as an introductory overview of key concepts in data structures and algorithms.
This document discusses different data structures and their implementation. It describes linear data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks and queues that store elements sequentially and non-linear structures like trees and graphs that store elements non-sequentially. It also discusses abstract data types, static and dynamic implementation of data structures, and built-in versus user defined data structures. Real life applications of different data structures are provided.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses data structures and their importance in computer programming. It defines a data structure as a scheme for organizing related data that considers both the items stored and their relationships. Data structures are used to store data efficiently and allow for operations like searching and modifying the data. The document outlines common data structure types like arrays, lists, matrices, and linked lists. It also discusses abstract data types and how they are implemented through data structures. The goals of the course are to learn commonly used data structures and how to measure the costs and benefits of different structures.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are also summarized. Finally, the document introduces abstract data types and provides examples of common ADT specifications for lists, stacks and queues.
The document provides an overview and syllabus for a course on fundamentals of data structures. It covers topics such as linear and non-linear data structures including arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. It describes various data types in C like integers, floating-point numbers, characters and enumerated types. It also discusses operations on different data structures and analyzing algorithm complexity.
This document discusses data structures and their organization in computer memory. It defines a data structure as a way of storing and organizing data in memory for efficient use. There are two main types of data structures - linear and non-linear. Linear data structures like arrays and linked lists represent sequential relationships, while non-linear structures like trees and graphs represent hierarchical relationships. Memory can be allocated contiguously, linked, or indexed to implement different data structure formats. Common examples discussed are arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.
Data structures and algorithms short note (version 14).pdNimmi Weeraddana
The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses why data structures are needed, common measurements of efficiency, and the costs of algorithms. It defines abstract and concrete data structures, and provides examples of stacks and queues as abstract data types that can be implemented using concrete data structures like arrays. It also discusses algorithms for operations like sorting, searching, insertion and removal. Overall, the document serves as an introductory overview of key concepts in data structures and algorithms.
This document discusses different data structures and their implementation. It describes linear data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks and queues that store elements sequentially and non-linear structures like trees and graphs that store elements non-sequentially. It also discusses abstract data types, static and dynamic implementation of data structures, and built-in versus user defined data structures. Real life applications of different data structures are provided.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses data structures and their importance in computer programming. It defines a data structure as a scheme for organizing related data that considers both the items stored and their relationships. Data structures are used to store data efficiently and allow for operations like searching and modifying the data. The document outlines common data structure types like arrays, lists, matrices, and linked lists. It also discusses abstract data types and how they are implemented through data structures. The goals of the course are to learn commonly used data structures and how to measure the costs and benefits of different structures.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are also summarized. Finally, the document introduces abstract data types and provides examples of common ADT specifications for lists, stacks and queues.
The document provides an overview and syllabus for a course on fundamentals of data structures. It covers topics such as linear and non-linear data structures including arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. It describes various data types in C like integers, floating-point numbers, characters and enumerated types. It also discusses operations on different data structures and analyzing algorithm complexity.
This document provides an overview of different database models and concepts. It discusses flat file/sequential, hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented database models. For each model, it describes the basic concepts, examples, advantages and disadvantages. Key concepts covered include entities, attributes, relationships, normalization, data redundancy, and database management systems.
Summer Training Project On Data Structure & AlgorithmsKAUSHAL KUMAR JHA
This whole DSA course focus on giving the insight of different kind of data structures that could be used while dealing with a variety of data that needs to be stored depending upon the circumstances.
The course also focus on how to reduce the complexity of a code by teaching us the variety of approaches that could be employed for a solving the same problem such that the complexity reduces greatly in terms of time and space.
The document discusses data structures and their operations. It defines data structures as the logical organization of data and divides them into linear and non-linear structures. Linear structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues which store elements sequentially. Non-linear structures include trees and graphs which have indirect relationships between elements. Common operations on data structures include traversing, searching, insertion, deletion, sorting, and merging. The complexity of algorithms is also discussed in terms of time and space requirements. Elementary data organization involves grouping data into items, records, and files to structure information.
Summer training project on Data structures and algorithms.pptxlavkumar420720
This document summarizes Aashish Kumar Jangir's summer training project on data structures and algorithms. It includes his name, registration number, course code, and a link to his course completion certificate. It then provides brief definitions of data structures and examples like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. The rest of the document outlines topics covered during the training, including mathematics, bit manipulation, recursion, searching, sorting, strings, trees, graphs, and dynamic programming. It concludes by stating the key skills and competencies learned are discussing and evaluating solutions, proving algorithms are correct, and assessing runtime complexity.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are also summarized such as traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. Finally, abstract data types and examples of common ADTs like lists, stacks and queues are introduced.
