This presentation was created to teach community members in the Eola Hills Groundwater Limited Area (northwest of Salem, OR) about groundwater level measurement. Please see this webpage for more information: http://www.wrd.state.or.us/OWRD/GW/NGWN_homepage.shtml.
Groundwater and CO2CRC - insights from the Otway project and monitoring activ...Global CCS Institute
The Groundwater and Storage interactions project arose out of a meeting on the shoulder of the Greenhouse Gas Technologies Conference in Amsterdam in 2010. It was decided to concentrate initially on the Australian Flagships projects. On 3 May 2011 Australian researchers and government agencies met and presented their work to date.
In these slides, Allison Hortle, Senior Researcher, Petroleum Hydrogeology, Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC), presents Groundwater and CO2CRC - Insights from the Otway Project and Monitoring Activities
This presentation was created to teach community members in the Eola Hills Groundwater Limited Area (northwest of Salem, OR) about groundwater level measurement. Please see this webpage for more information: http://www.wrd.state.or.us/OWRD/GW/NGWN_homepage.shtml.
Groundwater and CO2CRC - insights from the Otway project and monitoring activ...Global CCS Institute
The Groundwater and Storage interactions project arose out of a meeting on the shoulder of the Greenhouse Gas Technologies Conference in Amsterdam in 2010. It was decided to concentrate initially on the Australian Flagships projects. On 3 May 2011 Australian researchers and government agencies met and presented their work to date.
In these slides, Allison Hortle, Senior Researcher, Petroleum Hydrogeology, Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC), presents Groundwater and CO2CRC - Insights from the Otway Project and Monitoring Activities
Shallow Survey 2018 - Applications of Sonar Detection Uncertainty for Survey ...Giuseppe Masetti
Authors: Giuseppe Masetti1*, Jean-Marie Augustin2, Xavier Lurton2, Brian R. Calder3
1. CCOM/JHC, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA, gmasetti@ccom.unh.edu
2. Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Brest, France
3. CCOM/JHC, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
An objective measurement of the bathymetric uncertainty introduced by sonar bottom detection has been proposed (Lurton and Augustin, 2009) to overcome the sonar-specific heuristic solutions proposed by constructors. This approach pairs each sounding with an estimation of sonar detection uncertainty (SDU) based on the width of the signal envelope (amplitude detection) or the noise level of the phase ramp (phase detection), thus capturing the intrinsic quality of the received signal and any applied signal-processing step.
Along with the environment characterization and the motion sensor accuracy, the SDU represents a major contributor to the total vertical uncertainty (TVU). As such, the monitoring of the SDU statistics by detection types, acquisition modes, and transmission sectors (when available) provides an effective way to alert the surveyor about ongoing issues in the data collection. It also has potential application in the evaluation of the health status of the sonar - for example, by comparing SDU-derived performance of repeated surveys on the same seafloor area and estimating the uncertainty contributions from environment and motion. Finally, the SDU may be integrated in multiple stages of the data processing workflow, from data pre-filtering to hydrographic uncertainty modeling, up to more advanced applications like hypotheses disambiguation in statistical gridding algorithms (e.g., CUBE).
Based on such considerations, we conducted a study to explore possible applications of the estimated SDU values for survey quality control and data processing. The results of the analysis applied to real data – collected using multibeam echosounders from manufacturers who are early adopters of this metric (i.e., Kongsberg Maritime and Teledyne Reson) – provide evidence that SDU is a useful tool for survey monitoring.
Scale Stopper - Saltless Water "Softener" & Chlorine Removal SystemsClean Water Systems
- Treats up to 12 GPM, 16 GPM, 20 GPM, and 30 GPM of service flow
- Green Alternative to Conventional Water Softening: no salt added and no waste water generated
- Unlike regular water softeners no sodium is added to the water.
- When the inlet water goes into the water conditioner tank, the Scale Stopper media acts as a catalyst and pulls the hardness minerals of calcium and magnesium out of the solution and transforms these minerals into inactive Nano crystal particles.
- Because the hardness minerals have been transformed into Nano particles, Nanoscopic particles make their way through plumbing systems without attaching to pipes, fixtures, valves, or heating elements.
