2. 「名字」重要嗎?
(Soundtrack: John Williams)
• Lord Voldemort
• the Dark Lord
• You-Know-Who
• He who must not be named.
• What's in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.
- William Shakespeare
15. Sense 意義 :概念的組合
• e.g. 蘋果、人、單身漢:
顏色、形體、種類、形成要件、預期要件
• e.g. 獨角獸、龍、鳳、麒麟、孫悟空:
顏色、形體、種類、形成要件、預期要件
• 內在概念的組合 vs 外在經驗的確認
= 分析命題 vs 經驗命題
• 試著透過概念的組合來理解以下名詞:
e.g. 武漢肺炎、國民黨、支那、N-word、同志
24. 概念是單一還是可組合的?
• to kill sb = cause sb to die?
to paint the wall = cause the wall to be colored?
• *to paint the people
*to paint the brush
→ 概念結構中的動機&因果關係
25. 概念是單一還是可組合的?
• John cut the rope.
John cut at the rope.
• John hit the dog.
John hit at the dog.
• John painted the wall.
John painted (a picture) on the wall.
• 老師:你到底有沒有聽到?
學生:不好意思,我有聽沒有到。
• Sherlock Holmes: Watson! You just see, you don’t observe!
26. 概念的結構
為什麼 Jerry Fodor 這麼堅持?
• Fodor 反對什麼?
→ 反對經驗主義傳統的語言社會建構論。e.g. Whorf & Sapir
• Fodor 支持什麼?
→ 支持理性主義傳統的語言天賦論。
→ 支持精簡的、優美的語言學科學理論:Occam's Razor!
→ Pursuit of the intelligibility of the theory, but not of the world.
27. 概念的結構
理性主義的語言天賦論 VS 經驗主義的社會建構論
Chomsky / Fodor VS Whorf / Sapir
五萬個概念都是天生內建的 VS 所有的概念都是經驗獲得的
↓ 反對以上兩個極端的中間立場分隔線 ↓
Ray Jackendoff & Steven Pinker
主張:「概念結構」是天生內建的,而
個別的概念可開放由經驗填充發展而成。
Jackendoff《Simpler Syntax》:科學的「精簡」應付出多少代價?
29. 概念的結構:一個中間立場的溫和版本
Conceptual Semanics
• 概念語義學 反對什麼?
→ (與 Fodor 相同)反對經驗主義傳統的語言社會建構論。e.g. Whorf & Sapir
→ (與 Fodor 不同)反對 五萬個概念是天生的 這一極端的語言天賦版本。
• 概念語義學 支持什麼?
→ (與 Fodor 相同)支持理性主義傳統的語言天賦論。
→ (與 Fodor 相同)支持精簡的、優美的語言學科學理論:Occam‘s Razor!
→ (與 Fodor 相同)Pursuit of the intelligibility of the theory, but not of the world.
→ (與 Fodor 不同)進一步支持概念結構也是天生的!
→ (與 Fodor 不同)進一步支持語法&語義都源自於同一個相同的(精簡的)概念結構!
30. 概念的結構:一個中間立場的溫和版本
Conceptual Semantics
Grammatical Features ∥ Semantic Features
• 原本Chomsky的語法理論,只研究 Grammatical Features。
e.g. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
• Conceptual Semantics 認為「概念結構」才是語法和語義共同的核心架構,研究「概
念結構」才能同時理解語法與語義。
e.g. 兩個蘋果 = two apples
*兩個水 = *two waters
兩個魚 = two fish
↑ Conceptual Semantics 事物的性質!
35. Radio Free Earth - What the Blind Man Saw
One bright day in the middle of the night
Two dead boys got up to fight
Back to back they faced each other
Drew their swords and shot each other
A deaf policeman heard the noise
He came and killed those two dead boys
One bright day in the middle of the night
As I was walkin' up the stair
I saw a man who wasn't there
He wasn't there again today
Oh how I wish he'd go away
38. 巴蛇吞象:Chomsky的認知革命
• 從Markov 的 Finite state language/grammar開始
• Finite state language/grammar所產生的問題
• 樹狀結構的理論創新
e.g. The dog the stick the fire burned beat bit the cat.
e.g. The horse raced past the barn fell.
e.g.眾人聞得寶琴將素習所經過各省內的古蹟為題作了十首懷古絕句。
--紅樓夢第五十一回
↑ 樹狀「結構」!&巴蛇的誕生
39. 巴蛇吞象:Complements vs Adjuncts
• I bought the big [book of poems with the blue cover], not the small [one].
• I bought the big [book of poems] with the blue cover, not the small [one] with the red cover.
• *I bought the big [book] of poems with the blue cover, not the small [one] of linguistics with the red
cover.
• *I bought the big book with the blue cover of poems.
• the big red apple vs *the red big apple
• on the bed 遊戲
巴蛇吞「象」:指涉!