The document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as collections of data organized in a way that allows efficient access and modification. Algorithms are sets of instructions to solve problems or accomplish tasks. Common categories of algorithms include sort, search, delete, insert, and update. Data structures can be classified as primitive, linear, or non-linear. Linear structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues while non-linear structures include trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are searching, insertion, deletion, traversing, sorting, and merging.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Data Structures course. It discusses topics that will be covered including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. It also outlines the course grading breakdown and covers basic terminology related to data structures such as data, data items, records, and files. Common data structure operations like traversing, searching, inserting, and deleting are also defined. Lastly, it provides guidance on selecting appropriate data structures based on the problem constraints and required operations.
This document describes different types of relationships that can exist between objects stored in containers, including linear orderings, hierarchical orderings, partial orderings, and equivalence relations. Linear orderings allow objects to be sorted, like numbers or letters. Hierarchical orderings represent part-whole relationships, like directories in a file system. Partial orderings have prerequisites but no single root, like course dependencies. Equivalence relations group objects with the same attribute, like gender. The document provides examples and operations for each relationship type.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus and topics covered in a data structures course, including data structure types, operations, and selecting appropriate data structures. It discusses linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, non-linear structures like trees and graphs, and operations like traversing, searching, inserting, and deleting. The goals of the course are to prepare students for advanced courses and teach implementing operations on different data structures using algorithms.
The document describes data structures and arrays. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory. Arrays are described as a basic linear data structure that stores elements at contiguous memory locations that can be accessed using an index. The disadvantages of arrays include a fixed size, slow insertion and deletion, and needing to shift elements to insert in the middle.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms.pdfAxmedcarb
Data structures provide an efficient way to store and organize data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. They allow programmers to handle data in an enhanced way, improving software performance. There are linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures include insertion, deletion, searching, sorting, and merging. Asymptotic analysis is used to define the time complexity of algorithms in the average, best, and worst cases.
This document discusses data structures and their applications. It defines objects, classes, inheritance, and interfaces. It discusses the major data structures used in relational database management systems, network data models, and hierarchical data models. It also discusses linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs. It provides examples of linear and non-linear data structures as well as static and dynamic data structures.
The document provides information about data structures, including definitions of key terms, examples of different data structure types, and operations that can be performed on data structures.
It begins by defining a data structure as a collection of elements and operations on those elements. Linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists are described, where elements are arranged sequentially. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs are also mentioned.
Common operations on data structures include creation, insertion, deletion, searching, sorting, and reversing elements. Abstract data types are defined, and several applications of data structures in areas like operating systems, databases, and artificial intelligence are listed. Specific data structure types like linked lists, stacks, and queues are then defined
This document provides an overview and introduction to data structures. It discusses key terminology like data, data items, and fields. It also covers different types of data structures like linear (arrays, linked lists) and non-linear (trees, graphs) structures. Common data structure operations like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are explained. The document stresses the importance of selecting the appropriate data structure based on the problem and required operations. It also briefly discusses algorithm design, implementation, testing, and analysis of time and space complexity.
This document provides lecture notes on data structures that cover key topics including:
- Classifying data structures as simple, compound, linear, and non-linear and providing examples.
- Defining abstract data types and algorithms, and explaining their structure and properties.
- Discussing approaches for designing algorithms and issues related to time and space complexity.
- Covering searching techniques like linear search and sorting techniques including bubble sort, selection sort, and quick sort.
- Describing linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists and non-linear structures like trees and graphs.
Data Structures & Recursion-Introduction.pdfMaryJacob24
This document provides an introduction to data structures and recursion. It defines data structures as organized collections of data and discusses common data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. Data structures are classified as primitive (like integers and characters) or non-primitive (like arrays and linked lists). Non-primitive structures are further divided into linear (arrays, linked lists) and non-linear (trees, graphs). Memory allocation techniques like static and dynamic allocation are also covered. The document concludes with an overview of recursion, including direct and indirect recursion, and examples of recursive functions like factorial and Fibonacci.
This document discusses data structures. It defines data as information stored in computers in various formats like numeric, non-numeric, and character. Data structures organize data in a way that allows for efficient operations. The simplest data structure is a variable, but arrays and structures allow storing multiple data. Linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists as well as non-linear ones like trees and graphs support insertion, deletion and other operations better than variables and arrays. Data structures are used in nearly all programs and software to efficiently store and manipulate customer, contact, and other user data.
This document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It discusses topics like arrays, stacks, queues, sparse matrices, and analysis of algorithms. Key points include:
- Arrays allow storing elements in contiguous memory locations and accessing via indexes. Representations include one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and sparse arrays.
- Stacks follow LIFO while queues follow FIFO using operations like push, pop for stacks and enqueue, dequeue for queues.
- Sparse matrices store only non-zero elements to save space using representations like triplet format and linked lists.