Read more: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Commissioning of the JLab Surface Impedance Characterization (SIC) System (Charles Reece - 20')
Speaker: Charles Reece - Jefferson Lab, Newport News (VA) USA | Duration: 20 min.
Abstract
Binping Xiao, Larry Phillips, and Charles Reece
A system for making direct calorimetric measurements of the surface resistance at 7.5 GHz of small samples of variously prepared superconducting surfaces has been commissioned at JLab. The flat, 50 mm diameter sample temperature is regulated independently of the balance of the TE011 sapphire-loaded cavity, enabling Rs and Δλ measurements from 2 K to Tc of the sample. Initial operation, limited by available rf power, has extended to Bpk of 18 mT. The calorimeter resolution is better than 10 nΩ, and the sampled surface area is ~ 0.8 cm2. The SIC has been commissioned with a bulk Nb sample, demonstrating excellent agreement with standard BCS characterizations. Initial application to SRF thin films has begun. We are eager to apply it to non-niobium materials. Preparations for a second generation with extended dynamic range have already begun.
Scale Formation problems in Oil & Gas Industry : Its reduction procedures by ...Sachin Nambiar
This paper is a literature review on methods to control scale formation using various chemicals; and its economic feasibility in the petroleum industry.
Two detector elements are optically isolated by having them mounted (die-attached) on the same header so that the thermal tracking of the detectors respectively for the signal and reference channels is close to ideal.
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australa...Blue Planet Symposium
There is an increasing requirement within the Australasian region for accurate sea surface temperatures within a few kilometres of coasts, for high-resolution weather and ocean prediction, environmental monitoring, fisheries and biological research. Although there are a multitude of gridded sea surface temperature (SST) products available, derived from interpolating remotely sensed observations, few can resolve surface features of spatial scales less than 20 km, making them unsuitable for many coastal applications. Multi-decadal, gridded SST products of approximately 4 km resolution that do not involve data interpolation, and therefore resolve ocean features up to 4 km from coasts (eg. NOAA Pathfinder), do not provide uncertainty estimates for each SST value.
As part of the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), the Bureau of Meteorology in collaboration with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship produces a range of 2 km resolution, gridded SST products, derived using direct broadcast, infra-red data from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites (http://imos.org.au/sstproducts.html). All products follow the latest Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST: www.ghrsst.org) file formats, including error estimates for each SST value, and are available in real-time and delayed mode back to 1992. They form a unique 22 year data set that supplies quality-assured SST values to within 2 km of coasts. The products cover Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand and much of the south-west Pacific and Antarctica.
The presentation will describe the new IMOS-GHRSST data sets, including current applications, and present results of validation against in-situ observations. Plans for including data from new satellites (e.g. METOP-B, GCOM-W1, Himawari-8) will be discussed.
Agriculture environment detector monitors all kinds of major environmental parameters and is also used for comprehensive agriculture ecological information. There are various areas of applications such as green house, forestry, plant pathology, animal husbandry and many more. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/QluVUW
Shallow Survey 2018 - Applications of Sonar Detection Uncertainty for Survey ...Giuseppe Masetti
Authors: Giuseppe Masetti1*, Jean-Marie Augustin2, Xavier Lurton2, Brian R. Calder3
1. CCOM/JHC, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA, gmasetti@ccom.unh.edu
2. Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Brest, France
3. CCOM/JHC, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
An objective measurement of the bathymetric uncertainty introduced by sonar bottom detection has been proposed (Lurton and Augustin, 2009) to overcome the sonar-specific heuristic solutions proposed by constructors. This approach pairs each sounding with an estimation of sonar detection uncertainty (SDU) based on the width of the signal envelope (amplitude detection) or the noise level of the phase ramp (phase detection), thus capturing the intrinsic quality of the received signal and any applied signal-processing step.