40. 巴蛇吞象:約束理論
• a) He said Tom loves him.
b) 他想說渡邊麻友應該是愛他的吧?
• a) Obama told CNN that Trump loves himself so much!
b) 馬英九 告訴柯文哲 席近瓶 愛上自己。
巴蛇吞「象」:指涉!
41. 巴蛇吞象:論元結構
• a) John placed the flute on the table.
b) *placed the flute on the table.
c) *John placed on the table.
d) *John placed the flute.
e) *John placed the flute the violin on the table.
f) *The rock placed “the sky” “with the fork”.
g) *John placed the flute the table.
• Agent, Experiencer, Theme, Goal, Recipient, Source, Location,
Instrument, Beneficiary……
42. 從論元結構到概念結構
• a) Doug went to Chicago.
b) My BMW went to Chicago.
• 問題1:Doug went to Chicago. 有幾個意思?
• 問題2:論元結構不包含、也不受任何概念約束嗎?
木馬的誕生:
概念結構是不是連同語法的樹狀結構,同時並行運作?
44. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• NP1 V NP2 to NP3
John gave a dish to Sam.
John passed the salami to Fred.
John told a joke to Mary.
• NP1 V NP3 NP2
John gave Sam a dish.
John passed Fred the salami.
John told Mary a joke.
45. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• a. John donated a painting to the museum.
b. *John donated the museum a painting. (Pinker, 1989: 7)
• a. John reported the accident to the police.
b. *John reported the police the accident. (Pinker, 1989: 7)
• a. *This light gives a headache to me.
b. This light gives me a headache.
(Bresnan & Nikitina, 2007)
Baker’s Paradox
47. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• a. I threw the box to John.
b. I threw John the box.
• a. I lowered the box to John.
b. *I lowered John the box.
• 我傳球給他
*我傳他球
• a. Susan cabled the news to Rachel.
b. Susan cabled Rachel the news.
• a. Susan whispered the news to Rachel.
b. *Susan whispered Rachel the news.
• *我告訴這個消息給你
我告訴你這個消息
48. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• a. I sent a book to London.
b. *I sent London a book.
• a. I drove a car to San Francisco.
b. *I drove San Francisco a car.
• 我開車到台北
*我開台北車
• a. John taught French to the students.
b. John taught the students French.
• 我丟石頭給他
我丟他石頭
49. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• (i) ‘x causes z to go to/be at y’ (allative)
→ NP1 V NP2 to NP3
改變事物在時間與空間上的移動
• (ii) ‘x causes y to have z’ (possessive)
→ NP1 V NP3 NP2
改變事物的性質
52. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• (i) ‘x causes z to go to/be at y’ (allative)
→ NP1 V NP2 to NP3
改變事物在時間與空間上的移動
• (ii) ‘x causes y to have z’ (possessive)
→ NP1 V NP3 NP2
改變事物的性質
53. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• a. Amy took the road to Chicago. (allative)
b.*Amy took Chicago the road. (possessive)
• a. Custer fought the Indians to the last man. (allative)
b. *Custer fought the last man the Indians. (possessive)
54. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• a. Jimmy drove the car to Chicago. (allative)
b. *Jimmy drove Chicago the car. (possessive)
• a. Sally brought roses to the cemetery. (allative)
b. *Sally brought the cemetery roses. (possessive)
• a. The bohemian put a gun to his head. (allative)
b. *The bohemian put his head a gun. (possessive)
55. 概念結構:性質、動機與物理規則
• a. Babs took a trip for fun. (allative)
b. *Babs took fun a trip. (possessive)
• a. Jane planted the trees for six hours. (allative)
b. *Jane planted six hours the trees. (possessive)
• a. *This light gives a headache to me.
b. This light gives me a headache.
56. 物理規則:空間和時間
around the block ∕ around Christmas
at the house ∕ at 3 o'clock
by the house ∕ by Sunday
for a mile ∕ for a week
from here to there ∕ from now to then
in the house ∕ in a week
the last house ∕ last week
- 王士元
57. 物理規則:空間和時間
little space ∕ little time
a long house ∕ a long time
the next house ∕ next week
on the house ∕ on Sunday
over the mountain ∕ over the holidays
a short house ∕ a short time
through the house ∕ through the week
- 王士元
61. Simon & Garfunkel - The Sound Of Silence
And in the naked light I saw
Ten thousand people, maybe more
People talking without speaking
People hearing without listening
People writing songs that voices never share
No one dared
Disturb the sound of silence
62. 核心結構:概念的觸發
動機與目的 & 事物的物理規則
• 主體和客體之間的動機:
e.g. 論元與語意角色
• 主體和主體之間的動機:
e.g. 加害者、受害者、博恩、Joker、Chaplin、八卦、江湖恩怨
Chappelle:
He was not laughing with me, he was laughing AT me
→主體與客體的錯置