- Algorithm analysis includes asymptotic analysis of time and space complexity using notations like Big O. Performance of common operations on data structures is also
This document provides an overview of a 16-week course on data structures and algorithms. It includes the following key points:
- The course covers a range of data structures (e.g. arrays, linked lists, trees) and algorithms (e.g. sorting, searching).
- Assessment is based on assignments, quizzes, midterm, and final exam.
- Each week covers a different data structure or algorithm topic, such as arrays, linked lists, sorting, trees, graphs, and shortest paths.
- The course learning objectives are to understand fundamental data structures, analyze time/space complexities, and select appropriate algorithms for applications.
The document discusses key concepts in relational data models including entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints. It provides examples of each concept and explains how they are the basic building blocks used to structure data in a relational database. Specific types of entities, attributes, relationships and their properties are defined, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental concepts in relational data modeling.
This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses that Python was created in 1991, is an interpreted language useful for scripting, and is used by many companies and organizations. It also gives instructions on installing Python on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux systems. Finally, it demonstrates some basic Python concepts like print statements, comments, functions, and whitespace significance through simple code examples.
More Related Content
Similar to 2.02.Data_structures_and_algorithms (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of different database models and concepts. It discusses flat file/sequential, hierarchical, network, relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented database models. For each model, it describes the basic concepts, examples, advantages and disadvantages. Key concepts covered include entities, attributes, relationships, normalization, data redundancy, and database management systems.
Summer Training Project On Data Structure & AlgorithmsKAUSHAL KUMAR JHA
This whole DSA course focus on giving the insight of different kind of data structures that could be used while dealing with a variety of data that needs to be stored depending upon the circumstances.
The course also focus on how to reduce the complexity of a code by teaching us the variety of approaches that could be employed for a solving the same problem such that the complexity reduces greatly in terms of time and space.
The document discusses data structures and their operations. It defines data structures as the logical organization of data and divides them into linear and non-linear structures. Linear structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues which store elements sequentially. Non-linear structures include trees and graphs which have indirect relationships between elements. Common operations on data structures include traversing, searching, insertion, deletion, sorting, and merging. The complexity of algorithms is also discussed in terms of time and space requirements. Elementary data organization involves grouping data into items, records, and files to structure information.
Summer training project on Data structures and algorithms.pptxlavkumar420720
This document summarizes Aashish Kumar Jangir's summer training project on data structures and algorithms. It includes his name, registration number, course code, and a link to his course completion certificate. It then provides brief definitions of data structures and examples like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. The rest of the document outlines topics covered during the training, including mathematics, bit manipulation, recursion, searching, sorting, strings, trees, graphs, and dynamic programming. It concludes by stating the key skills and competencies learned are discussing and evaluating solutions, proving algorithms are correct, and assessing runtime complexity.
This document provides an introduction to data structures. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data structures and their classifications. Linear data structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists are covered, along with non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are also summarized such as traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. Finally, abstract data types and examples of common ADTs like lists, stacks and queues are introduced.
The document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It defines data structures as collections of data organized in a way that allows efficient access and modification. Algorithms are sets of instructions to solve problems or accomplish tasks. Common categories of algorithms include sort, search, delete, insert, and update. Data structures can be classified as primitive, linear, or non-linear. Linear structures include arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues while non-linear structures include trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures are searching, insertion, deletion, traversing, sorting, and merging.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Data Structures course. It discusses topics that will be covered including arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs. It also outlines the course grading breakdown and covers basic terminology related to data structures such as data, data items, records, and files. Common data structure operations like traversing, searching, inserting, and deleting are also defined. Lastly, it provides guidance on selecting appropriate data structures based on the problem constraints and required operations.
This document describes different types of relationships that can exist between objects stored in containers, including linear orderings, hierarchical orderings, partial orderings, and equivalence relations. Linear orderings allow objects to be sorted, like numbers or letters. Hierarchical orderings represent part-whole relationships, like directories in a file system. Partial orderings have prerequisites but no single root, like course dependencies. Equivalence relations group objects with the same attribute, like gender. The document provides examples and operations for each relationship type.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus and topics covered in a data structures course, including data structure types, operations, and selecting appropriate data structures. It discusses linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, non-linear structures like trees and graphs, and operations like traversing, searching, inserting, and deleting. The goals of the course are to prepare students for advanced courses and teach implementing operations on different data structures using algorithms.
The document describes data structures and arrays. It defines a data structure as a particular way of organizing data in computer memory. Arrays are described as a basic linear data structure that stores elements at contiguous memory locations that can be accessed using an index. The disadvantages of arrays include a fixed size, slow insertion and deletion, and needing to shift elements to insert in the middle.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms.pdfAxmedcarb
Data structures provide an efficient way to store and organize data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. They allow programmers to handle data in an enhanced way, improving software performance. There are linear data structures like arrays and linked lists, and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Common operations on data structures include insertion, deletion, searching, sorting, and merging. Asymptotic analysis is used to define the time complexity of algorithms in the average, best, and worst cases.