Along with the environment characterization and the motion sensor accuracy, the SDU represents a major contributor to the total vertical uncertainty (TVU). As such, the monitoring of the SDU statistics by detection types, acquisition modes, and transmission sectors (when available) provides an effective way to alert the surveyor about ongoing issues in the data collection. It also has potential application in the evaluation of the health status of the sonar - for example, by comparing SDU-derived performance of repeated surveys on the same seafloor area and estimating the uncertainty contributions from environment and motion. Finally, the SDU may be integrated in multiple stages of the data processing workflow, from data pre-filtering to hydrographic uncertainty modeling, up to more advanced applications like hypotheses disambiguation in statistical gridding algorithms (e.g., CUBE).
Based on such considerations, we conducted a study to explore possible applications of the estimated SDU values for survey quality control and data processing. The results of the analysis applied to real data – collected using multibeam echosounders from manufacturers who are early adopters of this metric (i.e., Kongsberg Maritime and Teledyne Reson) – provide evidence that SDU is a useful tool for survey monitoring.
Scale Stopper - Saltless Water "Softener" & Chlorine Removal SystemsClean Water Systems
- Treats up to 12 GPM, 16 GPM, 20 GPM, and 30 GPM of service flow
- Green Alternative to Conventional Water Softening: no salt added and no waste water generated
- Unlike regular water softeners no sodium is added to the water.
- When the inlet water goes into the water conditioner tank, the Scale Stopper media acts as a catalyst and pulls the hardness minerals of calcium and magnesium out of the solution and transforms these minerals into inactive Nano crystal particles.
- Because the hardness minerals have been transformed into Nano particles, Nanoscopic particles make their way through plumbing systems without attaching to pipes, fixtures, valves, or heating elements.
Read more: http://www.cleanwaterstore.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Commissioning of the JLab Surface Impedance Characterization (SIC) System (Charles Reece - 20')
Speaker: Charles Reece - Jefferson Lab, Newport News (VA) USA | Duration: 20 min.
Abstract
Binping Xiao, Larry Phillips, and Charles Reece
A system for making direct calorimetric measurements of the surface resistance at 7.5 GHz of small samples of variously prepared superconducting surfaces has been commissioned at JLab. The flat, 50 mm diameter sample temperature is regulated independently of the balance of the TE011 sapphire-loaded cavity, enabling Rs and Δλ measurements from 2 K to Tc of the sample. Initial operation, limited by available rf power, has extended to Bpk of 18 mT. The calorimeter resolution is better than 10 nΩ, and the sampled surface area is ~ 0.8 cm2. The SIC has been commissioned with a bulk Nb sample, demonstrating excellent agreement with standard BCS characterizations. Initial application to SRF thin films has begun. We are eager to apply it to non-niobium materials. Preparations for a second generation with extended dynamic range have already begun.
Scale Formation problems in Oil & Gas Industry : Its reduction procedures by ...Sachin Nambiar
This paper is a literature review on methods to control scale formation using various chemicals; and its economic feasibility in the petroleum industry.
Two detector elements are optically isolated by having them mounted (die-attached) on the same header so that the thermal tracking of the detectors respectively for the signal and reference channels is close to ideal.
C5.08A: A multi-decadal, coastal sea surface temperature product for Australa...Blue Planet Symposium
There is an increasing requirement within the Australasian region for accurate sea surface temperatures within a few kilometres of coasts, for high-resolution weather and ocean prediction, environmental monitoring, fisheries and biological research. Although there are a multitude of gridded sea surface temperature (SST) products available, derived from interpolating remotely sensed observations, few can resolve surface features of spatial scales less than 20 km, making them unsuitable for many coastal applications. Multi-decadal, gridded SST products of approximately 4 km resolution that do not involve data interpolation, and therefore resolve ocean features up to 4 km from coasts (eg. NOAA Pathfinder), do not provide uncertainty estimates for each SST value.
As part of the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), the Bureau of Meteorology in collaboration with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship produces a range of 2 km resolution, gridded SST products, derived using direct broadcast, infra-red data from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites (http://imos.org.au/sstproducts.html). All products follow the latest Group for High Resolution SST (GHRSST: www.ghrsst.org) file formats, including error estimates for each SST value, and are available in real-time and delayed mode back to 1992. They form a unique 22 year data set that supplies quality-assured SST values to within 2 km of coasts. The products cover Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand and much of the south-west Pacific and Antarctica.
The presentation will describe the new IMOS-GHRSST data sets, including current applications, and present results of validation against in-situ observations. Plans for including data from new satellites (e.g. METOP-B, GCOM-W1, Himawari-8) will be discussed.
Agriculture environment detector monitors all kinds of major environmental parameters and is also used for comprehensive agriculture ecological information. There are various areas of applications such as green house, forestry, plant pathology, animal husbandry and many more. For More Information Please Logon http://goo.gl/QluVUW
What happens when you take satellite products and add soil water potential data?
New data sources offer tools for growers to optimize production in the field. But the task of implementing them is often difficult. Research work is underway and offers a guide on how data from soil and space can work together to make the job of irrigation scheduling easier.
In this presentation, METER’s Dr. Colin Campbell explains the formula for prescribing irrigation events that will get you the yields you want.
DSD-INT 2017 Vegetated Flow Simulation using Delft3D for a Large-scale Outdoo...Deltares
Presentation by Un Ji, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT), Korea, at the Delft3D - User Days (Day 1: Hydrodynamics), during Delft Software Days - Edition 2017. Monday, 30 October 2017, Delft.
The Remarkable Benefits and Grave Dangers of using Artificial Intelligence in...Steve Cuddy
Overview
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Petrophysical Case Studies showing successful applications
- Evolution of shaly water saturation equations
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance T1 & T2 spectra analysis
- Prediction of shear velocities
- Litho-facies and permeability prediction
- The log quality control and repair of electrical logs
Narrow vs. General vs. True AI
The grave dangers of using AI
- More than AI making poor petrophysical predictions!
- I describe an end of civilisation scenario
Our Porosity & permeability analysis product is based on the unique advantages of the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique. Using permanent magnetic fields and electromagnetic energy of specific frequency, the hydrogen nuclei of the formation fluids are excited. Their response provides a lithology-independent measurement of the total porosity and the pore size distribution of the rock or sediment.
Learn more in our product sheet
Oxygen do measurement - WTW - Envimart JSC - www.envimart.vn - ĐT: 028 77727979 - sales@envimart.vn - Nền tảng cung cấp thiết bị, vật tư ngành nước và môi trường.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
14. TECP objectives
n Learn more about how heat
flows in Martian regolith
n Ground-truth for plentiful remote
sensing data
n Determine if unfrozen water
may exist under sunlit
conditions in trench
n Answers: “Can liquid water
occur on Mars?”
n Study vapor phase water
transport
n Examine how ice migrates from
pole to pole
Prototype TECP probe
15. WP4C Dewpoint Water Potential Meter
n Measures Water Potential of Soils, Seeds,
Organic Matter, etc.directly MPa and Pf (log
base 10 of MPa)
n Easy to use, more robust than thermocouple
psychrometers
n Temp. controlled
n Range: -0.05 to -300MPa
16. Chilled-mirror
Dewpoint Technique
Infrared Sensor
Optical Sensor
Mirror is chilled until dew is
formed. The temperature at which
saturation is achieved is
determined by observing
condensation on a chilled surface
(mirror).
Advantages
• Wide measurement range
• Rapid measurement ~ 5 min.
• High reliability
• Low Maintenance
Sample
Mirror
Fan
18. pF Plot to get Soil Swelling
y = -17.02x + 7.0381
R2
= 0.9889
y = -29.803x + 7.0452
R2
= 0.9874
y = -97.468x + 6.8504
R2
= 0.9688
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Water Content (g/g)
Suction(pF)
L-soil
Palouse
Palouse B
19. Expansive Soil Classification from
McKeen(1992)
Class Slope Expansion
I > -6 special case
II -6 to -10 high
III -10 to -13 medium
IV -13 to -20 low
V < -20 non-expansive
20. Vapor Sorption Analyzer (VSA)
20
Range: -10 to -475 MPa.