This document discusses data structures and their applications. It defines objects, classes, inheritance, and interfaces. It discusses the major data structures used in relational database management systems, network data models, and hierarchical data models. It also discusses linked lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs. It provides examples of linear and non-linear data structures as well as static and dynamic data structures.
The document provides information about data structures, including definitions of key terms, examples of different data structure types, and operations that can be performed on data structures.
It begins by defining a data structure as a collection of elements and operations on those elements. Linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists are described, where elements are arranged sequentially. Non-linear structures like trees and graphs are also mentioned.
Common operations on data structures include creation, insertion, deletion, searching, sorting, and reversing elements. Abstract data types are defined, and several applications of data structures in areas like operating systems, databases, and artificial intelligence are listed. Specific data structure types like linked lists, stacks, and queues are then defined
This document provides an overview and introduction to data structures. It discusses key terminology like data, data items, and fields. It also covers different types of data structures like linear (arrays, linked lists) and non-linear (trees, graphs) structures. Common data structure operations like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting are explained. The document stresses the importance of selecting the appropriate data structure based on the problem and required operations. It also briefly discusses algorithm design, implementation, testing, and analysis of time and space complexity.
This document provides lecture notes on data structures that cover key topics including:
- Classifying data structures as simple, compound, linear, and non-linear and providing examples.
- Defining abstract data types and algorithms, and explaining their structure and properties.
- Discussing approaches for designing algorithms and issues related to time and space complexity.
- Covering searching techniques like linear search and sorting techniques including bubble sort, selection sort, and quick sort.
- Describing linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists and non-linear structures like trees and graphs.
Data Structures & Recursion-Introduction.pdfMaryJacob24
This document provides an introduction to data structures and recursion. It defines data structures as organized collections of data and discusses common data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues. Data structures are classified as primitive (like integers and characters) or non-primitive (like arrays and linked lists). Non-primitive structures are further divided into linear (arrays, linked lists) and non-linear (trees, graphs). Memory allocation techniques like static and dynamic allocation are also covered. The document concludes with an overview of recursion, including direct and indirect recursion, and examples of recursive functions like factorial and Fibonacci.
This document discusses data structures. It defines data as information stored in computers in various formats like numeric, non-numeric, and character. Data structures organize data in a way that allows for efficient operations. The simplest data structure is a variable, but arrays and structures allow storing multiple data. Linear data structures like stacks, queues, and linked lists as well as non-linear ones like trees and graphs support insertion, deletion and other operations better than variables and arrays. Data structures are used in nearly all programs and software to efficiently store and manipulate customer, contact, and other user data.
This document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It discusses topics like arrays, stacks, queues, sparse matrices, and analysis of algorithms. Key points include:
- Arrays allow storing elements in contiguous memory locations and accessing via indexes. Representations include one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and sparse arrays.
- Stacks follow LIFO while queues follow FIFO using operations like push, pop for stacks and enqueue, dequeue for queues.
- Sparse matrices store only non-zero elements to save space using representations like triplet format and linked lists.
- Algorithm analysis includes asymptotic analysis of time and space complexity using notations like Big O. Performance of common operations on data structures is also
This document provides an overview of a 16-week course on data structures and algorithms. It includes the following key points:
- The course covers a range of data structures (e.g. arrays, linked lists, trees) and algorithms (e.g. sorting, searching).
- Assessment is based on assignments, quizzes, midterm, and final exam.
- Each week covers a different data structure or algorithm topic, such as arrays, linked lists, sorting, trees, graphs, and shortest paths.
- The course learning objectives are to understand fundamental data structures, analyze time/space complexities, and select appropriate algorithms for applications.
The document discusses key concepts in relational data models including entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints. It provides examples of each concept and explains how they are the basic building blocks used to structure data in a relational database. Specific types of entities, attributes, relationships and their properties are defined, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationships. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to fundamental concepts in relational data modeling.
Similar to 2.02.Data_structures_and_algorithms (1).pptx (20)
This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses that Python was created in 1991, is an interpreted language useful for scripting, and is used by many companies and organizations. It also gives instructions on installing Python on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux systems. Finally, it demonstrates some basic Python concepts like print statements, comments, functions, and whitespace significance through simple code examples.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing the runtime of algorithms asymptotically. It discusses how machine instructions each take a fixed amount of time, so basic operations have O(1) runtime. Control structures like loops can affect runtime - for example, a for loop over an array of size n takes O(n) time. Different algorithms are analyzed and compared asymptotically, like some sorting algorithms taking O(n log n) time while others take O(n^2) time. Understanding asymptotic runtime allows predicting how algorithms scale to larger inputs.
Informed search algorithms aim to be smarter than blind search about which paths to explore by using an evaluation function to estimate the cost to the goal for each node, with best-first search always expanding the node with the lowest estimated cost; A* search combines the cost so far and estimated remaining cost to provide an optimal search when the heuristic is admissible or consistent; pattern database heuristics derive more accurate estimates of moves required by solving subproblems exactly and combining the solutions.
This document discusses processes and threads. It begins by defining processes and describing their states, creation, termination, and hierarchies. It then defines threads as components within processes that can run concurrently. Various methods for implementing and scheduling threads are described, including in user space, kernel space, and hybrid approaches. Interprocess communication techniques like critical sections, semaphores, mutexes, monitors, and message passing are covered. Classical synchronization problems like the dining philosophers, readers/writers, and sleeping barber are also summarized along with their solutions.
This document discusses different number systems including positional and non-positional. It describes the decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems. For each system it provides the base, symbols used, and examples of converting values between the systems. Key points covered include how positional number systems represent values based on the symbol's place, and algorithms for converting between bases for both integral and fractional values.
This document contains information about a Data Structures and Algorithms course taught by Professor Yusuf Sahillioğlu at Middle East Technical University. It provides details about the course objectives, textbook, grading breakdown, course outline covering topics like sorting, lists, trees and graphs, and motivational examples demonstrating how data structures can be used to efficiently store and process data. It also introduces some basic C++ concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation and information hiding that will be used in the course.
This document discusses binary search trees (BSTs). It defines BSTs as binary trees where the value in each node is greater than all values in its left subtree and less than all values in its right subtree. It explains that searches, insertions and deletions in balanced BSTs have O(log n) complexity on average. The document provides pseudocode and examples for searching, inserting, and removing nodes from a BST. It also discusses how the shape and balance of a BST can impact performance of the operations.
This document summarizes a lecture on programming techniques for teams and software processes. The lecture discusses tips for partitioning tasks across team members either functionally or by task. It emphasizes the importance of communication through documentation, source control tools, and continuous integration and testing. The lecture then covers the waterfall software development process, which involves sequential phases from requirements to design to implementation and testing. However, it notes that pure waterfall is rarely used for software due to long timelines and lack of feedback.
This document provides an introduction to the CS351 Software Engineering course taught by Michael Oudshoorn and Ray Babcock. It outlines the course structure, objectives, assessment, expectations and indicative topics. The course will involve lectures, tutorials and a large individual project. Students are expected to spend around 130 hours over the semester gaining experience in software engineering practices and skills.
This document provides an introduction to MATLAB and Simulink. It discusses what can be gained from learning MATLAB/Simulink, including being able to solve simple problems and explore the software. The contents include an overview of built-in functions, getting started, vectors and matrices, and modeling examples in MATLAB and Simulink. It also covers M-files, script and functions, and provides examples of basic operations in MATLAB like arithmetic on matrices and accessing matrix elements.
The document provides an overview of AWS Free Tier and key AWS services. It discusses how AWS provides global infrastructure across multiple regions and availability zones to provide high availability and meet regulatory requirements. Key services summarized include IAM for access control, S3 for object storage, EC2 for virtual servers, EBS for block storage, load balancers, CloudWatch for monitoring, auto scaling, RDS for databases, VPC for virtual networks, and the AWS CLI.
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit ParisNeo4j
Dr. Jesús Barrasa, Head of Solutions Architecture for EMEA, Neo4j
Découvrez les dernières innovations de Neo4j, et notamment les dernières intégrations cloud et les améliorations produits qui font de Neo4j un choix essentiel pour les développeurs qui créent des applications avec des données interconnectées et de l’IA générative.
Neo4j - Product Vision and Knowledge Graphs - GraphSummit ParisNeo4j
Dr. Jesús Barrasa, Head of Solutions Architecture for EMEA, Neo4j
Découvrez les dernières innovations de Neo4j, et notamment les dernières intégrations cloud et les améliorations produits qui font de Neo4j un choix essentiel pour les développeurs qui créent des applications avec des données interconnectées et de l’IA générative.
Revolutionizing Visual Effects Mastering AI Face Swaps.pdfUndress Baby
The quest for the best AI face swap solution is marked by an amalgamation of technological prowess and artistic finesse, where cutting-edge algorithms seamlessly replace faces in images or videos with striking realism. Leveraging advanced deep learning techniques, the best AI face swap tools meticulously analyze facial features, lighting conditions, and expressions to execute flawless transformations, ensuring natural-looking results that blur the line between reality and illusion, captivating users with their ingenuity and sophistication.