Accuracy: ±1MPa or ±1%
Operating Temperature: 15 to 40°C
• Auto-generated moisture release
curves
• Static humidity feature to watch
how soil adsorbs water over time
21. VSA data
0
5
10
15
20
25
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0
Water Potential (Mpa)
WaterContent(g/100g)
Bentonite
Palouse B
NM clay
Walla Walla
Royal
L-soil
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Activity
WaterContent(g/100g)
Bentonite
Palouse B
NM clay
Walla Walla
Royal
L-soil
23. AccuPAR Ceptometer
model LP-80
What does the AccuPAR Measure?
n PAR (Photosynthetically Active
Radiation
n LAI (Leaf Area Index) calculated
using PAR measurements above
and below the canopy, and using
other variables.
Decagon invented this type of
instrument in 1988 (Sunread, Sunscan,
PAR-80, LP-80)
24. What is PAR? n Acronym for
Photosynthetically
Active Radiation.
n Defined as the light in
the 400 to 700 nm
range of the
spectrum (visible
range).
n Light that is most
useful to plants for
photosynthesis.
n Expressed by
AccuPAR as
µmol m-2 s-1, a
measure of photon
flux density
Electromagnetic Spectrum
25. Leaf Area Index (LAI)
What is LAI?
n Defined as: total leaf area
per unit ground area
n Indication of Canopy density,
biomass
n Used to monitor growth,
infestation
n Often used for ground-
truthing Remote Sensing LAI
data
26. Calculating LAI
n Above-canopy PAR
n Below-canopy PAR
n x (leaf distribution parameter)
n Zenith angle (automatically calculated)
n Fb (fraction of beam radiation)
AccuPAR calculates LAI based on equations
from Goudraan, Norman, and Campbell using
measured and supplied data:
27. Comparison Studies
“Comparisons of three Leaf Area Index Meters in a
Corn Canopy” by W.W. Wilhelm, K. Ruwe, M.R.
Schlemmer in Crop Science 40:1179-1183 (2000)
n Shows that all three types are similar, AccuPAR/
SunScan somewhat better than LAI-2000.
28. Spectral Reflectance Sensors (SRS)
• NDVI
bands:
630
nm
and
800
nm
center
wavelengths
• PRI
bands:
532
nm
and
570
nm
center
wavelengths
• NIST
traceable
calibra5on
stored
onboard
• Cosine
diffusers
for
hemispherical
measurement
• 20°
sealed
field
stops
for
direc5onal
measurements
• Dimensions:
43
x
40
x
27
mm
• Epoxy-‐sealed
sensor
body
–
robust
design
• SDI-‐12
digital
sensor
• Decagon
Em50
and
CSI
datalogger
compa5ble
PRI
PRI
NDVI
NDVI Hemispherical view sensors
Directional field stop sensor
Stacked SRS sensors
NDVI + PRI
29. How to Measure NDVI and PRI
PRI
NDVI
NDVI
NDVI
PRI
Only two bands are needed to calculated NDVI or PRI.
30. Typical canopy reflectance spectrum
redNIR
redNIR
NDVI
ρρ
ρρ
+
−
=
Calculating NDVI
NIR
red
• NDVI is calculated from
measurements of percent
reflectance (ρ) in the red and
near-infrared (NIR) regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Percent reflectance is the ratio
between upwelling (from the
canopy) to downwelling (from
the sky) radiation. Requires a
measurement of both.
• Red band is related to
chlorophyll content (high
absorption), NIR band is
related to leaf cell structure
(high scattering).
NDVI values range from -1 to 1.
31. Gamon & Surfus (1999) New Phyt.
570531
570531
ρρ
ρρ
+
−
=PRI
Calculating PRI
• PRI (Photochemical
Reflectance Index) was
designed to estimate Light
Use Efficiency (LUE) by
detecting changes in the
xanthophyll cycle
• Xanthophyll pigments
change rapidly in
response to environmental
conditions
PRI values range from -1 to 1.
32. Measurement Considerations
Image credit: Chris Gough
• Reflectance measurements require a
top-down view of the canopy to
measure upwelling radiance.
• Up-looking sensors require
unobstructed view of the sky.
• Dual-view instruments (up/down) are
a convenient way of measuring both
incident and reflected light for
calculating percent reflectance. They
also account for changing sky
conditions (e.g., clear vs. cloudy sky
conditions).
• SRS are lightweight, low power, and
have a small footprint, making them
easy to mount almost anywhere.