Web:- https://undressbaby.com/
E-commerce Development Services- Hornet DynamicsHornet Dynamics
For any business hoping to succeed in the digital age, having a strong online presence is crucial. We offer Ecommerce Development Services that are customized according to your business requirements and client preferences, enabling you to create a dynamic, safe, and user-friendly online store.
What is Augmented Reality Image Trackingpavan998932
Augmented Reality (AR) Image Tracking is a technology that enables AR applications to recognize and track images in the real world, overlaying digital content onto them. This enhances the user's interaction with their environment by providing additional information and interactive elements directly tied to physical images.
What is Master Data Management by PiLog Groupaymanquadri279
PiLog Group's Master Data Record Manager (MDRM) is a sophisticated enterprise solution designed to ensure data accuracy, consistency, and governance across various business functions. MDRM integrates advanced data management technologies to cleanse, classify, and standardize master data, thereby enhancing data quality and operational efficiency.
Need for Speed: Removing speed bumps from your Symfony projects ⚡️Łukasz Chruściel
No one wants their application to drag like a car stuck in the slow lane! Yet it’s all too common to encounter bumpy, pothole-filled solutions that slow the speed of any application. Symfony apps are not an exception.
In this talk, I will take you for a spin around the performance racetrack. We’ll explore common pitfalls - those hidden potholes on your application that can cause unexpected slowdowns. Learn how to spot these performance bumps early, and more importantly, how to navigate around them to keep your application running at top speed.
We will focus in particular on tuning your engine at the application level, making the right adjustments to ensure that your system responds like a well-oiled, high-performance race car.
Takashi Kobayashi and Hironori Washizaki, "SWEBOK Guide and Future of SE Education," First International Symposium on the Future of Software Engineering (FUSE), June 3-6, 2024, Okinawa, Japan
A Study of Variable-Role-based Feature Enrichment in Neural Models of CodeAftab Hussain
Understanding variable roles in code has been found to be helpful by students
in learning programming -- could variable roles help deep neural models in
performing coding tasks? We do an exploratory study.
- These are slides of the talk given at InteNSE'23: The 1st International Workshop on Interpretability and Robustness in Neural Software Engineering, co-located with the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2023, Melbourne Australia
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR SolutionsTheSMSPoint
Discover the power of Cloud-Based IVR Solutions to streamline communication processes. Embrace scalability and cost-efficiency while enhancing customer experiences with features like automated call routing and voice recognition. Accessible from anywhere, these solutions integrate seamlessly with existing systems, providing real-time analytics for continuous improvement. Revolutionize your communication strategy today with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions. Learn more at: https://thesmspoint.com/channel/cloud-telephony
Most important New features of Oracle 23c for DBAs and Developers. You can get more idea from my youtube channel video from https://youtu.be/XvL5WtaC20A
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension FunctionsOctavian Nadolu
The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of how you can use AI from XSLT, XQuery, Schematron, or XML Refactoring operations, the potential benefits of using AI, and some of the challenges we face.
UI5con 2024 - Boost Your Development Experience with UI5 Tooling ExtensionsPeter Muessig
The UI5 tooling is the development and build tooling of UI5. It is built in a modular and extensible way so that it can be easily extended by your needs. This session will showcase various tooling extensions which can boost your development experience by far so that you can really work offline, transpile your code in your project to use even newer versions of EcmaScript (than 2022 which is supported right now by the UI5 tooling), consume any npm package of your choice in your project, using different kind of proxies, and even stitching UI5 projects during development together to mimic your target environment.
Introducing Crescat - Event Management Software for Venues, Festivals and Eve...Crescat
Crescat is industry-trusted event management software, built by event professionals for event professionals. Founded in 2017, we have three key products tailored for the live event industry.
Crescat Event for concert promoters and event agencies. Crescat Venue for music venues, conference centers, wedding venues, concert halls and more. And Crescat Festival for festivals, conferences and complex events.
With a wide range of popular features such as event scheduling, shift management, volunteer and crew coordination, artist booking and much more, Crescat is designed for customisation and ease-of-use.
Over 125,000 events have been planned in Crescat and with hundreds of customers of all shapes and sizes, from boutique event agencies through to international concert promoters, Crescat is rigged for success. What's more, we highly value feedback from our users and we are constantly improving our software with updates, new features and improvements.
If you plan events, run a venue or produce festivals and you're looking for ways to make your life easier, then we have a solution for you. Try our software for free or schedule a no-obligation demo with one of our product specialists today at crescat.io
E-commerce Application Development Company.pdfHornet Dynamics
Your business can reach new heights with our assistance as we design solutions that are specifically appropriate for your goals and vision. Our eCommerce application solutions can digitally coordinate all retail operations processes to meet the demands of the marketplace while maintaining business continuity.