Downwelling
radiation
Upwelling
radiation
33. Leaf
Porometer
Model SC-1
For measurement of
stomatal conductance
• Steady-state technique
• Stomatal conductance is a
primary indicator of plant stress
under drought conditions
34. How does it work?
n A chamber with a fixed
diffusion path is clamped to
the leaf surface
n Steady-state technique;
measures vapor pressure at
two locations in a fixed
diffusion path
n Calculates flux and gradient
from the vapor pressure
measurements and the known
conductance of the diffusion
path.
Atmosphere
Desiccant
35. What can I do with a porometer?
n Water use and water balance
n Use conductance with Fick’s law to determine crop
transpiration rate
n Develop crop cultivars for dry climates/salt affected
soils
n Determine plant water stress in annual and
perennial species
n Study effects of environmental conditions
n Schedule irrigation
n Optimize herbicide uptake
n Study uptake of ozone and other pollutants
36. Case study: Washington State
University wheat
• Researchers using steady state porometer
to create drought resistant wheat cultivars
– Evaluating physiological response to drought
stress (stomatal closing)
– Selecting individuals with optimal response
38. Mini-Disk Infiltrometer
For measurement of Soil
Hydraulic Conductivity
n Soil Hydrology Studies
n Erosion Studies
n Classroom Instruction
FEATURES:
® Adjustable suction rate (0.5 to
6cm)
® Sintered stainless steel disk
® Removable parts
39. Dielectric Soil
Moisture Sensors
n Hi-frequency capacitance (FDR)
-- Measures the dielectric constant
of the soil
n Designed to be buried in soil for
long-term monitoring of soil moisture
n Measurement is made by processor
inside probe head
40. Analog soil moisture sensors
10HS: 10 cm probe length,
3-15 VDC
— large sample area (~1 liter)
EC-5: 5cm probe length,
2.5-3 VDC
— smallest length
MAS-1: 4-20 mA sensor,
5cm probe length
— smallest length
41. Digital Sensors
GS3: Water content, EC
(0-23 dS/m) and
temperature. For soil or soil-
less substrates
5TE: Water content, EC
(0-23 dS/m) and
temperature. For field soils
only.
5TM: Water content and
temperature. For field soils
All digital sensors are SDI-12 compatible
47. Em50 Data Logger
n Weatherproof,-40° to 45°C
measurement
n 5 ports
n Uses 5 AA alkaline batteries,
low power usage.
n Programmed via RS232 cable
connected to COM Port.
n Measures every minute, then
averages and stores readings
according to how it’s
programmed. It can store any
interval between 1min. and 1
day.
n Measures other micro-
environment sensors that
Decagon sells
Storage Capacity:
1MB non-volatile flash
(28,672 scans on all 5
ports).
48. VP3 RH/Temp Sensor
and Radiation shield
n Digital sensor for use with Em50
loggers
n Measures and logs vapor pressure
and temperature with a capacitance
sensor and thermistor
n Should be used with a radiation
shield for outdoor use
49. Temperature Sensor
n Measures from – 40°C to
60°C
n Accuracy: ±0. 5 ° from 5 to
40°C; ±1°C outside this
range
n Can be used in air, soil, or
liquid. If used in air, a
radiation shield should be
used.
50. Leaf Wetness Sensor
n Determines presence and
duration of leaf moisture
n Similar technology to EC-5,
does not require painting or
maintenance
n All probes are calibrated to
same dryness baseline
voltage
n Water condenses and
evaporates from the surface
at the same rate as it does
on leaves
52. MPS-2 Matric
Potential Sensor
n For in-situ monitoring
of water potential
n Range: -10 to -500
kPa(pF 2 to pF 3.71)
n Uses capacitance
method to measure
water content of a
known ceramic matrix
53. Sensor Theory
n Measure water content of a known porous material with
a pre-established SWCC, giving us matric water
potential.