2. 2
Data Structures and Algorithms
Outline
This topic will describe:
– The concrete data structures that can be used to store information
– The basic forms of memory allocation
• Contiguous
• Linked
• Indexed
– The prototypical examples of these: arrays and linked lists
– Other data structures:
• Trees
• Hybrids
• Higher-dimensional arrays
– Finally, we will discuss the run-time of queries and operations on arrays
and linked lists
2.2
3. 3
Data Structures and Algorithms
Memory Allocation
Memory allocation can be classified as either
– Contiguous
– Linked
– Indexed
Prototypical examples:
– Contiguous allocation: arrays
– Linked allocation: linked lists
2.2.1
4. 4
Data Structures and Algorithms
Memory Allocation
Contiguous, adj.
Touching or connected throughout in an unbroken sequence.
Meriam Webster
Touching, in actual contact, next in space; meeting at a common
boundary, bordering, adjoining.
www.oed.com
2.2.1.1
5. 5
Data Structures and Algorithms
Contiguous Allocation
An array stores n objects in a single contiguous space of memory
Unfortunately, if more memory is required, a request for new
memory usually requires copying all information into the new
memory
– In general, you cannot request for the operating
system to allocate to you the next n memory
locations
2.2.1
2.2.1.1
6. 6
Data Structures and Algorithms
Linked Allocation
Linked storage such as a linked list associates two pieces of data
with each item being stored:
– The object itself, and
– A reference to the next item
• In C++ that reference is the address of the next node
2.2.1.2
7. 7
Data Structures and Algorithms
Linked Allocation
This is a class describing such a node
template <typename Type>
class Node {
private:
Type node_value;
Node *next_node;
public:
// ...
};
2.2.1.2
8. 8
Data Structures and Algorithms
Linked Allocation
The operations on this node must include:
– Constructing a new node
– Accessing (retrieving) the value
– Accessing the next pointer
Node( const Type& = Type(), Node* = nullptr );
Type value() const;
Node *next() const;
2.2.1.2
Pointing to nothing has been represented as:
C NULL
Java/C# null
C++ (old) 0
C++ (new) nullptr
Symbolically Ø
9. 9
Data Structures and Algorithms
Linked Allocation
For a linked list, however, we also require an object which links to
the first object
The actual linked list class must store two pointers
– A head and tail:
Node *head;
Node *tail;
Optionally, we can also keep a count
int count;
The next_node of the last node is assigned nullptr
2.2.1.2
10. 10
Data Structures and Algorithms
Linked Allocation
The class structure would be:
template <typename Type>
class List {
private:
Node<Type> *head;
Node<Type> *tail;
int count;
public:
// constructor(s)...
// accessor(s)...
// mutator(s)...
};
2.2.1.2
11. 11
Data Structures and Algorithms
Indexed Allocation
With indexed allocation, an array of pointers
(possibly NULL) link to a sequence of allocated
memory locations
Used in the C++ standard template library
Computer engineering students will see indexed
allocation in their operating systems course
2.2.1.3
12. 12
Data Structures and Algorithms
Indexed Allocation
Matrices can be implemented using indexed allocation:
2.2.1.3
1 2 3
4 5 6
13. 13
Data Structures and Algorithms
Indexed Allocation
Matrices can be implemented using indexed allocation
– Most implementations of matrices (or higher-dimensional arrays) use
indices pointing into a single contiguous block of memory
2.2.1.3
Row-major order Column-major order
C, Python Matlab, Fortran
1 2 3
4 5 6
14. 14
Data Structures and Algorithms
Other Allocation Formats
We will look at some variations or hybrids of these memory
allocations including:
– Trees
– Graphs
– Deques (linked arrays)
– inodes
2.2.2
15. 15
Data Structures and Algorithms
Trees
The linked list can be used to store linearly ordered data
– What if we have multiple next pointers?
A rooted tree (weeks 4-6) is similar
to a linked list but with multiple next
pointers
2.2.2.2
16. 16
Data Structures and Algorithms
Trees
A tree is a variation on a linked list:
– Each node points to an arbitrary number of subsequent nodes
– Useful for storing hierarchical data
– We will see that it is also useful for storing sorted data
– Usually we will restrict ourselves to trees where each node points to at
most two other nodes
2.2.2.2
17. 17
Data Structures and Algorithms
Graphs
Suppose we allow arbitrary relations between any two objects in a
container
– Given n objects, there are n2 – n possible relations
• If we allow symmetry, this reduces to
– For example, consider the network
2
2
n n
2.2.2.2
18. 18
Data Structures and Algorithms
Arrays
Suppose we allow arbitrary relations between any two objects in a
container
– We could represent this using a two-dimensional array
– In this case, the matrix is
symmetric
A B C D E F G H I J K L
A × × ×
B × × × × ×
C × × × × × ×
D × × ×
E × ×
F × ×
G × × ×
H × × ×
I × ×
J × × ×
K × × ×
L × × ×
2.2.2.2
19. 19
Data Structures and Algorithms
Array of Linked Lists
Suppose we allow arbitrary relations between any two objects in a
container
– Alternatively, we could use a hybrid: an array of linked lists
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
2.2.2.2
20. 20
Data Structures and Algorithms
Linked Arrays
Other hybrids are linked lists of arrays
– Something like this is used for the C++ STL deque container
For example, the alphabet could be stored either as:
– An array of 26 entries, or
– A linked list of arrays of 8 entries
2.2.2.3
21. 21
Data Structures and Algorithms
Hybrid data structures
The Unix inode was used to store information about large files
– The first twelve entries can reference the first twelve blocks (48 KiB)
2.2.2.4
22. 22
Data Structures and Algorithms
Hybrid data structures
The Unix inode was used to store information about large files
– The next entry is a pointer to an array that stores the next 1024 blocks
This stores files up to 4 MiB on a 32-bit computer
2.2.2.4
23. 23
Data Structures and Algorithms
Hybrid data structures
The Unix inode was used to store information about large files
– The next entry has two levels of indirection for files up to 4 GiB
2.2.2.4
24. 24
Data Structures and Algorithms
Hybrid data structures
The Unix inode was used to store information about large files
– The last entry has three levels of indirection for files up to 4 TiB
2.2.2.4
25. 25
Data Structures and Algorithms
Algorithm run times
Once we have chosen a data structure to store both the objects and
the relationships, we must implement the queries or operations as
algorithms
– The Abstract Data Type will be implemented as a class
– The data structure will be defined by the member variables
– The member functions will implement the algorithms
The question is, how do we determine the efficiency of the
algorithms?
2.2.3
26. 26
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operations
We will us the following matrix to describe operations at the
locations within the structure
Front/1st Arbitrary
Location
Back/nth
Find ? ? ?
Insert ? ? ?
Erase ? ? ?
2.2.3
27. 27
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operations on Sorted Lists
Given an sorted array, we have the following run times:
Front/1st Arbitrary
Location
Back/nth
Find Good Okay Good
Insert Bad Bad Good* Bad
Erase Bad Bad Good
* only if the array is not full
2.2.3.1
28. 28
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operations on Lists
If the array is not sorted, only one operations changes:
Front/1st Arbitrary
Location
Back/nth
Find Good Bad Good
Insert Bad Bad Good* Bad
Erase Bad Bad Good
* only if the array is not full
2.2.3.2
29. 29
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operations on Lists
However, for a singly linked list where we a head and tail pointer, we
have:
Front/1st Arbitrary
Location
Back/nth
Find Good Bad Good
Insert Good Bad Good
Erase Good Bad Bad
2.2.3.3
30. 30
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operations on Lists
If we have a pointer to the kth entry, we can insert or erase at that
location quite easily
– Note, this requires a little bit of trickery: we must modify the value
stored in the kth node
– This is a common co-op interview question!
Front/1st Arbitrary
Location
Back/nth
Find Good Bad Good
Insert Good Good Good
Erase Good Good Bad
2.2.3.3
31. 31
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operations on Lists
For a doubly linked list, one operation becomes more efficient:
Front/1st Arbitrary
Location
Back/nth
Find Good Bad Good
Insert Good Good Good
Erase Good Good Good
2.2.3.4
32. 32
Data Structures and Algorithms
Following Classes
The next topic, asymptotic analysis, will provide the mathematics
that will allow us to measure the efficiency of algorithms
It will also allow us the measure the memory requirements of both
the data structure and any additional memory required by the
algorithms
33. 33
Data Structures and Algorithms
Following Classes
Following our discussion on asymptotic and algorithm analysis, we
will spend
– 13 lectures looking at data structures for storing linearly ordered data
– One week looking at data structures for relation-free data
– Four lectures on sorting
– One week on partial orderings and adjacency relations, and
– Two weeks on algorithm design techniques
34. 34
Data Structures and Algorithms
Summary
In this topic, we have introduced the concept of data structures
– We discussed contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation
– We looked at arrays and linked lists
– We considered
• Trees
• Two-dimensional arrays
• Hybrid data structures
– We considered the run time of the algorithms required to perform
various queries and operations on specific data structures:
• Arrays and linked lists
35. 35
Data Structures and Algorithms
References
Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_structure
These slides are provided for the ECE 250 Algorithms and Data Structures course. The
material in it reflects Douglas W. Harder’s best judgment in light of the information available to
him at the time of preparation. Any reliance on these course slides by any party for any other
purpose are the responsibility of such parties. Douglas W. Harder accepts no responsibility for
damages, if any, suffered by any party as a result of decisions made or actions based on these
course slides for any other purpose than that for which it was intended.