Matrix (Side View) Sensor (Side View)
Confined
EM Field
Metal Plate
Metal Plate
54. MPS-2 Advantages
n No maintenance
n Good accuracy in plant-available
range
n Each sensor pre-calibrated
n Also measures Soil temperature
Water Potential is a better
indicator of plant available water
than water content
55. Pyranometer / PAR sensor
n Manufactured by Apogee
Instruments
n Configured to connect to
our Em50
n Measures total solar
radiation (W/m2), PAR
sensor measures µmol/
m2/s
n Important for energy
balance studies and
micro-climate monitoring.
n Comes with leveling plate
59. Em50R Radio-enabled Logger
n Any number of Em50Rs can
transmit to one Data Station
or Rm1.
n Range is from 1 to 3 km,
depending on interference.
Range can be increased
with use of antenna.
n Transmits data when
measurement is taken
Same specifications as normal Em50, only Em50R has a
radio transmitter that sends collected data via telemetry
60. DataStation
• Collects data from any
number of Em50Rs
• Can operate on solar power
or AC power
• Download direct to PC or
PDA at your convenience
• Has Radio Telemetry test
capability to help with
placing Em50R loggers.
62. Em50G: What is it?
GSM-enabled logger,
delivers data via GSM
providers to Decagon’s
server
Data is available at any
internet connection
63. Why the Em50G?
• 2.4 Ghz Radio can be problematic (range,
wifi interference)
• Single point remote locations
• Ease of data acquisition via internet
64. Computer + Software
+ Internet Em50G
Logger + Sensors
GSM/GPRS
Cell Tower
Internet
Decagon
Internet Server
64
How does it work?
65. ECHO Utility
You can:
n Configure ports
n Name logger
n Set logging interval
n Download data
n Scan ports
- Does not graph
- Cannot apply
calibrations in
program
Free software that
comes with any
Em50 and Em5b
purchase
66. CTD (conductivity, temp., depth sensor)
Decagon Devices, Inc.
Confidential and Proprietary
Do Not Copy or Redistribute66
Water Depth
Range 0 to 3.5 m
Accuracy ±0.2 % of span
Resolution 1 mm
Electrical Conductivity
Range 0 to 120 dS/m (mS/cm)
Accuracy ±5% of reading
Resolution 1.2% of reading
Temperature
Range -40 to + 50 °C
Accuracy ±1 °C
Resolution 0.1 °C
68. ES-2 EC and T sensor
n For monitoring EC and
temperature in liquid water
Range:
Electrical Conductivity: 0 to 120 dS/m
Temperature: -40 to 50°C
Resolution:
Electrical Conductivity: 0.001 dS/m
Temperature: 0.1°C
Accuracy:
Electrical Conductivity: + 0.01 dS/m or + 10 %
(whichever is greater)
Temperature: + 1°C
69. Drain Gauge:
Passive Capillary Lysimeter
n Purpose: to
measure deep
drainage (flux
and solute
analysis) below
the root zone
Model G3 Model G2
70. Drain Gauge G-2: How it works
1. Drain Gauge is installed below the
root zone
2. Water travels through divergence
control tube, then through wick to
measurement chamber.
3. Water level is continuously
monitored by depth sensor inside
chamber. When 31ml of water fills
the chamber, it empties via a
siphon into a collection chamber.
Each siphon event corresponds to
1mm of infiltration.
4. Water samples can be extracted
from collection chamber using a
syringe.
5. Excess water exits through the
overflow port, leaving a constant
volume in the sampling reservoir.
72. Drainage Data
Drain Gauge data
(potato field, S. Idaho)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
55 60 65 70 75 80 85
time
(days)
draingaugeoutput
(mV)
73. Drain Gauge G3
n Sampling Reservoir Volume: 3 L
n Accuracy: ± 2% of full scale
n Total Length: 1.5m
n Divergence Control Tube (DCT) Length :60 cm
n Construction Material: Stainless Steel or PVC
DCT
Decagon Devices, Inc.
Confidential and Proprietary
Do Not Copy or Redistribute73
• Measure deep drainage flux
(past the root zone)
• Analyze water samples
• Also measures EC and Temp.
• Sealed lower portion
75. Thermal Conductivity,
Thermal Diffusivity,
Thermal Resistivity and
Specific Heat Capacity.
n Extended
temperature range:
-50 to 150°C.
n Data storage.
n Smart sensors
n Can be used with
liquid samples.
PRO